Applications of The Laplace Transform

APPLICATIONS OF THE LAPLACE
TRANSFORM
Chapter 16
Applications of LT
2
Introduction
Circuit Element Models
Circuit Analysis
Transfer Functions
State Variables
ch16 Applications of the Laplace

Transform
16.1 Introduction
3
A system is a mathematical model of a physical

process relating the input to the output.

Transform
16.2 Circuit Element Models

4
Steps in Applying the Laplace Transform:

1.
2.
3.
Transform the circuit from the time domain to the sdomain.

Solve the circuit using nodal analysis, mesh analysis,
source transformation, superposition, or any circuit
analysis technique.
Take the inverse transform of the solution and thus
obtain the solution in the time domain.

Transform
Current voltage relationship

5
V ( s ) RI ( s )
1
i (0 )
I ( s) V ( s)
sL
s
1
v (0 )
V ( s)
I ( s)
sC
s

Transform
Resistor
6
Resistor :
v(t ) i(t ) R V ( s) RI ( s)

Transform
Induktor
7
Inductors :
di
v(t ) L
V ( s ) L( sI ( s ) i (0 ))
dt
V ( s) sLI ( s ) Li(0 )
V ( s ) i (0 )
I (s)
SL
s
Transform
Inductor
8

Transform
Capacitor
9
Capacitors :
dv
i (t ) C
I ( s ) C ( sV ( s ) v(0 ))
dt
I ( s ) sCV ( s) Cv(0 )
I ( s ) v (0 )
V ( s)
SC
s
Transform
Capacitor
10

Transform
Circuit with Zero Initials

11
V (s)
Z (s)
I (s)
Resistor : Z ( s ) R
Inductor :
Z ( s ) sL
1
Capacitor : Z ( s )
sC

Transform
12
1
I (s)
Y (s)
Z (s) V (s)
L[av(t )] aV ( s )
L[ai(t )] aI ( s )

Transform
Example 16.1
13
Find vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. 16.4, assuming zero

initial conditions.

Transform
Example 16.1
14
1
u (t )
s
1 H sL s
1
1 3
F
3
sC s

Transform
Example 16.1
15
1 3
3
For mesh 1, 1 I1 I 2
s s
s
3
3
1 2
For mesh 2, 0 I1 s 5 I 2 I1 ( s 5s 3) I 2
s
s
3
1 31 2
3
1 ( s 5s 3) I 2 I 2
s s 3
s
3 ( s 3 8s 2 18s ) I 2
3
I2 3
s 8s 2 18s
Transform
Example 16.1
16
3
3
2
Vo ( s ) sI 2 2
2 ( s 4) 2 ( 2 ) 2
s 8s 18
3 4t
vo (t )
e sin 2t V, t 0
2

Transform
Example 16.2
17
Find vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. 16.7. Assume vo(0)=5 V.

Transform
Example 16.2
18
10/( s 1) Vo
Vo
Vo
2 0.5
10
10 10 / s
1
2Vo sVo 1
2.5
Vo ( s 2)
s 1
10 10 10

Transform
Example 16.2
19
10
25 Vo ( s 2)
s 1
25s 35
A
B
Vo
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
where
25s 35
10
A ( s 1)Vo ( s ) s 1
10
( s 2) s 1 1
B ( s 2)Vo ( s ) s 2
25s 35
15
15
( s 1) s 2 1
Transform
Example 16.2
20
Thus
10
15
Vo ( s )
s 1 s 2
vo (t ) (10e t 15e 2t )u (t ) V

Transform
Example 16.3
21
In the circuit of Fig. 16.10(a),

the switch moves from position
a to position b at t = 0. Find i(t)
for t > 0.

Transform
Example 16.3
22
Vo
I ( s )( R sL) LI o 0
s
LI o
Vo
Io
Vo / L
I (s)
R sL s ( R sL) s R / L s ( s R / L)
Io
Vo / R
Vo / R
I (s)
s R/L
s
( s R / L)
Vo t / Vo
i (t ) I o e
, t 0 where R / L
R
R

Transform
Example 16.3
23
The initial value i () Vo / R,

sI o
Vo / L Vo
lim sI ( s ) lim
s 0
s 0 s R / L
s R/ L R
Vo
t /
i (t ) I oe
(1 e t / ), t 0
R
In the initial condition, I o 0,
Vo
i (t ) (1 e t / ), t 0
R
Transform
16.3 Circuit Analysis

24
Remember, equivalent circuits, with capacitors and

inductors, only exist in the s-domain; they cannot be
transformed back into the time domain.

Transform
Example 16.4
25
Consider the circuit in Fig.

16.12(a). Find the value
of the voltage across the
capacitor assuming that
the value of vs(t) = 10u(t)
V and assume that at t =
0, -1 A flows through the
inductor and +5 V is
across the capacitor.
Transform
Example 16.4
26
V1 10 / s V1 0 i (0) V1 [v(0) / s ]
0
10 / 3
5s
s
1 /(0.1s )
2
3 1
0.1 s 3 V1 0.5
s
s s
wher e v(0) 5 V and i (0) 1 A

( s 2 3s 2)V1 40 5s
40 5s
35
30
V1
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
So, v1 (t ) (35e t 30e 2t )u (t ) V

Transform
Example 16.5
27
For the circuit in Fig. 16.12,

with the initial conditions used
in Example 16.4, use
superposition to find the
value of the capacitor
voltage.

Transform
Example 16.5
28
For Fig. 16.13(a), we get
V1 10 / s V1 0
V1 0
0
0
10 / 3
5s
1 /(0.1s )
2
3
0.1 s 3 V1
s
s
( s 2 3s 2)V1 30
30
30
30
V1
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
So, v1 (t ) (30e t 30e 2t )u (t ) V

Transform
Example 16.5
29
For Fig. 16.13(b), we get
V2 0 V2 0 1 V2 0

0
10 / 3
5s
s 1 /(0.1s )
2
1
0.1 s 3 V2
s
s
( s 2 3s 2)V2 10
10
10
10
V2
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
So, v2 (t ) (10e t 10e 2t )u (t ) V

Transform
Example 16.5
30
For Fig. 16.13(c), we get
V3 0 V3 0
V3 0
0
0
10 / 3
5s
1 /(0.1s )
2
0.1 s 3 V3 0.5
s
( s 2 3s 2)V3 5s
5s
5
10
V3
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
So, v3 (t ) (5e t 10e 2t )u (t ) V

Transform
Example 16.5
31
v(t ) v1 (t ) v2 (t ) v3 (t )
{(30 10 5)et (30 10 10)e2t }u (t ) V
(35e t 30e2t )u (t ) V

Transform
Example 16.6
32
Assume that there is no initial energy stored in the

circuit of Fig. 16.14 at t = 0 and that is = 10 u(t). (a)
Find vo(s) using Thevenins theorem. (b) Apply the
initial- and final-value theorems to find vo(0+) and
vo(). (c) Determine vo(t).

Transform
Example 16.6
33
(a)
Since I x 0,
10 50
Voc VTH 5
s s
I sc I x V1 / 2 s
10 (V1 2 I x ) 0 V1 0

0
s
5
2s
100
V1
2s 3
Transform
Example 16.6
34
Hence,
V1 100 /(2 s 3)
50
I sc
2s
2s
s (2 s 3)
Voc
50 / s
Z TH
2s 3
I sc 50 /[ s (2 s 3)]
5
5
50
250
125
Vo
VTH

5 Z TH
5 2 s 3 s s (2 s 8) s ( s 4)

Transform
35
(b) Using the initial-value theorem we find

125
125 / s 0
v0 (0) lim sVo ( s) lim
lim
0
s
s s 4
s 1 4 / s
1
Using the finial-value theorem we find
125 125
vo () lim sVo ( s) lim
31.25 V
s 0
s 0 s 4
4

Transform
Example 16.6
36

Transform
Example 16.6
37
(c) By partial fraction,

125
A
B
Vo

s ( s 4) s s 4
A sVo ( s ) s 0
125
31.25
s 4 s 0
B ( s 4)Vo ( s ) s 4
125
31.25
s s 7
31.25 31.25
Vo
s
s4
vo (t ) 31.25(1 e 4t )u (t ) V

Transform
16.4 Transfer Functions

38
The transfer function H(s) is the ratio of the output

response Y(s) to the input excitation X(s), assuming
all initial conditions are zero.
Y (s)
H ( s)
X (s)

Transform
39
Vo ( s )
H ( s ) Voltage gain
Vi ( s )
I o (s)
H ( s ) Current gain
Ii (s)
V (s)
H ( s ) Impedance
I (s)
I (s)
H ( s ) Admittance
V (s)
Transform
40
Y ( s) H ( s) X ( s)
x(t ) (t ), so that X ( s ) 1
Y ( s ) H ( s ) or y (t ) h(t )
where h(t ) L1[ H ( s )]

Transform
Example 16.7
41
The output of a linear system is y(t) = 10e-t cos4t u(t)

when input is x(t)=e-tu(t). Find the transfer function of
the system and its impulse response.
Solution:
If x(t)=e-tu(t) and y(t) = 10e-t cos4t u(t), then
1
10( s 1)
X (s)
and Y ( s )
s 1
( s 1) 2 42
Hence,
Y ( s)
10( s 1) 2
10( s 2 2 s 1)
H ( s)
2
2
X ( s ) ( s 1) 16
s 2 s 17
Example 16.7
42
To find h(t),
4
H ( s ) 10 40
( s 1) 2 42
h(t ) 10 (t ) 40et sin 4tu (t )

Transform
Example 16.8
43
Determine the transfer function H(s) = Vo(s) / Io(s) of

the circuit in Fig.3

Transform
Example 16.8
44
( s 4) I o
I2
s 4 2 1/ 2s
But
2( s 4) I o
Vo 2 I 2
s 5 1/ 2s
Hence,
Vo ( s )
4 s ( s 4)
H (s)
2
I o ( s ) 2 s 12 s 1
Transform
Example 16.9
45
For the s-domain circuit in Fig. 16.19, find: (a) the

transfer function H(s) = Vo/Vi, (b) the impulse
response, (c) the response when vi(t) = u(t) , (d) the
response when vi(t) = 8cos2t V.

Transform
Example 16.9
46
(a) V 1 V , but
o
ab
s 1
1 ( s 1)
( s 1) /( s 2)
s 1
Vab
Vi
Vi Vab
Vi
1 1 ( s 1)
1 ( s 1) /( s 2)
2s 3
Vi
So, Vo
.
2s 3
1 1
(b) H ( s )
2 s 32
Vo
1
Thus, H ( s )
Vi 2 s 3
1 3t / 2
h( s ) e
u (t )
2

Transform
Example 16.9
47
(c) vi (t ) u (t ), Vi ( s ) 1 / s
2
A
B
Vo ( s ) H ( s )Vi ( s )

3
2 s ( s 2 ) s s 32
where
A sVo ( s ) s 0
1
1
3
2( s 2 ) s 0 3
3
1
1
B s Vo ( s )
2
2 s s 3 / 2
3
s 3 / 2
Transform
Example 16.9
48
Hence, for vi (t ) u (t ),
11
1
1
3t / 2
V0 ( s )
v
(
t
)
(
1
e
)u (t ) V
o
3
3 s s 2
3
(d) When v (t ) 8 cos 2t , then V ( s ) 8s , and
i
i
s2 4
4s
A
Bs C
Vo ( s ) H ( s )Vi ( s )
2
2
3
3
( s 2 )( s 4) s 2 s 4
where
3
4s
24
A s Vo ( s )
2
2
25 of the Laplace
s 4 s 3 / 2ch16 Applications
s 3 / 2
Transform
Example 16.9
49
3
3
2
4s A( s 4) B s s C s
2
2
Equating coefficien ts,

3
8
Constants : 0 4 A C C A
2
3
3
s:
4 BC
2
s2 :
0 A B
B A
Transform
Example 16.9
50
Solving these gives A 24 / 25, B 24/25, C 64/25.

Hence, for vi (t ) 8 cos 2t V,
24
24 s
32 2
25
Vo ( s )
2
3
s 2 25 s 4 25 s 2 4
24 3t / 2
4
vo (t ) e
cos 2t sin 2t u (t ) V
25
3

Transform
16.5 State Variables

51

Transform
52
A state variable is a physical property that

characterizes the state of a system, regardless of
how the system got to that state.
x Ax Bz
where
x1 (t )
x (t )
2
state vector responsent ing n state vectors.

x(t )

xn (t )
Transform
53
x1 (t )
x (t )
x 2

x (t )
n
and
z1 (t )
z (t )
z (t ) 2 input vect or representi ng m input.

z (t )
n
Transform
54
where
x Ax Bz
y Cx Dz
y1 (t )
y (t )
2
the output vec tor representi ng p outputs

y (t )

y (t )
p
A and B are respective ly n n and n m matrices.
C and D are respective ly p n and p m matrices.
Transform
55
sX( s ) AX ( s ) BZ( s ) ( sI A) X( s ) BZ( s )

X( s ) ( sI A) 1 BZ( s )
where I is the identity matrix.
Y( s ) CX( s ) DZ( s )
Y( s)
H( s)
C( sI A) 1 B D
Z( s )
where A systemmatrix
B input coupling matrix
C output matrix
D feedforward matrix

Transform
Steps to Apply the State Variable Method to

Circuit Analysis:
56
1.
2.
3.
Select the inductor current i and capacitor voltage v

as the state variables, making sure they are
consistent with the passive sign convention.
Applying KCL and KVL to the circuit and obtain
circuit variables (voltage and currents) in terms of
the state variables. This should lead to a set of firstorder differential equations necessary and
sufficient to determine all state variables.
Obtain the output equation and put the final result
in state-space representation.
Transform
Example 16.10
57
Find the state-space representation of the circuit in

Fig. 16.22. Determine the transfer function of the
circuit when vs is the input and ix is the output. Take R
= 1, C = 0.25 F, and L = 0.5 H.

Transform
Example 16.10
di
vL L
dt
dv
iC C
dt
Applying KCL at node 1 gives
58
dv
V
i ix iC C i
dt
R
v
i
v
RC C
di
vs v L v L v v s
dt
i v vs , i v
L L
R
1
1
0
v RC
C v
i 1 0 i 1 vs
L
L
v
1
ix
0
R
i
Transform
Example 16.10
59
If R 1, C 14 , and L 12 , we obtain
1
1
RC
0
4 4
C
A 1
, B 1
L
L 0 2 0
1
C
0 1 0
R
s 0 4 4 s 4
sI A
0 s 2 0 2
0
,
2
4
s

Transform
Example 16.10
60
Taking the inverse of this gives
4
s
2 s 4
adjoint
of
(sI
A
)
( sI A) 1
2
determinan t of (sI - A)
s 4s 8
H( s ) C( sI A) 1 B
4 0
s
8
1 0
1 0
2
s
4
2
2
s
8
8
2
2
2
s 4s 8
s 4s 8
s 4s 8
Transform
Example 16.11
61
Consider the circuit in Fig. 16.24, which may be

regarded as a two-input, two-output. Determine the
state variable model and find the transfer function of
the system.

Transform
62
KVL di loop kiri
1
vs i1 i 0
6
i 6vs 6i1
(1)
Karena i1 harus dibuang,

dengan KVL pada loop vs,
R1, R2, dan C 1/3 F,
vs i1 vo v
(2)
KCL di node 1
v0
i1 i v0 2(i1 i )
2
(3)
Substitusikan ke (2), selanjutnya ke (1):
2i v vs
vs 3i1 v 2i i1
(4)
3
i 2v 4i 4vs (5)
Transform
Example 16.11
63
Di node 2,
vo 1
3
v io v vo 3io (6)
2 3
2
KVL di loop sebelah kanan:
v vi
io
3
(7)
Substitusikan (4) ke (3) untuk memperoleh
2
2i v vs
vo 2
i (v i vs ) (8)
3
3
Kemudian substitusikan (7) dan (8) ke persamaan (6)
v 2v i vs vi

Transform
Example 16.11
64
State equations yang diperoleh:
v 2 1 v 1 1 vs
i 2 4 i 4 0 v

i
3
2
2
v
v
2 0 v s
o 3
3
i 1
1
0 i 0 3 vi
o 3
Transform
Example 16.12
65
Assume we have a system where the output is y(t) and

the input is z(t). Let the following differential equation
describe the relationship between the input and
output d 2 y (t )
dy(t )
3
2 y (t ) 5 z (t )
2
dt
dt
Obtain the state model and the transfer function of
the system.

Transform
Example 16.12
66
Let x1 y (t ), x y (t )
Now let x2 x1 y (t )
x2 y(t ) 2 y (t ) 3 y (t ) 5 z (t ) 2 x1 3 x2 5 z (t )
1 x1 0
x1 0

z (t )
x2 2 3 x2 5
x1
y (t ) 1 0
x2
1 s 1
1 0 0
sI A s
0
1
3
2
s

Transform
Example 16.12
67
s 3 1
2 s
The inverse is ( sI A) 1
s ( s 3) 2
The transfer function is
s 3 1 0
(1 0)

2 s 5
1
H ( s ) C( sI A) B
s ( s 3) 2
5
1 0
5s
5
s ( s 3) 2 ( s 1)( s 2)

Transform
Example 16.12
68
[ s 2 3s 2]Y ( s ) 5Z ( s )
Y ( s)
5
H (s)
2
Z ( s ) s 3s 2

Transform
Application: Network Stability

69

Transform
Example 16.13
70
Determine k, so that the

Circuit is stable!
Applying mesh analysis:

Transform
71
In matrix form
And the determinant is

Transform
Network Synthesis
72

Transform
73

Transform
Example i
75
Jika kapasitor tidak bermuatan saat t=0,

tentukan vo(t) saat t > 0
Transform
76
KCL:
I + 4I = s.Vo
5I = sVo
Dimana
I = (5-Vo)/2 sehingga
5(5-Vo) = 2sVo Vo = 12.5/(s+5/2)
vo(t) = 12.5 e -2.5t V

Transform
Example ii
77
Convolution of 2 signals

Transform
78

Transform
79

Transform
80

Transform
81

Transform
82

Transform

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APPLICATIONS OF THE LAPLACE

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

A system is a mathematical model of a physical

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

16.2 Circuit Element Models

Steps in Applying the Laplace Transform:

Transform the circuit from the time domain to the sdomain.

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

Current voltage relationship

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

Circuit with Zero Initials

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

Find vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. 16.4, assuming zero

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

Find vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. 16.7. Assume vo(0)=5 V.

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

In the circuit of Fig. 16.10(a),

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

The initial value i () Vo / R,

16.3 Circuit Analysis

Remember, equivalent circuits, with capacitors and

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

Consider the circuit in Fig.

wher e v(0) 5 V and i (0) 1 A

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

For the circuit in Fig. 16.12,

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

For Fig. 16.13(a), we get

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

For Fig. 16.13(b), we get

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

For Fig. 16.13(c), we get

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

Assume that there is no initial energy stored in the

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

(b) Using the initial-value theorem we find

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

(c) By partial fraction,

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

16.4 Transfer Functions

The transfer function H(s) is the ratio of the output

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

The output of a linear system is y(t) = 10e-t cos4t u(t)

ch16 Applications of the Laplace

Determine the transfer function H(s) = Vo(s) / Io(s) of