3 - Chapter 16 Applications of The Laplace Transform

Applications of the Laplace
Transform
Chapter 16
Applications of LT
Introduction
Circuit Element Models
Circuit Analysis
Transfer Functions
State Variables
ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform
16.1 Introduction
A system is a mathematical model of a
physical process relating the input to the
output.
16.2 Circuit Element Models
Steps in Applying the Laplace Transform:

1. Transform the circuit from the time domain to
the s-domian.
2. Solve the circuit using nodal analysis, mesh
analysis, source transformation, superposition, or
any circuit analysis technique.
3. Take the inverse transform of the solution and
thus obtain the solution in the time domain.
V ( s ) RI ( s )
1
i (0 )
I ( s) V ( s)
sL
s
1
v (0 )
V ( s)
I ( s)
sC
s
Resistor :
v(t ) i (t ) R V ( s ) RI ( s )
Inductors :
di
v(t ) L
V ( s ) L( sI ( s ) i (0 ))
dt
V ( s ) sLI ( s ) Li (0 )
V ( s ) i (0 )
I (s)
SL
s
Inductor
Capacitor
Capacitors :
dv
i (t ) C
I ( s ) C ( sV ( s ) v(0 ))
dt
I ( s ) sCV ( s ) Cv (0 )
I ( s ) v (0 )
V (s)
SC
s
Capacitor
10
Circuit with Zero Initials

V ( s)
Z ( s)
I (s)
Resistor : Z ( s ) R
Inductor : Z ( s ) sL
1
Capacitor : Z ( s )
sC
11
1
I ( s)
Y ( s)
Z (s) V (s)
L [av(t )] aV ( s )
L [ai (t )] aI ( s )
12
Example 16.1
Find vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. 16.4, assuming zero
initial conditions.
13
Example 16.1
u (t )
1H
1
F
3
1
s
sL s
1 3
sC s
14
Example 16.1
1
3
3
For mesh 1, 1 I1 I 2
s
s
s
3
3
1 2
For mesh 2, 0 I1 s 5 I 2 I1 ( s 5s 3) I 2
s
s
3
1
3 1 2
3
1 ( s 5s 3) I 2 I 2
s
s 3
s
3 ( s 3 8s 2 18s ) I 2
3
I2 3
2
s 8s 18s
15
Example 16.1
3
3
2
Vo ( s ) sI 2 2
2 ( s 4) 2 ( 2 ) 2
s 8s 18
3 4t
vo (t )
e sin 2t V, t 0
2
16
Example 16.2
Find vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. 16.7. Assume vo(0)=5
V.
17
Example 16.2
10/( s 1) Vo
Vo
Vo
2 0.5
10
10 10 / s
1
2Vo sVo 1
2.5
Vo ( s 2)
s 1
10 10 10
18
Example 16.2
10
25 Vo ( s 2)
s 1
25s 35
A
B
Vo
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
where
25s 35
10
A ( s 1)Vo ( s ) s 1
10
( s 2) s 1 1
B ( s 2)Vo ( s ) s 2
25s 35
15
15
( s 1) s 2 1
19
Example 16.2
Thus
10
15
Vo ( s )
s 1 s 2
vo (t ) (10e t 15e 2t )u (t ) V
20
Example 16.3
In the circuit of Fig. 16.10(a),
the switch moves from
position a to position b at t =
0. Find i(t) for t > 0.
21
Example 16.3
Vo
I ( s )( R sL) LI o 0
s
LI o
Vo
Io
Vo / L
I (s)
R sL s ( R sL) s R / L s ( s R / L)
Io
Vo / R
Vo / R
I (s)
s R/L
s
( s R / L)
Vo t / Vo
i (t ) I o e
, t 0 where R / L
R
R
22
Example 16.3
The initial value i () Vo / R,
sI o
Vo / L Vo
lim sI ( s ) lim
s 0
s 0 s R / L
s R/ L
R
Vo
t /
i (t ) I oe
(1 e t / ), t 0
R
In the initial condition, I o 0,
Vo
i (t ) (1 e t / ), t 0
R
23
16.3 Circuit Analysis

Remember, equivalent circuits, with
capacitors and inductors, only exist in the sdomain; they cannot be transformed back into
the time domain.
24
Example 16.4
Consider the circuit in
Fig. 16.12(a). Find the
value of the voltage
across the capacitor
assuming that the value of
vs(t) = 10u(t) V and
assume that at t = 0, -1 A
flows through the
inductor and +5 V is
across the capacitor.
25
Example 16.4
V1 10 / s V1 0 i (0) V1 [v(0) / s ]
0
10 / 3
5s
s
1 /(0.1s )
2
3 1
0.1 s 3 V1 0.5
s
s s
where v(0) 5 V and i (0) 1 A

( s 2 3s 2)V1 40 5s
40 5s
35
30
V1
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
So, v1 (t ) (35e t 30e 2t )u (t ) V
26
Example 16.5
For the circuit in Fig. 16.12,
with the initial conditions
used in Example 16.4, use
superposition to find the
value of the capacitor
voltage.
27
Example 16.5
For Fig. 16.13(a), we get
V1 10 / s V1 0
V1 0
0
0
10 / 3
5s
1 /(0.1s )
2
3
0.1 s 3 V1
s
s
( s 2 3s 2)V1 30
30
30
30
V1
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
So, v1 (t ) (30e t 30e 2t )u (t ) V
28
Example 16.5
For Fig. 16.13(b), we get
V2 0 V2 0 1 V2 0

0
10 / 3
5s
s 1 /(0.1s )
2
1
0.1 s 3 V2
s
s
( s 2 3s 2)V2 10
10
10
10
V2
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
t
So, v2 (t ) (10e 10e

2t
)u (t ) V
29
Example 16.5
For Fig. 16.13(c), we get
V3 0 V3 0
V3 0
0
0
10 / 3
5s
1 /(0.1s )
2
0.1 s 3 V3 0.5
s
( s 2 3s 2)V3 5s
5s
5
10
V3
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
t
So, v3 (t ) (5e 10e

2t
)u (t ) V
30
Example 16.5
v(t ) v1 (t ) v2 (t ) v3 (t )
{(30 10 5)e t (30 10 10)e 2t }u (t ) V
(35e t 30e 2t )u (t ) V
31
Example 16.6
Assume that there is no initial energy stored in the
circuit of Fig. 16.14 at t = 0 and that is = 10 u(t). (a)
Find vo(s) using Thevenins theorem. (b) Apply the
initial- and final-value theorems to find vo(0+) and
vo(). (c) Determine vo(t).
32
Example 16.6
(a)
Since I x 0,
10 50
Voc VTH 5

s
s
I sc I x V1 / 2 s
10 (V1 2 I x ) 0 V1 0

0
s
5
2s
100
V1
2s 3
33
Example 16.6
Hence,
V1 100 /(2 s 3)
50
I sc
2s
2s
s (2 s 3)
Voc
50 / s
Z TH
2s 3
I sc 50 /[ s (2 s 3)]
5
5
50
250
125
Vo
VTH

5 Z TH
5 2 s 3 s s (2 s 8) s ( s 4)
34
(b) Using the initial-value theorem we find

125
125 / s 0
v0 (0) lim sVo ( s ) lim
lim
0
s
s s 4
s 1 4 / s
1
Using the finial-value theorem we find
125 125
vo () lim sVo ( s ) lim
31.25 V
s 0
s 0 s 4
4
35
Example 16.6
36
Example 16.6
(c) By partial fraction,
125
A
B
Vo

s ( s 4) s s 4
A sVo ( s ) s 0
125
31.25
s 4 s 0
B ( s 4)Vo ( s ) s 4
125
31.25
s s 7
31.25 31.25
Vo
s
s4
vo (t ) 31.25(1 e 4t )u (t ) V
37
16.4 Transfer Functions

The transfer function H(s) is the ratio of the
output response Y(s) to the input excitation
X(s), assuming all initial conditions are zero.
Y ( s)
H (s)
X (s)
38
Vo ( s )
H ( s ) Voltage gain
Vi ( s )
I o ( s)
H ( s ) Current gain
Ii (s)
V (s)
H ( s ) Impedance
I (s)
I (s)
H ( s ) Admittance
V (s)
39
Y (s) H (s) X (s)

x(t ) (t ), so that X ( s ) 1
Y ( s ) H ( s ) or y (t ) h(t )
where h(t ) L 1[ H ( s )]
40
Example 16.7
The output of a linear system is y(t) = 10e-t cos4t u(t)
when input is x(t)=e-tu(t). Find the transfer function of
the system and its impulse response.
Solution:
If x(t)=e-tu(t) and y(t) = 10e-t cos4t u(t), then
1
10( s 1)
X (s)
and Y ( s )
2
2
s 1
( s 1) 4
Hence,
Y (s)
10( s 1) 2
10( s 2 2 s 1)
H (s)
2
2
X ( s ) ( s 1) 16
s 2 s 17
41
Example 16.7
To find h(t),
4
H ( s ) 10 40
( s 1) 2 42
h(t ) 10 (t ) 40e t sin 4tu (t )
42
Example 16.8
Determine the transfer function H(s) = Vo(s) / Io(s) of
the circuit in Fig.3
43
Example 16.8
( s 4) I o
I2
s 4 2 1/ 2s
But
2( s 4) I o
Vo 2 I 2
s 5 1/ 2s
Hence,
Vo ( s )
4 s ( s 4)
H ( s)
2
I o ( s ) 2s 12 s 1
44
Example 16.9
For the s-domain circuit in Fig. 16.19, find: (a) the
transfer function H(s) = Vo/Vi, (b) the impulse
response, (c) the response when vi(t) = u(t) C, (d) the
response when vi(t) = 8cos2t V.
45
Example 16.9
1
(a) Vo
Vab , but
s 1
1 ( s 1)
( s 1) /( s 2)
s 1
Vab
Vi
Vi Vab
Vi
1 1 ( s 1)
1 ( s 1) /( s 2)
2s 3
Vi
So, Vo
.
2s 3
Vo
1
Thus, H ( s )
Vi 2 s 3
(b) H ( s ) 1 1
2 s 32
1 3t / 2
h( s ) e
u (t )
2
46
Example 16.9
(c) vi (t ) u (t ), Vi ( s ) 1 / s
2
A
B
Vo ( s ) H ( s )Vi ( s )

3
2 s ( s 2 ) s s 32
where
A sVo ( s ) s 0
1
1
3
2( s 2 ) s 0 3
3
1
1
B s Vo ( s )
2
2 s s 3 / 2
3
s 3 / 2
47
Example 16.9
Hence, for vi (t ) u (t ),
1 1
1
1
3 vo (t ) (1 e 3t / 2 )u (t ) V
V0 ( s )
3 s s 2
3
(d) When vi (t ) 8 cos 2t , then Vi ( s ) 28s , and
s 4
4s
A
Bs C
Vo ( s ) H ( s )Vi ( s )
2
2
3
3
( s 2 )( s 4) s 2 s 4
where
3
4s
24
A s Vo ( s )
2
2
25
s 4 s 3 / 2
s 3 / 2
48
Example 16.9
3
3
2
4 s A( s 4) B s s C s
2
2
Equating coefficients,
3
8
Constants : 0 4 A C C A
2
3
3
s:
4 BC
2
s2 :
0 A B
B A
49
Example 16.9
Solving these gives A 24 / 25, B 24/25, C 64/25.
Hence, for vi (t ) 8 cos 2t V,
24
24 s
32 2
25
Vo ( s )
2
3
s 2 25 s 4 25 s 2 4
24
4
3t / 2
vo (t ) e
cos 2t sin 2t u (t ) V
25
3
50
16.5 State Variables
51
A state variable is a physical property that

characterizes the state of a system, regardless
of how the system got to that state.
x Ax Bz
where
x1 (t )
x (t )
2
state vector responsenting n state vectors.

x (t )

x (t )
n
52
x1 (t )
x (t )
2
x

x (t )
n
and
z1 (t )
z (t )
z (t ) 2 input vector representing m input.

z (t )
n
53
x Ax Bz
y Cx Dz
where
y1 (t )
y (t )
2
the output vector representing p outputs

y (t )

y (t )
p
A and B are respectively n n and n m matrices.
C and D are respectively p n and p m matrices.
54
sX( s ) AX( s ) BZ( s ) ( sI A) X( s ) BZ( s )

X( s ) ( sI A) 1 BZ( s )
where I is the identity matrix.
Y( s ) CX( s ) DZ( s )
Y(s)
H(s)
C( sI A ) 1 B D
Z( s )
where A system matrix
B input coupling matrix
C output matrix
D feedforward matrix
55
Steps to Apply the State Variable

Method to Circuit Analysis:
1. Select the inductor current i and capacitor voltage v
as the state variables, making sure they are
consistent with the passive sign convention.
2. Applying KCL and KVL to the circuit and obtain
circuit variables (voltage and currents) in terms of
the state variables. This should lead to a set of firstorder differential equations necessary and sufficient
to determine all state variables.
3. Obtain the output equation and put the final result
in state-space representation.
56
Example 16.10
Find the state-space representation of the circuit in
Fig. 16.22. Determine the transfer function of the
circuit when vs is the input and ix is the output. Take R
= 1, C = 0.25 F, and L = 0.5 H.
57
Example 16.10
di
vL L
dt
dv
iC C
dt
Applying KCL at node 1 gives
dv
V
i ix iC C i
dt
R
v
i
v
RC C
di
vs vL v L v vs
dt
i v vs , i v
L L
R
1
1
0
v RC
C v
i 1 0 i 1 vs
L
L
1
v
ix
0
R
i
58
Example 16.10
If R 1, C 14 , and L 12 , we obtain
0 0
4 4
A
, B 1 ,
0 2 0
L 2
C
0 1 0
R
s 0 4 4 s 4 4
sI A
0
s
2
0
2
s
1
RC
1
L
1
C
59
Example 16.10
Taking the inverse of this gives
4
s
2 s 4
adjoint
of
A
( sI A) 1
2
determinant of A
s 4s 8
H ( s ) C( sI A ) 1 B
4
s
1 0
2
s
s 2 4s 8
0
2

8
1 0
2
s
8
8
2
2
s 4s 8
s 4s 8
60
Example 16.11
Consider the circuit in Fig. 16.24, which may be
regarded as a two-input, two-output. Determine the
state variable model and find the transfer function of
the system.
61
Example 16.11
1
vs i1 i 0 i 6vs 6i
6
vs i1 vo v
At node 1, KCL gives
v0
i1 i v0 2(i1 i )
2
2i v vs
vs 3i v 2i i1
i 2v 4i 4vs
3
At node 2, vo 1
3
v vi
v io v vo 3io io
2 3
2
3
2i v vs
3
vo 2
i ( v i vs )
3
2
62
Example 16.11
v 2v i vs v1
v 2 1 v 1 1 vs
i 2 4 i 4 0 v

i
vo 23 23 v 32 0 vs
i 1
1 v
0
0
o 3
i
3 i
63
Example 16.12
Assume we have a system where the output is y(t)
and the input is z(t). Let the following differential
equation describe the relationship between the input
and output
d 2 y (t )
dy (t )
3
2 y (t ) 5 z (t )
2
dt
dt
Obtain the state model and the transfer function of the
system.
64
Example 16.12
Let x1 y (t ), x y (t )
Now let x2 x1 y (t )
x 2 y (t ) 2 y (t ) 3 y (t ) 5 z (t ) 2 x1 3 x2 5 z (t )
1
x1 0

2
x1
y (t ) 1 0
x2
x1 0
x 5 z (t )
2
1 s 1
1 0 0
sI A s
0
1
3
2
s
65
Example 16.12
s 3 1
2 s
The inverse is ( sI A ) 1
s ( s 3) 2
The transfer function is
s 3 1
(1 0)
2
s
H ( s ) C( sI A) 1 B
s ( s 3) 2
0

5
5
1 0
5s
5
s ( s 3) 2 ( s 1)( s 2)
66
Example 16.12
[ s 2 3s 2]Y ( s ) 5Z ( s )
Y (s)
5
H (s)
2
Z ( s ) s 3s 2
67
Homework, due April 21, 2010

Problems: 16.6, 10, 16,29, 33, 37, 39
68

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Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

16.2 Circuit Element Models

Steps in Applying the Laplace Transform:

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

Circuit with Zero Initials

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

16.3 Circuit Analysis

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

where v(0) 5 V and i (0) 1 A

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

So, v2 (t ) (10e 10e

So, v3 (t ) (5e 10e

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

(b) Using the initial-value theorem we find

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

16.4 Transfer Functions

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

Y (s) H (s) X (s)

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

16.5 State Variables

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

A state variable is a physical property that

state vector responsenting n state vectors.

the output vector representing p outputs

sX( s ) AX( s ) BZ( s ) ( sI A) X( s ) BZ( s )

Steps to Apply the State Variable

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform

ch16 Applications of the Laplace Transform