Solution Manual Mechanics J L Mariam

Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of
Lahore. Cell#03338189587
By
Khalid Yousaf
BS(Continue)Civil Engineering
The University of Lahore.
Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Lahore.fb:[email protected]
What is Mechanics?
Mechanics is the physical science which deals with the effects of forces on objects.
The subject of mechanics is logically divided into two parts: statics,which concerns the
equilibrium of bodies under action of forces, and dynamics, which concerns the motion of
bodies.
BASIC CONCEPTS
The following concepts and definitions are basic to the study of mechanics, and they should
be understood at the outset.
Space is the geometric region occupied by bodies whose positions are described by linear
and angular measurements relative to a coordinate system. For three-dimensional problems,
three independent coordinates are needed. For two-dimensional problems, only two
coordinates are required.
Time is the measure of the succession of events and is a basic quantity in dynamics. Time is
not directly involved in the analysis of statics problems.
Mass is a measure of the inertia of a body, which is its resistance to a change of velocity.
Mass can also be thought of as the quantity of matter in a body. The mass of a body affects
the gravitational attraction force between it and other bodies. This force appears in many
applications in statics.
Force is the action of one body on another. A force tends to move a body in the direction of
its action. The action of a force is characterized by its magnitude, by the direction of its
action, and by its point of application. Thus force is a vector quantity..
A particle is a body of negligible dimensions. In the mathematical sense, a particle is a body
whose dimensions are considered to be near zero so that we may analyze it as a mass
concentrated at a point. We often choose a particle as a differential element of a body. We
may treat a body as a particle when its dimensions are irrelevant to the description
of its position or the action of forces applied to it.
Rigid body. A body is considered rigid when the change in distance between any two of its
points is negligible for the purpose at hand. For instance, the calculation of the tension in the
cable which supports the boom of a mobile crane under load is essentially unaffected by the
small internal deformations in the structural members of the boom. For the purpose, then, of
determining the external forces which act on the boom, we may treat it as a rigid body.
Statics deals primarily with the calculation of external forces which act on rigid bodies in
equilibrium. Determination of the internal deformations belongs to the study of the
mechanics of deformable bodies, which normally follows statics in the curriculum.



PROBLEMS 2/2 The magnitude of the force F is

Introductory Problems 600 N. Express F as a vector in terms
2/1 The force F has a magnitude of of the unit vectors i and j. Identify both
800 N. Express F as a vector in terms the scalar and vector components of F.
of the unit vectors i and j. Identify the x
and y scalar components of F.
Soln.
Step 1: Magnitude of force F=600 lb

Soln. Step 2: Free body diagram
Step1: Free body Diagram
Step3: Force vector

F=600cos30i - 600sin30j
Step2:Magnitude of force 800N F=520i – 300j
x component of force, Fx=-Fsin35o Step 4:Scalar components of force
Fx=-800sin35o Along x-axis
Fx=-459 N Fx=520 lb
y component of force, Fy=Fcos35o Along y-axis
Fy=800 cos35o Fy= -300 lb
Fy=655 N
Force vector, F=(-459i-655j)N
Step5:Vector components of force
Along x-axis

Fx=520i lb
Along y-axis
Fy= -300j lb
2/3 The slope of the 4.8-kN force F is
specified as shown in the figure. Express F
as a vector in terms of the
unit vectors i and j.
Soln.
Step1:
Magnitude of force F=4800 lb
Position of point A= -15i-20j
Position of point B=30i+10j
Step2: Free body diagram
Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram
Stpe3:
Position vector of AB, AB=OB – OA
Step2: AB=45i+30j
Magnitude of force, F=4.8 kN Magnitude of AB, AB =√452 + 302
3 4
Unit vector of force, n= - i- j = 54.08 in
5 5
Force vector F= F n 𝐴𝐵
3 4 Unit vector of AB, n= 𝐴𝐵
F=4.8(- i- j)
5 5
=(-2.88i-3.84j)kN
2/4 The line of action of the 9.6-kN force 45𝐢+30𝐣
=
F runs through the points A and B as 54.08
shown in the figure. Determine the x and y
scalar components of F. 2/5 A cable stretched between the fixed
supports A and B is under a tension T of
900 lb. Express the tension as a vector
using the unit vectors i and j, first, as a
forceTA acting on A and second, as a force
TB acting on B.

Soln.
Soln.
Stpe1:
Magnitude of force F=1800 N
3 4
Unit vector of force, n= - i- j
5 5
Force vector F= F n
3 4
F=1800(- i- j)
5 5
=-1080iN-1440jN
2/7 The two structural members, one
of which is in tension and the other in
compression, exert the indicated
Step2: forces on joint O. Determine the
Magnitude of tension in cable AB, T = magnitude of the resultant R of the two
forces and the angle θ which R makes
900 lb
with the positive x-axis.
2
Unit vector of AB=nAB= 𝒊 -
√22 +32
3
j
√22 +32
nAB = 0.832i - 0.55j

TA= TA nAB
TA=900(0.832i -
0.55j)
TA=(749i-499j)lb
But TA= - TB
=-(749i-499j)lb
=(-749i+499j)lb Soln.
2/6 The 1800-N force F is applied to the
end of the I beam. Express F as a vector
using the unit vectors i and j.

x-components of resultant force

Rx= ∑Fx Soln.
Rx= -3cos60o-2cos30o Step1: Free body Diagram
Rx= -3.23 kN
y-components of resultant force
Ry= ∑Fy
Ry= 3sin60o+2 sin30o
Ry= -1.598 kN
Magnitude of the resultant force
R= √R2x + R2y
R= √(−3.23)2 + (−1.598)2
R=3.6 kN
Step3: Step2:
Angle θ made by ‘R’ F1=800 lb
𝑅𝑥 F2=425 lb
θ=tan-1( ) Given that the resultant force is normal to
𝑅𝑦
−3.23
x-axis.Therefore the x-component of
=tan-1( ) resultant force is zero.
−1.598 Rx= ∑Fx = 0
=26o Rx= -425cosθ+800cos70o = 0
Angle θ made by ‘R’ with positive x-axis 𝑜
θ=180o+26o
800𝑐𝑜𝑠70
Cosθ=
=206o
425
θ=49.90
2/8 Two forces are applied to the y-components of resultant force
construction bracket as shown. Ry= ∑Fy
Determine the angle θ which makes Ry= -425sin49.9-800 sin70o
the resultant of the two forces vertical. Ry= -1070 lb
Determine the magnitude R of the Magnitude of the resultant force
resultant.
R= √R2x + R2y
R= √02 + (−1077)2
R=1077 lb
Representative Problems
2/9 In the design of a control
mechanism, it is determined that rod
AB transmits a 260-N force P to the Scalar components of force P along ‘n’

crank BC. Determine the x and y Pn=260 cos(30o-22.6o)
scalar components of P. Pn=258 N
Soln. Scalar components of force P along ‘t’
Step1: Free body Diagram Pt=260 sin(30o-22.6o)
Pt=33. 5N
2/11 The t-component of the force F is
known to be 75N. Determine the n-
component and the magnitude of F.
Step2:Magnitude of force P=260 N

12 5
Unit vector of force, n= - i- j
13 13 Soln.
Force vector P= P n Step1: Free body Diagram
12 5
P=260(- i- j)
13 13
=-240iN-100jN
Scalar component of P along x
Px=-240 N
Scalar component of P along y
Py=-100 N
2/10 For the mechanism of Prob. 2/9,
determine the scalar components Pt and Pn
of P which are tangent and normal,
respectively, to crank BC.
Soln. Step2: The t-component of the force
Step1:Free body diagram F,Ft=75 N.Let Fn be the n-component
of the force F
Ft=Fcos40o (1)
Fn=-Fsinθ (2)
Dividing equation (2) by (1)
𝐹𝑛
=-tan40o
𝐹𝑡
Fn=-Ft tan40o
Fn=-75 tan40o
Fn=-62.9o
By equation (1)
Ft=Fcos40o
Step2:magnitude of force F=260 N 75=F cos40o
5 F=97.9 N
𝜃 =tan-1(12)
2/12 A force F of magnitude 800 N is
θ=22.6o applied to point C of the bar AB as
shown. Determine both the x-y and the 2/13 The two forces shown act at point A
n-t components of F. of the bent bar. Determine the resultant R
of the two forces.
Step1:
Free body diagram Step1:
Free body diagram
Step2:
Components of force F along ‘x’
Fx= -800 cos200 Step2:
Fx= -752 lb x-components of resultant force
Components of force F along ‘y’ Rx= ∑Fx
Fy= 800 sin200 Rx= 7cos45o-3cos30o
Fy= 274 lb Rx= 2.35 kips
y-components of resultant force
Step3:
Ry= ∑Fy
Components of force along ‘t’ Ry= -7sin60o+3 sin30o
Ft= -800 cos400 Ry= -3.45 kips
Ft= -613 lb The resultant of the two forces is
Components of force along ‘n’ R=Rxi+Ryj
Fn= -800 sin400 R= (2.35i-3.45j)kips
Fn= -514 lb 2/14 To satisfy design limitations it is
necessary to determine the effect of the 2-
kN tension in the cable on the shear, Soln.

tension, and bending of the fixed I-beam. Step1:Free body diagram
For this purpose replace this force by its
equivalent of two forces at A, Ft parallel
and Fn perpendicular to the beam.
Determine Ft and Fn.
Step2:Magnitude of force F=120 lb

Soln. Tensile spring force be Fs
Step1:Free body diagram Since the horizontal component of ‘R’
is zero
F=Fs cos60o
F=120 cos60o
F=60 lb
The resultant force
R=Fsin60o
R=120sin60o
R=103.9 lb
2/16 The ratio of the lift force L to the
Step2: drag force D for the simple airfoil is L/D
Components of force along ‘t’ =10. If the lift force on a short section of
the airfoil is 200 N, compute the
Ft= 2 cos(200+300) magnitude of the resultant force R and the
Ft=1.286 kN angle θ which it makes with the
Components of force along ‘n’ horizontal.
Fn=2 sin(200+300)
Fn=1.532 kN
2/15 Determine the magnitude Fs of
the tensile spring force in order that
the resultant of Fs and F is a vertical
force. Determine the magnitude R of
this vertical resultant force.
Soln.

Step2: Step2:
Lift force L=50 lb By the law of sine’s
𝐿 𝐹𝑎 2
Ratio of the lift force to drag force =10 =
𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛15𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛120𝑜
50 𝑠𝑖𝑛15𝑜
=10 Fa= ×2
𝐷 𝑠𝑖𝑛120𝑜
D=5 lb Fa=0.598 kN
𝐹𝑏 2
Magnitude of resultant force R =√𝐿2 + 𝐷2 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛45 𝑠𝑖𝑛120𝑜
𝑜
R=√52 + 502 𝑠𝑖𝑛45𝑜
R=50.2 lb Fb= ×2
𝑠𝑖𝑛120𝑜
Step3: Fb=1.633 kN
Angle made by the resultant with ‘D’ Step3:
𝐿
𝜃 =tan-1( )
𝐷
50
𝜃 =tan-1( )
5
θ =84.3o
2/17 Determine the components of the

2-kN force along the oblique axes a
and b. Determine the projections of F
onto the a- and b-axes.
Let Pa and Pb be the projections of

force P along a and b.
Pa=2 cos45o
Pa=1.414 kN
Pb=2 cos15o
Pb=1.932 kN
2/18 Determine the scalar components Ra

and Rb of the force R along the non rectan
-gular axes a and b. Also determine the
orthogonal projection Pa of R onto axis a.
Soln.

Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
By the law of sine
𝑅𝑏 800
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛30 𝑠𝑖𝑛40
Rb= 622 N
𝑅𝑎 800
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛110 𝑠𝑖𝑛40 Step2:(a)
Ra= 1170 N From the law of cosine’s
Step3:Let Pa be the orthogonal R2=4002+6002 – 2(400)(600)cos1202
projection of P onto a-axis R2=760000
R2=872 N
Let θ be the angle made with the
vertical,then by the law of sine’s
600 872
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛120𝑜
𝜃=36.6o
Step3:(b)
x-components of resultant force
Rx= ∑Fx
Step4: Rx=600cos30o
Pa=R cos300 Rx=520 N
=800 cos300 y-components of resultant force
=693 N Ry= ∑Fy
2/19 Determine the resultant R of the Ry= -400-600sin30o
two forces shown by (a) applying the Ry=-700 N
parallelogram rule for vector addition Magnitude of the resultant force
and (b) summing scalar components.

6
R= √R2x + R2y θ2=tan-1( )
8
R= √(520)2 + (−700)2 θ2=36.87o
R=872 N α=180o – (θ1+θ2)
Angle θ made by ‘R’ α=180o – (26.57o+36.87o)
𝑅𝑥 α=116.56o
θ=tan-1( ) By the law of sine
𝑅𝑦 𝑃 400
700 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1
=tan-1( )
520
=53.4o P= 537 lb
So the angle made by resultant with the 𝑇 𝑃
vertical
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
θ=90o-53.4o T= 800.541 lb
θ=36.6o 2/21 At what angle θ must the 800-N
2/20 It is desired to remove the spike from force be applied in order that the
the timber by applying force along its resultant R of the two forces has a
horizontal axis. An obstruction A prevents magnitude of 2000 N? For this
direct access, so that two forces, one 1.6 condition, determine the angle θ
kN and the other P, are applied by cables between R and the vertical.
as shown. Compute the magnitude of P
necessary to ensure a resultant T directed
along the spike. Also find T.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Magnitude of the resultant force R=2000
lb
From the law of cosine’s
20002=14002+8002 –
Step2: From figure 2(1400)(800)cos(180o-θ)
4
θ1=tan-1( ) But cos(180o-θ)=-cosθ
8 Therefore
θ1=26.57o
20002=14002+8002 + Position of point A=0.06i+0.04j

2(1400)(800)cosθ Position of point P=0.08sin30i-0.08cos30j
θ=51.3o P=0.04i-0.0693j
From the law of sine’s Position vector PA=OA-OP
800 𝑅 PA=(0.06-0.04)i-[(0.04)-(-0.0693)]j
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 sin(180−𝜃) PA=0.02i+0.1093j
Magnitude of PA=√0.022 + 0.10932
sin(180−𝜃) PA=0.1111m
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 =R× 𝑃𝐴
800 Unit vector nPA=
β=18.19o 𝑃𝐴
0.02𝐢+0.1093𝐣
2/22 The unstretched length of the n PA=
√(0.02)2 +(0.1093)2
spring of modulus k =1.2 kN/m is 100
mm.When pin P is in the position n PA=0.18i+0.984j
θ=30o determine the x- and y- Magnitude of spring force F= Kx
components of the force which the Where x is change in length.
spring exerts on the pin. (The force in x=PA- l
a spring is given by F=kx, where x is
the deflection from the unstretched x =0.1111-0.1
length.) x=0.0111m
F=1.2 kN×0.0111
F=13.32 N
Step3:
Spring force vector
F=F nPA
=13.32(0.18i+0.984j)
=(2.4i+13.1j) N
x and y components of force are
Fx=2.4 N
Fy=13.1 N
2/23 Refer to the statement and figure
of Prob. 2/22. When pin P is in the
position θ=20o,determine the n- and t-
Soln. components of the force F which the
Step1: Free body diagram spring of modulus k =1.2 kN/m exerts
on the pin.
Step1:Given that
Spring constant of the spring k=1.2
kN/m
Unstrectched length of the spring,
l=0.1m
The angle made by the pin with the
vertical θ=20o
Let the centre of the coordinate system
be positioned at 0.
Step2: Givent hat spring modulus k=1.2 Step2:The arrangement of the spring
kN/m system at the present instant is as
Unstretched length of spring l =0.1m shown by the free body diagram

Step3: Soln.
The coordinates of points A and P are Step1: Free body diagram
A=(0.06i,0.04j)
P=(0.08 sin20oi-0.08cos20oj)
P=(0.0274i-0.0752j)
Hence the position vector PA is given
by
PA=OA-OP
PA=(0.06-0.0274)i + [0.04-(-0.0752]j
PA=0.0326i+0.1152j
The magnitude of the vector is given
by
PA= √(0.0326)2 + (0.1152)2
PA=0.1197m
The magnitude of the spring force is Step2:
given by Tension in the cable T=750 N
F=kx Let Tn and Tt be the components of force
Where x=PA - 0.01 ‘T’ along ‘n’ and ‘t’axes respectively
x=0.1197-0.01 By the cosine law
x=0.0197m AB=
F=1.2×0.0197 √OA2 + OB2 − 2(OA)(OB)cos120o
F=0.0237 kN AB=
F=23.7 kN √(1.5)2 + (1.2)2 − 2(1.5)(1.2)(−0.866)
AB=2.34 m
2/24 The cable AB prevents bar OA from
Step3:
rotating clockwise about the pivot O. If the
Applying sine rule for triangle BOA
cable tension is 750N.Determine the n- 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛120o
and t-components of this force acting on =
1.2 𝐴𝐵
point A of the bar. 𝑠𝑖𝑛120o
Sin𝜃= 2.34
×1.2
𝜃=26.37o
Step3:
Components of force T along ‘n’
Tn=T Sin𝜃
Tn=750 Sin26.37
Tn=333.12 N sin(180−51.32𝑜 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽=400× 1000
Components of force T along ‘t’ β=18.19o
Tt=-T cos𝜃 2/26 In the design of the robot to insert the
Tn=-750 cos26.37 small cylindrical part into a close-fitting
Tn=-672 N circular hole, the robot arm must exert a
2/25 At what angle θ must the 400-N 90-N force P on the part parallel to the
force be applied in order that the axis of the hole as shown. Determine the
resultant R of the two forces have a components of the force which the part
magnitude of 1000 N? For this exerts on the robot along axes (a) parallel
condition what will be the angle θ and perpendicular to the arm AB, and (b)
between R and the horizontal? parallel and perpendicular to the arm BC.
Soln.
Step1: Given
Force exerted by robot P=90 N
Step1:Free body diagram Let parallel force = Pt
Let perpendicular force = Pn
Step2:
(a) Components of force which the part
exerts on the robot along parallel and
perpendicular to the angle arm AB.
Step2:
Magnitude of the resultant force
R=1000 lb
Let θ be the angle between the
resultant force ‘R’ and horizontal force
700 lb.
From the law of cosine’s
10002=4002+7002 –
2(400)(700)cos(180o-θ)
cosθ=0.625 By resolving forces,
θ=51.32o Pt=-90cos30
By the law of sine’s Pt=-77.9 N (parallel force)
400 1000
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
=sin(180−𝜃) Pn=90sin30

Pn=45 N (perpendicular force)

Step3:
(b) Parallel and perpendicular forces to
the arm BC.
Step2:
By resolving forces Tension in the cable AC,Tac=8 kN
Pt=90sin45 Let the tension in the cable AB be Tab
Pt=63.6 N (parallel force) Let the magnitude of the resultant
Pn=90cos45 force be R
Pn=63.6 N (perpendicular force) From the figure
2/27 The guy cables AB and AC are 50
attached to the top of the transmission θ1=tan-1( )
40
tower. The tension in cable AC is 8 kN. θ1=51.3o
Determine the required tension T in 40
cable AB such that the net effect of the θ2=tan-1( )
60
two cable tensions is a downward θ2=37.3o
force at point A. Determine the θ3=180o - θ1 - θ2
magnitude R of this downward force. θ3=95o
By the law of sine
𝑇𝑎𝑐 𝑇𝑎𝑏
=
sinθ1 sinθ2
sinθ2
Tab=400×
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1
𝑠𝑖𝑛37.7o
Tab=400×
𝑠𝑖𝑛51.3𝑜
Tab=5.68 kN
𝑅 𝑇𝑎𝑐
=
Soln. sinθ3 sinθ1
Step1: Free body diagram 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃3
R=8×
sinθ1
𝑠𝑖𝑛95o
R=8×𝑠𝑖𝑛51.3𝑜
R=10.21 kN
2/28 The gusset plate is subjected to the
two forces shown. Replace them by two
equivalent forces, Fx in the x-direction and
Fa in the a-direction. Determine the

magnitudes of Fx and Fa. Solve 180o=β+45o+65o+ α

geometrically or graphically. 180o=β+45o+65o+48.12o
β =21.88o
By the law of sine
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛45
=
Fx 1037.93
Fx=547.02 N
Step3:
Now considering triangle ‘OCa’
By the law of sine
sin(𝛼+65) 𝑠𝑖𝑛45
=
Fa 1037.93
sin(48.12+65) 𝑠𝑖𝑛45
=
Fa 1037.93
sin(113.12) 𝑠𝑖𝑛45
=
Fa 1037.93
Soln.
Fa=1349.963 N
Step1:Geometric solution
Step2:
Let Fx and Fa be the forces along x
and a-axes respectively.
Let R be the resultant force.
From law of cosine
R2=9002+8002-2(900)(800)cos75o
R2=1077300.575
R=1037.93
Step3:
By the law of sine
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛75
=
800 1037.93
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼=0.744
α=48.12o.
From triangle ‘OCD’

PROBLEMS Mo=8×5 - 6×5

Introductory Problems Mo=10 kNm
2/29 The 10 kN force is applied atpoint Step3:Considering similar triangles
A. Determine the moment of F about
point O. Determine the points on the x-
and y-axes about which the moment of
F is zero.
3 5
=
4 4+𝑥
20
4+x=
3
x=2.67 m
𝑦 3
=
𝑥 4
3
y=2.67×
Soln. 4
Step1: Free body diagram y=2 m
point B(0,2)
C(2.67,0)
2/30 Determine the moment of the
800-N force about point A and about
point O.
Step2:
The magnitude of force F=10 kN
Let B and C be the points on y and x-
axes respectively.
Components of force along x and y-
axes. Soln.
4 Step1: Free body diagram
Fx=10×
5
Fx=8 kN
3
Fy=10×
5
Fy=6 kN
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CW +)
Mo=Fx×5 - Fy×4

Force acting along line AB,F=50 kN

From figure.
Position vector of A,OA=-15i-20j
Position vector of B,OB=40i+10j
Position vector of C,OC =25j
Vector form of AB,AB=OB-OA
AB=(40+15)i+(10+20)j
AB=55i+30j
𝐀𝐁
Step2:Magnitude of force F=200 lb Force vector along line AB,F=F
ǀ𝐀𝐁ǀ
Taking moment about ‘A’ F=F[
55𝐢+𝟑𝟎j
]
MA=200cos30o×35 √552 +302
55𝐢+𝟑𝟎j
MA=6062.2 lb-in (CW) F=50[ ]
Taking moment about ‘O’ 62.65
F=43.89i+23.94j
MO = 200cos30o×35 – 200sin30o×35
MO = 6062.2 – 2500 Step3:(a)
MO = 3562.2 lb –in (CW) Taking moment about ‘O’
2/31 Determine the moment of the 50N Mo=OA×F
force (a) about point O by Varignon’s Mo=(-15i-20j)×( 43.89i+23.94j)
theorem and (b) about point C by a Mo=(-15×23.94)k+(-20×43.89)(-k)
vector approach. Mo=518.7k
Magnitude of moment about ‘O’ is
Mo=518.7 Nmm(CCW)
Step4:(b)
Moment about ‘C’
Mc=CA×F
Position vector of CA,CA=OA-OC
CA=-15i+(-20-25)j
CA=-15i-45j
Mc=(-15i+(-20-25)j)×( 43.89i+23.94j)
Mc=(-15×23.94)k+(-45×43.89)(-k)
Mc=1615.95k
Soln. Magnitude of moment about ‘C’ is
Step1: Free body diagram Mc=1615.95 Nmm(CCW)
2/32 The force of magnitude F acts along
the edge of the triangular plate. Determine
the moment of F about point O.
Soln.
Step2: Given that Step1: Free body diagram


Moment of force about ‘O’ (CW +)
Mo=F cos(20o+15o)×0.15
Mo=120cos35o×0.15
Mo=14.74 Nm
2/34 The throttle-control sector pivots
freely at O. If an internal torsional spring
Step2: exerts a return moment M =1.8 on the
Point A(0,h) sector when in the position shown, for
Point B(b,0) design purposes determine the necessary
Vector AB=bi-hj throttle-cable tension T so that the net
b𝐢−h𝐣 moment about O is zero. Note that when T
Unit Vector AB= nAB=
√𝑏2 +ℎ2
is zero, the sectorrests against the idle-
Vector OA=hj control adjustment screw at R.
Moment about ‘O’ MO= OA × F
Fb𝐢−Fh𝐣
MO= hj ×[ √𝑏2 +ℎ2
]
Fbh
MO= - k
√𝑏2 +ℎ2
Fbh
MO=√𝑏2+ℎ2 (CW)
2/33 In steadily turning the water
pump,a person exerts the 120N force
on the handle as shown. Determine
the moment of this force about point O.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Let the tension required be ‘T’
Taking moment about ‘O’
(Anticlock wise +) MO=0
1.8 - T×0.05=0
1.8
T=
0.05
T=36 N
Step2:
2/35 A force F of magnitude 60 N is

applied to the gear. Determine the
moment of F about point O.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2: Given
x and y components of force ‘F’
Fy=250 cos15o
Fy=241.48 N
Fx=250 sin15o
Fx=64.7 N
Step3:
Mo – Fy(0.2)+Fx(0.03)=0
Mo – 241.48(0.2)+64.7(0.03)=0
Step2: Mo - 48.296+1.92 =0
Magnitude of force F=60 N Mo=46.36 Nm
Fy=F cos cos20o 2/37 A mechanic pulls on the 13-mm
Fy=60 cos cos20o combination wrench with the 140-N
Fy=56.38 N force shown. Determine the moment of
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CW+) this force about the bolt center O.
Mo=Fy×0.1
Mo=56.38×0.1
Mo=5.64 Nm
2/36 Calculate the moment of the 250-N
force on the handle of the monkey wrench
about the center of the bolt.
Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram Mo= 120 sin30o ×1.5+120cos30o × 11

Mo=90+1143.15
Mo=1233.15 lb-in (CW)
2/39 A portion of a mechanical coin
sorter works as follows:Pennies and
dimes roll down the 20o incline,the last
triangular portion of which pivots freely
about a horizontal axis through O.
Dimes are light enough (2.28 grams
each) so that the triangular portion
remains stationary, and the dimes roll
Step2: into theright collection column.
Magnitude of force F=140 N Pennies, on the other hand, are heavy
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CCW+) enough (3.06 grams each) so that the
Mo=Fcosθ×0.095 triangular portion pivots clockwise, and
Mo=Fcos(25o-10o)×0.095 the pennies roll into the left collection
Mo=140cos10o×0.095 column. Determine the moment about
Mo=13.1 Nm O of the weight of the penny in terms
2/38 As a trailer is towed in the forward of the slant distance s in millimeters.
direction, the force F =500 N is applied as
shown to the ball of the trailer hitch.
Determine the moment of this force about
point O.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
mgcos200 and mgsin200 are
Step2: Given that force F=120 lb components of weight perpendicular
Let Fx and Fy be the components of force parallel to the inclined plane
along x and y-axes respectively. respectively.
Taking moment about ‘O’ Taking moment about pivot ‘O’ (CW +)
(Anticlock wise +) MO=Fx ×1.5+Fy × 11 Mo= mgcos200×s+ mgsin200(9.5+3.5)
Mo=3.06×10-3×9.81cos200×s+3.06×10-3 Mo=104+24.57
×9.81sin200(9.5+3.5) Mo=128.57 lb-in (CW)
Mo=(0.0282s+0.1335) Nmm (s in mm) The combined moment due to the all
2/40 Elements of the lower arm are shown forces is zero.
in the figure.The mass of the forearm is 2.3 (Clock wise +)∑ Mo=0
kg with mass center at G. Determine the 128.57-T×2=0
combined moment about the elbow pivot T=64.29 lb
O of the weights of the forearm and the
3.6kg homogeneous sphere. What must the
biceps tension force be so that the overall 2/41 A 32 lb pull T is applied to a
moment about O is zero? cord,which is wound securely around
the inner hub of the drum.Determine
the moment of T about the drum
center C. At what angle θ should T be
applied so that the moment about the
contact point P is zero?
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Magnitude of force T=32 lb
Taking moment about ‘C’(CW+)
Mc=T×5
Mc=32×5
Step2: Given that Mc=160 lb-in
Weight of the fore arm W1=5 lb For the moment about the contact
Weight of the sphere W2=8 lb point P to be zero,the applied force
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the bicep. should pass through point P.
Moment about ‘O’ due to the weights 5 lb Let θ be the angle of T with the
horizontal such that
and 8 lb.
(Clock wise +) Mo=8×13+5×6sin55o
(Clock wise +) Mo=F×OA

Mo=200×391.27
Mo=78253.84 Nmm
2/43 In order to raise the flagpole OC,
a light frame OAB is attached to the
pole and a tension of 780 lb is
developed in the hoisting cable by the
power winch D. Calculate the moment
Mo of this tension about thehinge point
From the triangle PCB O.
𝐵𝐶
Cosθ=
𝐶𝑃
5
Cosθ=
8
θ=51.3o
2/42 A force of 200 N is applied to the
end of the wrench to tighten a flange Soln.
bolt which holds the wheel to the axle. Step1: Free body diagram
Determine the moment M produced by
this force about the center O of the
wheel for the position of the wrench
shown.
Step2:
Magnitude of tenion T=780 lb
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CCW +)
Mo=780cos20o×10cos30o-780sin20o×5
Mo=6347.62-1333.88
Mo=5013.74 lb-ft
2/44 The uniform work platform, which
has a mass per unit length of 28 kg/m,
is simply supported by cross rods A
Soln. and B. The 90-kg construction worker
starts from point B and walks to the
right. At what location ‘s’ will the
combined moment of the weights of
the man and platform about point B be
zero?
Step2: Magnitude of force F=200 N

OA=450-62.5 cos20
OA=391.27 mm
Moment about ‘O’
Soln.
Step1: Free body diagram Soln.
Step2: Given that

Mass of the platform M=28 kg/m
Mass of the worker m=90 kg
Weight of the platform
W=28×(1+4+3)×9.81
W=2197.44 N
Moment of all force at ‘B’ is zero.
MB=0 Step2:
mg×S -W×1=0 Given,moment about ‘O’ Mo=72 kN
mg×S=W Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable
Considering triable OBC
𝑊
S= ℎ
𝑚𝑔 sin60o=
30
2197.44 h=25.98 m
S= 𝑥
90×9.8 cos60o=
30
S=2.49 m x=15 m
2/45 In raising the pole from the Now considering triangle ‘ABC’
position shown, the tension T in the ℎ
cable must supply a moment about O tanθ=
12+𝑥
of 72kNm . Determine T. 25.98
tanθ=
12+15
25.98
tanθ=
27
θ=tan-10.9622
θ=43.897o
From ΔOAC
1800=α+θ+120o

1800=α+43.897o +120o
α=16.103o
Step3:
Step2: Given that

Force exerted by the plunger F=40 N
100
Taking moment about ‘O’ tanθ=
∑Mo=0 400
θ=14.036o
Mo-Tsinα×30=0
Taking moment about point ‘O’
Tsin16.103o×30=72
Mo=40cos14.036o(75)+ 40sin14.036o(425)
T=8.653 kN Mo=2910.43+4123.035
2/46 The force exerted by the plunger of
Mo=7033.465 Nmm (CCW)
cylinder AB on the door is 40 N directed
Let ‘Fc’ be the reaction force at ‘C’
along the line AB, and this force tends to
Taking moment about point ‘O’
keep the door closed. Compute the
∑Mo=0
moment of this force about the hinge O.
Fc (825) - Mo=0
What force FC normal to the plane of the
Fc (825) - 7033.465 =0
door must the door stop at C exert on the
door so that the combined moment about Fc (825) = 7033.465
O of the two forces is zero? Fc =8.525 N
2/47 The 2lb force is applied to the
handle of the hydraulic control valve as
shown. Calculate the moment of this
force about point O.
Soln.
Soln.

Considering the force applied at ‘D’

CD=400tan15o
Step2: CD=107.18 mm
Given,applied force F=2 lb DA=AC+CD
Taking moment about ‘O’ (CCW +) DA=280+107.18
∑Mo=-2cos20o×(10sin60o+1.5)- DA=387.18 mm
2sin20o×(1ocos60o) Taking moment about ‘A’
∑Mo=-19.095-3.42 MA= 200cos15o×DA
∑Mo=-22.5 lb-in MA= 200cos15o×387.18
2/48 Calculate the moment MA of the 200- MA=74797.4 Nm (CW)
N force about point A by using three scalar
Step4: Method3
methods and one vector method.
Finding the perpendicular distance AE
DA=387.18 mm
DE=DAsin15o
DE=387.18 sin15o
DE=100.21 mm
AE=√𝐷𝐴2 + 𝐷𝐸 2
AE=√387.182 + 100.212
AE=374 mm
Taking moment about ‘A’
MA=200×374
MA=74797.4 Nm
Soln. Step5: Vector method
Step1: Free body diagram r=200i+480j
F=-200 cos15oi+200 sin15oj
M A= r × F
MA=(200i+480j) × (=-200 cos15oi+200
sin15oj)
MA=74797.4k Nm
2/50 (a) Calculate the moment of the
90-N force about point O for the
Step2: Method1 condition θ=15o. Also, determinethe
Taking moment about ‘A’ value of θ for which the moment about
MA=Fcos15o×280+ Fsin15o×400 O is (b) zero and (c) a maximum.
MA=200cos15o×280+ 200sin15o×400
MA=74797.4 Nm (CW)
Step3: Method2
Soln. Given that

Soln. Applied force F=90 N
Step1: Free body diagram a) θ=15o
Step2:
Elastic modulus of band k=60 N/m Step2:
Unstretched length of band xo=0.74m (Anticlock wise +)
OC=OA+AC Mo=Fcosθ×0.6 - Fsinθ × 0.8
OC=0.635+0.74 Mo=90cos15o×0.6+ 90sin15o×0.8
OC=1.375 m Mo=33.52 Nm
1.375
θ=tan-1 Step3:
0.635 b) Moment of the force about ‘O’ is zero.
θ=65.2o
Mo=0
Step3:
Fcosθ×0.6 - Fsinθ × 0.8=0
Change in the length of band x=BC-xo
cosθ×0.6=sinθ × 0.8
x=1.515-0.74 0.6
Deflection of spring x=0.775m tanθ=
Spring force F=kx 0.8
F=60×0.775 θ=36.9o
F=46.5 N Step4:
Mo=Fsinθ×OB
Mo=46.5sin62.5o×0.535
Mo=26.8 Nm
2/50 (a) Calculate the moment of the 90-N
force about point O for the condition
θ=15o. Also, determine the value of θ for
which the moment about O is (b) zero and
(c) a maximum.

Step2:
c) For the moment to be maximum the Let the angle made by the force F with
applied force should be perpendicular. the horizontal be α
0.6 360+340sin40−110cos40
tanα= tanα=
0.8 340cos40+110sin40
494.283
tanα=
α=36.9o 331.162
α=56.2o
θ=90+α
θ=90+36.9o
Mo=Fcosα×OB
θ=126.9o
Mo=4.5cos56.2o ×0.36
2/51 The small crane is mounted along
Mo=0.902 kNm
the side of a pickup bed and facilitates
2/52 Design criteria require that the robot
the handling of heavy loads. When the
exert the 90-N force on the part as shown
boom elevation angle is θ=40o,the
while inserting a cylindrical part into the
force in the hydraulic cylinder BC is 4.5
circular hole. Determine the moment about
kN, and this force applied at point C is
points A, B, and C of the force which the
in the direction from B toC (the cylinder
part exerts on the robot.
is in compression). Determine the
moment of this 4.5-kN force about the
boom pivotpoint O.
Soln.
Soln. Step1: Free body diagram

Step2:
Let T be the tension in the string.
∑Mo=0
5cos30o×90+5sin30o×90-
Step2: Given that 5 2×60
T ×120- T =0
Force exerted by the robot at ‘D’ P=90 N √22 +52 √22 +52
Taking moment about ‘C’ 389.71+150-11.42T-22.28T=0
∑MC=0 133.7T=539.71
MC – P(150)=0 T=4.04 kN
MC=13500 Nmm 2/54 The piston, connecting rod, and
crankshaft of a diesel engine are shown in
MC=13.5 Nm
the figure. The crank throw OA is half the
Taking moment about ‘B’
stroke of 8in, and the length AB of the rod
∑MB=0 is 14in. For the position indicated, the rod
MB – P(EF+FB)=0 is under a compression along AB of
MB = P(EF+FB) 3550lb. Determine the moment M of this
MB =90(150+450sin30o) force about the crankshaft axis O.
MB =90(375)
MB =33750 Nmm
MB =33.75 Nm
Step3:
∑MA=0
MA – P(EF+FB+BG)=0
MA = P(EF+FB+BG)
MA =90(150+450sin30o+550sin45o)
MA =90(3763.91)
MA =68751.9 Nmm
MA =68.752 Nm
2/53 The masthead fitting supports the
two forces shown. Determine the
magnitude of T which will cause no Soln.
bending of the mast (zero moment) at Step1: Free body diagram
point O.

Step2:
OA=8 in
AB=14 in
Compression in the rod AB, T=3550 lb.
AD=OA cos30o Soln.
AD=4(0.866) Step1: Free body diagram
AD=3.464 in
OD=OA sin30o
OD=4 sin30
OD=2 in
BD=√𝐴𝐵 2 − 𝐴𝐷2
BD=√142 − 3.4642
BD=13.56 in
OB=BD+OD
OB=13.56+2
OB=15.56 in
AB Step2:Applied force F=120 N
θ=tan-1 Taking moment about ‘O’(CW+)
AD
Mo=120cos30o(70+150+70)+
3.464
θ=tan-1 120cos30o(25+70+70+25)
13.56 Mo=41537.68Nmm
Step3:
θ=14.33o
For maximum moment Mo the force F
Step3:
should be perpendicular to the line
joining AB.
(Clockwise +) Mo=Fsinθ×OB 25+70+25+70
Mo=3550 sin14.33o×15.56 tanα=
70+150+70
Mo=13671.81 lb-in α=33.2o
Mo=1139 lb-ft Step4:For this condition
2/55 The 120-N force is applied as
shown to one end of the curved
wrench. If α=30o, calculate the
moment of F about the center O of the
bolt. Determine thevalue of α which
would maximize the moment about O;
state the value of this maximum
moment.
OA=√(25 + 70 + 25 + 70)2 + (70 + 150 + 70)2

OA=346.7mm Rx=-111.6 lb
Taking moment about ‘O’ ∑Fy=Ry
Mo=120×346.7 Ry=100 sin60o
Mo=41603.84 Nmm Ry=86.6 lb
2/56 If the combined moment of the two R=√𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2
forces about point C is zero, determine
R=√(−111.6)2 + (86.6)2
(a) the magnitude of the force P.
R=141.3 lb
(b) the magnitude R of the resultant of the
Step3:
two forces. 𝐹𝑦
(c) the coordinates x and y of the point A c) θ=tan-1
𝐹𝑥
on the rim of the wheel about which the 86.6
combined moment of the two forces is a θ=tan -1
143.3
maximum. θ=37.81o
(d) the combined moment MA of the two Step4:
forces about A.
x=8sinθ
x=8sin37.81o
x=4.9 in
y=8cosθ
Soln. x=8cos37.81o
Step1: Free body diagram x=6.32 in
Step5:
Moment about ‘A’
MA=R×BA
BA=OA+OB
BA=8+4 cosθ
BA=8+4cos37.81o
BA=11.61 in
Since MA=R×BA
MA=143.3×11.61
MA=15771 lb-in (CW)
Step2:
a) Taking moment about ‘C’.
∑MC=0
P×8+100cos60o×4-100sin60o×8=0
P=61.6 lb
Step3:
b) ∑Fx=Rx
Rx= - 100cos60o-61.6

Lahore.
PROBLEMS
Introductory Problems
2/57 The caster unit is subjected to the
pair of 400-Nforces shown. Determine
the moment associated with these
forces.
2/60 The indicated force–couple

system is applied to a small shaft at
the center of the plate.Replace this
system by a single force and specify
the coordinate of the point on the x-
axis through which the line of action
of this resultalt force passes.
2/58 A force F=60 N acts along the line

AB. Determine the equivalent force–
couple system at point C.
2/61 The bracket is spot welded to the

end of the shaft at point O.To show the
effect of the 900-N force on the weld,
replace the force by its equivalent of a
force and couple M at O. Express M in
vector notation.
2/59 The top view of a revolving

entrance door is shown. Two persons
simultaneously approach the door and
exert force of equal magnitudes as
shown. If the resulting moment about
the door pivot axis at O is 25 Nm,
determine the force magnitude F.

Lahore.
.
Lahore.
replacement is frequently done in the

design of structures.
2/62 As part of a test, the two aircraft

engines are revved up and the
propeller pitches are adjusted so as to
result in the fore and aft thrusts shown.
What force F must be exerted by the 2/64 Each propeller of the twin-screw
ground on each of the main braked ship develops a fullspeed thrust of 300
wheels at A and B to counteract the kN. In maneuvering the ship,one
turning effect of the two propeller propeller is turning full speed ahead
thrusts? Neglect any effects of the and the other full speed in reverse.
nose wheel C, which is turned 90N What thrust P must each tug exert on
and unbraked. the ship to counteract the effect of the
ship’s propellers?
2/65 A lug wrench is used to tighten a
square-head bolt. If 250-N forces are
applied to the wrench as shown,
determine the magnitude F of the
equal forces exerted on the four
contact points on the 25-mm bolt head
2/63 Replace the 10-kN force acting
so that their external effect on the bolt
on the steel column by an equivalent
is equivalent to that of the two 250-N
force–couple system at point O.This
forces. Assume that the forces are
Lahore.
.
Lahore.
perpendicular to the flats of the bolt

head.
2/66 During a steady right turn, a 2/68 A force F of magnitude 50 N is

person exerts the forces shown on the exerted on the automobile parking -
steering wheel. Note that each force brake lever at the position x =250mm.
consists of a tangential component Replace the force by an equivalent
and a radiallyinward component. force–couple system at the pivot point
Determine the moment exerted about O.
the steering column at O.
2/69 The tie-rod AB exerts the 250-N

force on the steering knuckle AO as
shown. Replace this force by an
equivalent force–couple system at O.
2/67 The 180-N force is applied to the

end of body OAB. If θ= 50o, determine
the equivalent force–couple system at
the shaft axis O.

Lahore.
.
Lahore.
2/72 Calculate the moment MB of the

2/70 The combined drive wheels of a 900-N force about the bolt at B.
front-wheel-drive automobile are acted Simplify your work by first replacing
on by a 7000-N normal reaction force the force by its equivalent force-couple
and a friction force F, both of which are system at A.
exerted by the road surface. If it is
known that the resultant of these two
forces makes a 15o angle with the
vertical, determine the equivalent
force–couple system at the car mass
center G. Treat this as a two
dimensional problem.
2/71 The system consisting of the bar 2/73 The bracket is fastened to the
OA,two identicalpulleys, and a section girder by means of the two rivets A
of thin tape is subjected to the two and B and supports the 2-kN force.
180N tensile forces shown in the Replace this force by a force acting
figure. Determine the equivalent force– along the centreline between the rivets
couple system at point O. and a couple. Then redistribute this
force and couple by replacing it by two
forces,one at A and the other at B, and
ascertain the forces supported by the
rivets.
Lahore.
.
Lahore.
2/76 The device shown is a part of an

automobile seatback-release mechan-
ism. The part is subjected to the 4-N
force exerted at A and a restoring
moment exerted by a hidden torsional
spring. Determine the y-intercept of the
line of action of the single equivalent
force.
2/74 The angle plate is subjected to

the two 250-N forces shown. It is
desired to replace these forces by an
equivalent set consisting of the 200-N
force applied at A and a second force
applied at B. Determine the y-
coordinate of B.
2/75 The weld at O can support a

maximum of 2500 N of force along
each of the n- and t-directions and a
maximum of 1400 Nm of moment.
Determine the allowable range for the
direction θ of the 2700-N force applied
at A. The angle θ is restricted to 0
≤θ≥90o.

Lahore.
.
Lahore.
Resultant

Lahore.
.
Lahore.
PROBLEMS replace this force–couple system with

Introductory Problems a stand-alone force.
2/77 Calculate the magnitude of the
tension T and the angle θ for which the
eye bolt will be under a resultant
downward force of 15 kN.
2/80 Determine the height h above the

base B at which the resultant of the
three forces acts.
2/78 Determine the resultant R of the

four forces acting on the gusset plate.
Also find the magnitude of R and the
angle θx which the resultant makes
with the x-axis. 2/81 Where does the resultant of the
two forces act?
2/82 Under nonuniform and slippery

road conditions, thetwo forces shown
are exerted on the two rear-drive
2/79 Determine the equivalent force– wheels of the pickup truck, which has
couple system at the origin O for each a limited-slip rear differential.
of the three cases of forces being Determine the y-intercept of the
applied to the edge of a circular disk. If resultant of this force system.
the resultant can be so expressed,

Lahore.
.
Lahore.
2/86 A commercial airliner with four jet

2/83 If the resultant of the two forces engines, each producing 90 kN of
and couple M passes through point O, forward thrust, is in a steady, level
determine M. cruise when engine number 3suddenly
fails.Determine and locate the
resultant of the three remaining engine
thrust vectors. Treat this as a
twodimensional problem.
2/84 Determine the magnitude of the

force F applied to the handle which will
make the resultant of the three forces
pass through O.
2/87 Replace the three forces acting

on the bent pipe by a single equivalent
force R. Specify the distance x from
point O to the point on the x-axis
through which the line of action of R
passes.
2/85 Determine and locate the

resultant R of the two forces and one
couple acting on the I-beam.
Lahore.
.
Lahore.
2/88 The directions of the two thrust

vectors of an experimental aircraft can
be independently changed from the 2/90 The gear and attached V-belt
conventional forward direction within pulley are turning counterclockwise
limits. For the thrust configuration and are subjected to the tooth load of
shown, determine the equivalent 1600 N and the 800-N and 450-N
force–couple system at point O. Then tensions in the V-belt. Represent the
replace this force–couple system by a action of these three forces by a
single force and specify the point on resultant force R at O and a couple of
the x-axis through which the line of magnitude M. Is the unit slowing down
action of this resultant passes. These or speeding up?
results are vital to assessing design
performance.
2/89 Determine the resultant R of the

three forces acting on the simple truss. 2/91 The design specifications for the
Specify the points on the x- and y-axes attachment at A for this beam depend
through which R must pass. on the magnitude and location of the
applied loads. Represent the resultant
of the three forces and couple by a
single force R at A and a couple M.
Specify the magnitude of R.

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2/92 In the equilibrium position shown,

the resultant of the three forces acting
on the bell crank passes through the
bearing O. Determine the vertical force
P. Does the result depend on θ?
2/94 While sliding a desk toward the
doorway, three students exert the
forces shown in the overhead view.
Determine the equivalent force–couple
system at point A. Then determine the
equation of the line of action of the
resultant force.
2/93Two integral pulleys are subjected

to the belt tensions shown.If the
resultant R of these forces passes
through the center O, determine T and 2/95 Under nonuniform and slippery
the magnitude of R and the road conditions, the four forces shown
counterclockwise angle θ it makes are exerted on the four drive wheels of
with the x-axis. the all-wheel-drive vehicle. Determine
the resultant of this system and the x-
and y-intercepts of its line of action.
Note that the front and rear tracks are
equal (i.e.AB=CD).

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Treating the problem as two-

dimensional, determine the equivalent
force–couple system at the car center
of mass G and locate the position x of
the point on the car centreline through
which the resultant passes. Neglect all
forces not shown.
2/96 The rolling rear wheel of a front-

wheel-drive automobile which is
accelerating to the right is subjected to
the five forces and one momentshown.
The forces Ax =240 N and Ay= 2000 N
are forces transmitted from the axle to 2/98 An exhaust system for a pickup
the wheel, F =160 N is the friction truck is shown in the figure. The
force exerted by the road surface on weights Wh, Wm, and Wt of the
the tire, N =2400 N is the normal headpipe,muffler, and tailpipe are 10,
reaction force exerted by the road 100, and 50 N, respectively, and act at
surface, and W = 400 N is the weight the indicated points. If the exhaust-
of the wheel/tire unit. The couple M=3 pipe hanger at point A is adjusted so
Nm is the bearing friction moment. that its tension FA is 50 N, determine
Determine and locate the resultant of the required forces in the hangers at
the system. points B, C, and D so that the force–
couple system at point O is zero. Why
is a zero force–couple system at O
desirable?
2/97 A rear-wheel-drive car is stuck in

the snow between other parked cars
as shown. In an attempt to free the
car, three students exert forces on the
car at points A, B, and C while the
driver’s actions result in a forward
thrust of 200 N acting parallel to the
plane of rotation of each rear wheel.
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Ch#3 Equilibrium
Step2:
Step3:
Step4:
Step5:
1.5'

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PROBLEMS
Introductory Problems
3/1 Determine the force P required to
maintain the 200-kg engine in the
position for which θ=30o. The diameter
of the pulley at B is negligible.
Soln.

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Step2:
Mass of car m=1400kg
Step2: Weight W=1400×9.81
Mass m=200kg W=13734 N
Weight W=200×9.81 ∑Fy=0
=1962 N Since there are two front and two rear
DC=2sin30o tyres of a car,therefore
DC=1 m 2RA+2RB-13734=0 (i)
AD=2cos30o Taking moment about ‘A’
AD=1.732 m ∑MA=0
BD=2-AD 2RB(1.386+0.964)-13734×1.386=0
BD=0.27 m 4.7RB=19035.324
𝐷𝐶 RB=4050 N (ii)
α=tan-1
𝐵𝐷 Using the value of RB in (i)
1
α= tan-1 2RA+2(4050)-13734=0
0.27
α=75o 2RA=2817 N
Step3: 3/3 A carpenter carries a 12 lb uniform
Applying sine’s law board as shown.What downward force
𝑃 𝑊 does he feel on his shoulder at A?
=
sin(90 +30 ) sin(180 −30𝑜 −75𝑜 )
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
𝑠𝑖𝑛120𝑜
P=1962×
𝑠𝑖𝑛75𝑜
P=1759 N
3/2 The mass center G of the 1400-kg
rear-engine car is located as shown in
the figure. Determine the normal force
under each tire when the car is in
equilibrium.State any assumptions.

Soln.

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Step2:Weight of the board W=12 lb

Let NA and NB be the reactions at
points A and B respectively.Taking
moment about B,
∑MB=0
W×(2+1)-NA×2=0
12×3-2NA=0
Step2:
2NA=36
Weight of TV, W 1=70×9.81
NA=18 lb
W 1=686.7 N
Weight of the cabinet W 2=24×9.81
3/4 In the side view of a 70kg
W 2=235.44 N
television resting on a24kg cabinet, the
Taking moment about A,
mass centers are labeled G1 and G2.
∑MA=0
Determine the force reactions at A and
NB ×0.7-W 1×0.6-W 2×0.35=0
B. (Note that the mass center of most
0.7NB -686.7×0.6-235.44×0.35=0
televisions is located well forward
0.7NB-412.02-82.404=0
because of the heavy nature of the
0.7NB=706 N
front portion of picture tubes.)
Now ∑Fy=0
NA+NB-W 1-W 2=0
NA+706-686.7-235.44=0
NA=216 N
3/5 The roller stand is used to support

portions of long boards as they are
being cut on a table saw. If the board
exerts a 25-N downward force on the
roller C, determine the vertical
reactions at A and D. Note that the
connection at B is rigid, and that the
feet A and D are fairly lengthy
horizontal tubes with a nonslip coating.
Soln.

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RA+RD-25=0
RA+16.55-25=0
RA=8.45 N
3/6 The 450-kg uniform I-beam
supports the load shown.Determine
the reactions at the supports.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the I-beam W 1=450×9.81
W1=4414.5 N
Weight of the drum W 2=220×9.81
W2=2158.2 N
RA+RB=4414.5+2158.2
RA+RB=6572.7 (i)
Taking moment about A,
∑MA=0 (CW+)
4414.5×4+2158.2×5.6-RB×8=0
RB=3718 N
Putting this value in (i)
Step2: RA+3718=6572.7
Downward force at ‘C’ is 25N RA=2854.7 N
Let RA and RB be the reactions at A
and B. 3/7 Calculate the force and moment
Taking moment about A, reactions at the bolted base O of the
∑MA=0 (CCW+) overhead traffic-signal assembly. Each
RD×0.355-25×0.235=0 traffic signal has a mass of 36 kg,while
RD=16.55 N the masses of members OC and AC
Now ∑Fy=0 are 50 kg and 55 kg, respectively.
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shown.Determine the contact forces at

A and B.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Step2: Mass of the sphere, m=20kg
Weight of each traffic signal is 80 lb. Weight of sphere, W=20×9.81
Weight of members OC and AC are W=196.2 N
110 lb and 120 lb respectively. Considering forces along x-axis
Let Ox,Oy and Mo=0 be the reactions ∑Fx=0
and reactive moment at ‘O’ RA cos150-RB sin30o=0
respectively. 0.966NA-0.5NB=0 (i)
Considering forces along x-axis Considering forces along y-axis
∑Fx=0 ∑Fy=0
Ox =0 RA sin150+RB cos30o-196.2=0
Considering forces along y-axis 0.966NA+0.5NB=196.2
∑Fy=0 0.259NA=196.2-0.866NB
Oy-80-80-110-120=0 NA=758.06-3.344NB (ii)
Oy=390 lb Putting above value in (i)
Taking moment about ‘O’ 0.966(758.06-3.344NB)-0.5NB=0
∑Mo=0 (CCW+) 732.29-3.23NB-0.5NB=0
80(15+3+12)+80(3+12)+120×12-Mo=0 3.73NB=732.29
Mo=5040 lb-ft (CW) NB=196.3
Using this value in (i)
0.966NA-0.5(196.3)=0
0.966NA=98.15
3/8 The 20-kg homogeneous smooth NA=101.6 N
sphere rests on the two inclines as 3/9 A 120 lb crate resets on the 60 lb
pickup tailgate. Calculate the tension T
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in each of the two restraining cables, G. Determine the upward force F

one of which is shown. The centers of necessary to reduce the normal force
gravity are at G1 and G2. The crate is at A to onehalf its nominal (F = 0)
located midway between the two value.
cables.
Soln. Soln.
Step1:Free body diagram Step1:Free body diagram
Step2: Step2:
Weight of the crate W 1=120 lb Weight of the generator W=160×9.81
Weight of the tailgate W 2=60 lb W=1569.6 N
12 Let F be the force required.
tanθ=
9.5+2.75 Let RA and RO be the reactions at A
θ=tan-10.9796 and O respectively.
θ=44.4o For F=0
Taking moment about ‘O’ Taking moment about ‘O’
∑Mo=0 (CCW+) ∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
120(14)+60(9.5)-2Tsin44.4o(12.25)=0 -RA×0.46+1596.6×0.135=0
1680+570-17.14T=0 RA=460.64 N
T=131.27 lb 1
3/10 A portable electric generator has For RA=230.32 N
2
a mass of 160 kg with mass center at Taking moment about ‘O’

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∑Mo=0 (CCW+) T=100 lb

1569.6(0.135)-230.32(0.46)-F(0.7)=0 3/12 The device shown is designed to aid
-0.7F=-105.95 in the removal of pull-tab tops from cans. If
F=151.36 N the user exerts a 40-N force at A,
3/11 With what force magnitude T must determine the tension T in the portionBC
the person pull on the cable in order to of the pull tab.
cause the scale A to read 2000 N? The
weights of the pulleys and cables are
negligible. State any assumptions.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Force applied F=40 N
Let the tension in portion ‘BC’ be ‘T’
Let Ro be reaction at ‘O’
∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
Tcos45o(32)+Tsin45o(36) -
40cos10o(78+32)-40sin10o(27)=0
Step2: T=94.06 N
Weight of the block is 1000 lb and reading 3/13 A woodcutter wishes to cause the
is 500 lb. tree trunk to fall uphill, even though the
Let T be the tension in the cable. trunk is leaning downhill.With the aid of
Considering forces along y-axis the winch W, what tension T in the cable
∑Fy=0 will be required? The 1200lb trunk has a
5T+500-1000=0 center of gravity at G. The felling notch at

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O is sufficiently large so that the resisting

moment there is negligible.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Step2: Weight of the block W=300×9.81
Weight of the trunk W=1200 lb W=2943 N
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable Let RA and RB be reactions at A and B.
Taking moment about ‘O’ Taking moment about ‘A’
∑Mo=0 (CCW+) ∑MA=0 (CCW+)
1200(12sin5o)-T(10+4)cos15o=0 2943×0.4 - RB×0.6=0
T=81.21 lb RB=1962 N
3/14 To facilitate shifting the position of a Considering forces along y-axis
lifting hook when it is not under load, the ∑Fy=0
sliding hanger shown is used. The RA-RB-W=0
projections at A and B engage the flanges RA=1962+2923
of a box beam when a load is supported, RA=4905 N
and the hook projects through a horizontal 3/15 Three cables are joined at the
slot in the beam. Compute the forces at A junction ring C. Determine the tensions in
and B when the hook supports a 300-kg cables AC and BC caused by the weight
mass. of the 30-kg cylinder.

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contact points B and E is sufficient to

prevent slipping;friction at the pulley
contact points C and F is negligible.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Let TAC,TAB and TDC be the tension in the
cables AB,BC and CD respectively.
Weight of the cylinder W=30×9.81
W=294.3 N
Here Step2:
TDC=294.3 N Total axial force ‘F’ requires is 700N
∑Fx=0 Since two prybars are acting at both
-TACcos45o+294.3cos15o-TBCcos60o=0 sides of the pully,the axial force by
0.707TAC+0.5TBC=284.27 (i) each prybar would be 350N.
∑Fy=0 Taking moment about ‘E’
TACsin45o+294.3sin15o-TBCsin60o=0 ∑ME=0 (CCW+)
𝑭
0.707TAC=0.866TBC-76.17 -𝟐×0.038+Fcos5(0.25)+Fsin5(0.031)=0
TAC=1.225 TBC-107.74 (ii) -13.3+0.249F+0.0027F=0
Using (ii) in (i) 0.252F=13.3
0.707(1.225TBC-107.74)+0.5TBC=284.27 F=52.84N
0.866TBC-76.17+0.5TBC=284.27 3/17 The uniform beam has a mass of 50
1.366TBC=360.44 kg per meter of length. Compute the
TBC=263.87 N reactions at the support O.The force loads
Using above value in (ii) shown lie in a vertical plane.
TAC=1.225(263.87)-107.74
TAC=215.49 N
3/16 A 700-N axial force is required to
remove the pulley from its shaft. What
force F must be exerted on the handle of
each of the two prybars? Friction at the

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3/18 A pipe P is being bent by the pipe

bender as shown. If the hydraulic cylinder
applies a force of magnitude F = 24 kN to
the pipe at C, determine the magnitude of
the roller reactions at A and B.
Soln.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at ‘O’ along
x and y directions respectively.
Let Mo,be the reaction moment at ‘O’
Self load of the beam portions.i.e
F1=50×9.81×(1.8+0.6) Step2:
F1=1177.2 N Applied force 24 kN
F1=1.117 kN Let RA and RB be the reactions at A and B.
F2=50×9.81×(0.6+0.6) Here RA=RB
F2=588.6 N ∑Fy=0
F2=0.589 kN 24-RAcos15o-RBcos15o=0
Step3: 2RAcos15o=24
Taking moment about ‘O’ RA=12.42 kN
∑Mo=0 RA= RB=12.42 kN
Mo-F1×1.2-3×2.8-F2(2.4+0.6cos30o)+4 – 3/19 The uniform 15m pole has a mass of
1.4(2.4cos30o+1.2)=0 150 kg and is supported by its smooth
Mo-1.177×1.2-5.4-0.589×2.916+4- ends against the vertical walls and by the
1.4×3.278=0 tension T in the vertical cable.Compute
Mo-1.41-5.4-1.72+4-4.59=0 the reactions at A and B.
Mo=9.12 kNm
∑Fx=0
Ox+1.4sin30o=0
Ox+0.7=0
Ox=-0.7 kN
∑Fy=0
Oy-F1-F2-3-1.4cos30o=0
Oy-1.177-0.589-3-1.21=0
Oy=5.98 kN
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𝐴𝐶 12
=
5 15
AC=4 m
Now consider trianglesAFE and ABO
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝑂
=
𝐴𝐹 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐸 12
=
7.5 15
AE=6 m
Taking moment about ‘A’ (CCW+)
∑MA=0
RB×9-1471.5×6+1471.5×4=0
RB=327 N
Soln. RA=RB=327 N
Step1:Free body diagram 3/20 Determine the reactions at A and E if
P = 500 N. What is the maximum value
which P may have for static equilibrium?
Neglect the weight of the structure
compared with the applied loads.
Step2:
Length of the pole, L=15m
Weight of the pole, W=150×9.8
W=1471.5 N
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable.
Let RA and RB be the horizental reactions
at A and B respectively.
OB2+122=152 Soln.
OB=√152 + 122
OB=9 m
∑Fx=0
RA=RB
∑Fy=0
T-1471.5=0
T=1471.5 N
Step3:
Step2:
Let Ax,Ay and Ex be the reactions at A and
E respectively.
∑Fx=0
From similar triangles ADC and ABO
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝑂 Ax+Ex-4000sin30o=0
= Ax+Ex=2000 (i)
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐵
∑Fy=0
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Ay-4000cos30o+500=0
Ay=3464.1-500=0
Ay=2964.1 N
∑MA=0
500×8+Ex×3-4000cos30o(4)=0
3Ex=16000cos30o-4000
Ex=3285.46 N
Using above value in (i)
Ax+3285.46=2000
Ax=-1285.46 N Step2:
For maximum P, Ex=0 Let (Fc)x and (Fc)y be the horizontal and
Taking moment about ‘A’ vertical reactions at ‘C’.
∑MA=0 Let FB be the force exerted by rock at ‘B’
P×8-4000cos30o(4)=0 (a) Considering the weight of the prybar.
8P=13856.4 Taking moment about ‘C’
∑MC=0
P=1732 N 8
3/21 While digging a small hole prior to 50×68+40×34tan20o-FB× =0
𝑐𝑜𝑠20𝑜
planting a tree, a homeowner encounters 3400+495-8.51FB=0
rocks. If he exerts a horizontal 225-N force 8.51FB=3895
on the prybar as shown, what is the FB=457.7 lb
horizontal force exerted on rock C? Note Taking force along x-axis
that a small ledge on rock C supports a (Fc)x+50- FBcos20o=0
vertical force reaction there. Neglect (Fc)x= 457.7cos20o-50
friction at B. Complete solutions (a) (Fc)x=380 lb
including and(b)excluding the weight of Step3:
the 18kg prybar. (b) Excluding the weight of the prybar.
Taking moment about ‘C’
∑MC=0
8
50×68-FB× =0
𝑐𝑜𝑠20𝑜
FB=399 lb
Taking forces along x-axis.
∑Fx=0
FC- FBcos20o+50=0
FC- 399cos20o+50=0
FC=325 lb
3/22 Determine the force P required to
begin rolling the uniform cylinder of mass
m over the obstruction of height h.
Soln.
Soln.
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Soln.
Step2:considering the triangle ABC
Step2:
Let ‘F’ be the force applied at handle.
Let Ox and Oy be the horizontal and
BC=√𝑟 2 + (𝑟 − ℎ)2 vertical reactions at point ‘O’.
BC=√𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 − ℎ2 + 2𝑟ℎ Given that 35N of force is the reactive
BC=√2𝑟ℎ − ℎ2 force at ‘B’
𝐵𝐶 Taking moment about ‘O’
sinθ=
𝐴𝐶 ∑Mo=0
√2𝑟ℎ−ℎ2 35×18-Fcos10o(38)- Fsin10o(44)=0
sinθ=
𝑟 45.06F=630
Taking moment about ‘C’ F=13.98 N
∑MC=0 Ste3:
P(r-h)-mgrsinθ=0 ∑Fx=0
√2𝑟ℎ−ℎ2 Ox-Fcos10o-35=0
P(r-h)-mgr =0
𝑟 Ox-13.98cos10o-35=0
√2𝑟ℎ−ℎ2 Ox=48.8 N
P=mg
𝑟−ℎ ∑Fy=0
3/23 A 35-N axial force at B is required to Oy-Fsin10o=0
open the springloaded plunger of the Oy=2.43 N
water nozzle. Determine the required force Magnitude of reaction at ‘O’
F applied to the handle at A and the
magnitude of the pin reaction at O. Note O=√𝑂𝑥 2 + 𝑂𝑦 2 =√48.82 + 2.432
that the plunger passes through a
O=48.86 N
vertically-elongated hole in the handle at 3/24 A person holds a 30-kg suitcase by
B, so that negligible vertical force is its handle as indicated in the figure.
transmitted there.
Determine the tension in each of the four
identical links AB.

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Soln.
Step2:
Force applied on the handle F=50 lb
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the nail.
Let Ax and Ay be the horizontal and
vertical reactions at ‘A’ respectively.
∑MA=0
Step2: 50×8-2T=0
Weight of the suitcase W=60 lb T=200 lb
Number of links is 4. ∑Fx=0
Let ‘T’ be the tension in each link,so there Fcos20o -Ax=0
are 2T force in the left and right. Ax = 50cos20o
∑Fy=0 Ax = 46.98 lb
60-4Tsin35o=0 ∑Fy=0
Tsin35o=60 Fsin20o +Ay-T=0
T=26.15 lb Ay =T- 50sin20o
3/25 A block placed under the head of the Ay =200- 50sin20o
claw hammer as shown greatly facilitates Ay =182.9 lb
the extraction of the nail. If a 200-N pull on The magnitude of the force ‘A’ exerted by
the handle is required to pull the nail, the hammer head of the block.
calculate the tension T in the nail and the
magnitude A of the force exerted by the A=√𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2
hammer head on the block. The
A=√46.982 + 182.92
contacting surfaces at A are sufficiently
A=188.8 lb
rough to prevent slipping.
3/26 The indicated location of the center of
mass of the 3600 lb pickup truck is for the
unladen condition. If a load whose center
of mass is x = 400 mm behind the rear
axle is added to the truck, determine the
mass mL for which the normal forces under
the front and rear wheels are equal.
Soln.
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3/27 The wall-mounted 2.5-kg light fixture

has its mass center at G. Determine the
reactions at A and B and also calculate
the moment supported by the adjustment
thumbscrew at C. (Note that the
lightweight frame ABC has about 250 mm
of horizontal tubing, directed into and out
of the paper, at both A and B.)
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Let the load weight be WL
Weight of the truck W=3600 lb
Let the normal forces at A and B be RA
and RB respectively.
Given that the normal forces under the
front and rear wheels are equal.
RA=RB
∑MA=0 Step2:
3600(45)+ W L(45+67+16)- RB(45+67)=0 Weight of the light W=2.5×9.81
162000+ 128W L-112RB =0 (i) W=24.53 N
Considering forces along y-axis. Let Ax,Ay and Bx be the reactions at A and
∑Fy=0 B respectively.
RA+RB-3600-W L=0 Taking moment about ‘A’
2RB =3600+ W L (ii) ∑MA=0 (CW+)
Using (ii) in (i) Bx×230-24.53×300=0
162000+ 128W L-56(3600+W L) =0 Bx=32 N
162000+128W L-210600-56W L=0 Considering fores along x-axis
72W L=39600 ∑Fx=0
WL=550 lb Ax-Bx=0
Putting above value in (ii) Ax-32=0
2RB =3600+550 Ax=32 N
2RB =4150 Step3:Free body diagram of fixture only
RA=RB=2075 lb

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3/29 The chain binder is used to secure

loads of logs,lumber, pipe, and the like. If
the tension T1 is 2 kN when θ=30o,
determine the force P required on the
lever and the corresponding tension T2 for
this position.Assume that the surface
under A is perfectly smooth.
Taking moment about ‘C’due to weight ‘W’

∑MC=0
MC=24.53×100
MC=2453 Nmm
MC=24.53 Nm
3/28To test the validity ofaerodynamic
Soln.
assumptions made in the design of the
aircraft, its model is being tested in a wind
tunnel. The support bracket is connected
to a force and moment balance, which is
zeroed when there is no airflow. Under
test conditions,the lift L, drag D, and
pitching moment MG act as shown. The
force balance records the lift, drag, and a
moment MP. Determine MG in terms ofL,
D, and MP.
Step2:
Tension T1=2 kN
θ=30o
Let Ay be the reaction at support ‘A’
∑MA=0 (CW+)
P×600-2×100sin30o=0
P=0.1667 kN
Soln. Considering fores along x-axis
Step1:Free body diagram ∑Fx=0
T2-T1+P sin30o=0
T2-25+0.1667×0.5=0
T2=1.92 kN
3/30 The device shown is designed to
apply pressure when bonding laminate to
each side of a countertop near an edge. If
a 120-N force is applied to the handle,
Step2: determine the force which each roller
Taking moment about ‘P’ exerts on its corresponding surface.
∑MP=0
MP-MG-Ld-Dh=0
MG=MP-Ld-Dh=0

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Taking moment about ‘C’

∑MC=0
B×3.5-30×5.5cos45o=0
3.5B=116.67
B=33.43 lb
Considering fores along y-axis
∑Fy=0
C-B-30=0
C-33.34-30=0
C=63.34 lb
3/31 The two light pulleys are fastened
together and form an integral unit.They
are prevented from turning about their
bearing at O by a cable wound securely
Soln. around the smaller pulley and fastened to
Step1:Free body diagram point A.Calculate the magnitude R of the
force supported by
the bearing O for the applied 2kN load.
Step2:
Force applied at handle F=30 lb Soln.
Let the reaction forces at B and C are RB Step1:Free body diagram
and RC respectively.
Considering triangle BCO
Step2:
Weight acting on the pulley W=2 kN
OB=3.5tan45o Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable at ‘A’
OB=3.5 Let Rx and Ry be the reactions at ‘O’
BC=√𝑂𝐵2 + 𝑂𝐶 2 Considering the triangle
BC=√3.52 + 3.52
BC=4.95
Lahore.
.
Lahore.
125
sinθ=
325
θ=22.62o
∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
2×200-T×125=0
Soln.
T=3.2 kN
Considering fores along x-axis
∑Fx=0
3.2cos22.62o+Rx=0
Rx=-2.95 kN
∑Fy=0
Ry-2-3.2sin22.62o=0
Ry=3.23 kN
Magnitude of the reaction force ‘R’
R=√𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2
R=√(−2.95)2 + (3.23)2
R=4.37 kN
3/32 In a procedure to evaluate the Step2:
strength of the triceps muscle, a person Weight of the lower arm is 3.2 lb
pushes down on a load cell with the palm Let ‘F’ be the force in the triceps muscle
of his hand as indicated in the figure. If the load at the palm is 35 lb
load-cell reading is 160 N, determine the Taking moment about ‘O’
vertical tensile force F generated by the ∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
triceps muscle. The mass of the lower arm 35×(6+6)-3.2×6-F×1=0
is 1.5 kg with mass center at G. State any -F= - 401
assumptions. F=401 lb
3/33 A person is performing slow arm
curls with a 10-kg weight as indicated in
the figure. The brachialis muscle group
(consisting of the biceps and brachialis
muscles) is the major factor in this
exercise. Determine the magnitude F of
the brachialis-musclegroup force and the
magnitude E of the elbow joint reaction at
point E for the forearm position shown in
the figure. Take the dimensions shown to
locate the effective points of application of
the two muscle groups; these points are
200 mm directly above E and 50 mm
Lahore.
.
Lahore.
directly to the right of E. Include the effect Ey=-126.4 lb

of the 1.5-kg forearm mass with mass Resultant force at ‘E’
center at point G. State any assumptions.
E=√𝐸𝑥 2 + 𝐸𝑦 2
E=√(37.4)2 + (126.4)2
E=131.82 lb
3/34 A woman is holding a 3.6-kg sphere
in her hand with the entire arm held
horizontally as shown in the figure. A
tensile force in the deltoid muscle prevents
the arm from rotating about the shoulder
joint O; this force acts at the 21o angle
shown.Determine the force exerted by the
deltoid muscle on the upper arm at A and
the x- and y-components of the force
reaction at the shoulder joint O. The mass
of the upper arm is mU =1.9 kg, the mass
of the lower arm is mL = 1.1 kg, and the
Soln. mass of the hand is mH = 0.4 kg; all the
Step1:Free body diagram corresponding weights act at the locations
shown in the figure.
Step2:
Weight of the lower arm is 3.2 lb Soln.
Let ‘F’ be the force is the Brichiates Step1:Free body diagram
muscle load in the palm is 20 lb.
tanθ=2⁄8
θ=14.04o
Taking moment about ‘E’
∑ME=0 (CCW+)
Fcos14.04o(2)-G×6-20×14=0
1.94F-3.2×6-280=0
F=154.23 lb
∑Fx=0 Step2:
Ex-Fsin14.04o=0 Weight of the upper arm Wu=1.9×9.81 N
Ex-154.23sin14.04o=0 Weight of the lower arm Wl=1.1×9.81 N
Ex=37.4 lb Weight of the hand W h=0.4×9.81 N
Considering fores along y-axis Weight of the sphere W=3.6×9.81 N
∑Fy=0 Let ‘T’ be the tensile force acting in the
Ey-3.2-20+Fcos14.04o=0 deltoid muscle.
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at joint ‘O’
Lahore.
.
Lahore.

∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
Fsin21o(125)-1.9×9.81×130-1.1×9.81
×412- (3.6+0.4) ×9.81×6.35=0
31786.362
F=125sin21o
F=710 N
∑Fx=0
Ox-Fcos21o=0
Ox =662.8 N
∑Fy=0
Oy+710sin21o-1.9×9.81-1.1×9.81-
0.4×9.81-3.6×9.81=0
Step2:
Oy=-185.7 N
Let ‘F’ be the force in the patellar tendon.
3/35 With his weight W equally distributed
Let Ox and Oy be the reactions at ‘O’.
on both feet, a man begins to slowly rise
Let 𝑊 ⁄2 be the weighton one leg.
from a squatting position as indicated in
the figure. Determine the tensile force F in
∑Mo=0 (CCW+)
the patellar tendon and the magnitude of 𝑊
the force reaction at point O, which is the F×50 - 2 ×225=0
contact area between the tibia and the F=2.25W
femur. Note that the line of action of the Considering fores along x-axis
patellar tendon force is along its midline. ∑Fx=0
Neglect the weight of the lower leg. Fcos55o-Ox=0
2.25cos55o-Ox=0
Ox=1.29W
∑Fy=0
𝑊
Fsin55o+ 2 +Oy=0
2.25sin55o+ 0.5W+Oy=0
Oy=-2.34W
Magnitude of the reaction at ‘O’
O= √𝑂𝑥 2 + 𝑂𝑦 2
O= √(1.29𝑊)2 + (−2.34𝑊)2
O=2.67W
3/36 The elements of an on-off
Soln. mechanism for a table lamp are shown in
Step1:Free body diagram the figure. The electrical switch S requires
a 4N force in order to depress it.
Whatcorresponding force F must be
exerted on the handleat A?

Lahore.
.
Lahore.
∑Mo=0 (CW+)
0.9×1.2- F×(2.4cos15o)-F×(3.6cos15o)=0
1.8-2.318-3.477F=0
F=0.186 lb
3/37 The uniform 18-kg bar OA is held in
the position shown by the smooth pin at O
and the cable AB. Determine the tension T
in the cable and the magnitude and
direction of the external pin reaction at O.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
The force at ‘S’ is 0.9 lb
The force has been replaced by a force-
couple system at B.
Sstep2:
Weight of the bar ‘OA’ W=18×9.81
Let ‘T’ be the tension in the cable AB
1.5𝑠𝑖𝑛60𝑜
tanθ=
1.2+1.5𝑐𝑜𝑠60𝑜
1.299
tanθ=
1.95
θ=33.7o
∑Mo=0 (CW+)
Tsin33.7o×1.5cos60o-Tcos33.7o×1.5sin60o
1.5
+ 18×9.81× 2 cos60o=0
0.42T-1.08T+66.22=0
Where M=F(2.4cos15o) 0.66T=66.22
Taking moment about ‘O’ T=100 N

Lahore.
.
Lahore.
Step3: Let ‘F’ be the extended force.

Considering fores along x-axis The reaction ‘R’ at B is zero at the point
∑Fx=0 trepping.
Ox-100c0s33.7o=0 Taking moment about ‘A’
Ox=83.45 N ∑MA=0
Considering fores along y-axis 40×7-Fcos15o×(15+8)+Fsin15o×3=0
∑Fy=0 280-21.44F=0
Oy-18×9.81-100sin33.7o=0 F=13.06 lb
Oy=232 N 3/39 The exercise machine is designed
Magnitude of the reaction at ‘O’ with a lightweight cart which is mounted
on small rollers so that it is
O= √𝑂𝑥 2 + 𝑂𝑦 2 free to move along the inclined ramp. Two
O= √(83.45)2 + (232)2 cables are attached to the cart-one for
O=246 N each hand. If the hands are together so
3/38 A person attempts to move a 20-kg that the cables are parallel and if each
shop vacuum by pulling on the hose as cable lies essentially in a vertical plane,
indicated. What force F will cause the unit determine the force P which each hand
to tip clockwise if wheel A is against an must exert on its cable in order to maintain
obstruction? equilibrium position.The mass of the
person is 70 kg, the ramp angle θ is 15o,
and the angle β is 18o. In addition,
calculate the force R which the ramp
exerts on the cart.
Soln.
Soln.
Step2:
Weight of the person W=70×9.81 N
Inclination of the ramp θ=15o
Let ‘R’ be the force exerted by the ramp
Step2: on the cart.
Weight of the cart W=40 lb Let ‘P’ be the force exerted by each hand.
Let Ax and Ay be the horizontal and Considering the forces along the inclined
vertical reactions at ‘A’ respectively. plane.
∑Fx=0
Lahore.
.
Lahore.
70×9.81×sin15o-2P-2Pcos18o=0
177.73-3.90P=0
P=45.6 N
Considering the forces perpendicular to
the plane.
R-70×9.81×sin15o-2Psin18o=0
R=663.3+2×45.6 sin18o
R=691N
3/40 The device shown is used to test
automobile-engine valve springs. The
torque wrench is directly connected to arm
OB. The specification for the automotive
intake-valve spring is that 370 N of force Taking moment at ‘O’
should reduce its length from 50 mm M=Fcos20o×15
(unstressed length) to 42 mm. What is the 498=14.095F
corresponding reading M on the torque F=35.3 lb
wrench, and what force F exerted on the
torque-wrench handle is required to
produce this reading? Neglect the small
effects of changes in the angular position
of arm OB.
Soln.
Step2:
Force exerted by the spring on ‘OB’=83 lb
∑Mo=0
M-83×6=0
M=498 l.in
Considering free body diagram of ‘OA’
Lahore.
.
Lahore.
Commonly used bridge trusses.
Truss:A framework composed of members

joined at their ends to form arigid structure
is called a truss. e.g;
Trusses of roofing system, bridge trusses,
transmission towers etc.
Types of trusses: There are two types of
trusses.
i) Plane truss
ii) Space truss
Plane Truss: When the members of the
truss lie essentially in a single plane, the
truss is called a plane truss.
Space Truss: When the members of the
truss do not lie in the same plane, the
truss is called space truss.
Type of plane trusses depending upon
the arrangement of members.
SimpleTruss:A truss which is constructed

from a basic triangular structure to such a
manner that to increase new elements,
two members and one joint is added, is
known as simple truss.
Compound Truss: A compound truss is

formed by connecting two or more simple
trusses.

Lahore.
.
Lahore.
Complex Truss: It is a truss which cannot

be classified as simple or compound. Internal Determinacy: It can be checked
if minimum number of reacting
Assumptions in the analysis and design of components necessary for the external
trusses. determinacy and stability are known.
m+r=2j
1-Members are joined together by smooth where
pins, although the members are riveted, m=number of members
bolted and welded. r=
2-The centre line of all the members are j=
concurrent at the joint. The structure will be stable and
3-All the loads are only applied at the determinate if
joints and the weight of the members is m+r > 2j
assumed negligible so there will be only
Sample Problem 4/1
axial forces (tension or compression). Compute the force in each member of the
loaded cantilever truss by the method of
Stability and Determinacy of Trusses. joints.
Stability:
External Stability: A truss will be external
unstable if all the reactions are concurrent
or parallel.
Internal Stability: A truss will be internally
stable if it is not liable to collapse. A
simple truss is always internally stable.
Indeterminacy:A truss will be indetermina-
te in which all support reactions and
internal forces cannot be calculated only
by available equilibrium equations for a
given system of forces.
Degree of indeterminacy: The access of
total number of reactive components or
access of members over the available Soln.
equilibrium equations is known as degree Step1:Free body diagram
of determinacy.
It is convenient to consider stability and
determinacy as follows:
1-With respect to reactions. e.g; external
stability and determinacy.
2-With respect to members. e.g; internal
stability and determinacy.
3-The combination of internal and external
conditions.
External Determinacy: A determinate
structure should have at least three
reactions. Step2:
Ne=r-N Taking moment about E,
Where ∑ME=0
r=number of reactions 5T-20(5)-30(10)=0
N=number of equilibrium equations 5T=400
available. T=80 kN

Lahore.
.
Lahore.
∑FX=0
80cos30o-EX=0
EX=69.3 kN
∑FY=0
80sin30o+EY-30-20=0
EY=10 kN
Step3: Considering the joint A
∑FY=0
CD Sin60o-BC Sin60o-20=0
CD(0.866)-34.6(0.866)-20=0
0.866CD-30-20=0
0.866CD=50
CD=57.7 kN (T)
∑FX=0
BC cos60o-CD cos60o-AC-CE=0
∑FY=0 34.6(0.5)-57.7(0.5)-17.32-CE=0
AB Sin60o-30=0 CE=63.5 kN (C)
0.866AB=30 Step6: Finally consider joint E
AB=34.6 kN (T)
∑FX=0
-AC+AB cos60o=0
-AC+34.6(0.5)=0
AC=17.32 kN (C)
Step4: Considering joint B
∑FY=0
-DE Sin60o+10=0
0.866DE=10
∑FY=0 DE=11.55 kN
BC Sin60o-AB Sin60o=0 ∑FX=0
0.866BC-34.6(0.866)=0 DE cos60o+63.5-69.3=0
BC=34.6 kN(C) 11.55(0.5)-5.8=0
∑FX=0 0=0 checks
BD-AB cos600-BC cos60o=0
BD-34.6(0.5)-34.6(0.5)=0
BD=34.6 kN (T)
Step5: Considering joint C

Lahore.
.
Lahore.

Lahore.

Solution Manual Mechanics J L Mariam

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Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

PROBLEMS 2/2 The magnitude of the force F is

Step 1: Magnitude of force F=600 lb

Step3: Force vector

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

nAB = 0.832i - 0.55j

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

x-components of resultant force

AB transmits a 260-N force P to the Scalar components of force P along ‘n’

Step2:Magnitude of force P=260 N

kN tension in the cable on the shear, Soln.

Step2:Magnitude of force F=120 lb

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

2/17 Determine the components of the

Let Pa and Pb be the projections of

2/18 Determine the scalar components Ra

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

20002=14002+8002 + Position of point A=0.06i+0.04j

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Pn=45 N (perpendicular force)

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

magnitudes of Fx and Fa. Solve 180o=β+45o+65o+ α

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

PROBLEMS Mo=8×5 - 6×5

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Force acting along line AB,F=50 kN

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Magnitude of force F=120 N

2/35 A force F of magnitude 60 N is

Step1: Free body diagram Mo= 120 sin30o ×1.5+120cos30o × 11

(Clock wise +) Mo=F×OA

Step2: Magnitude of force F=200 N

Step2: Given that

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Step2: Given that

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Considering the force applied at ‘D’

Soln. Given that

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

OA=√(25 + 70 + 25 + 70)2 + (70 + 150 + 70)2

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

Solution manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

2/60 The indicated force–couple

2/58 A force F=60 N acts along the line

2/61 The bracket is spot welded to the

2/59 The top view of a revolving

Solution Manual by Khalid Yousaf BS(Continue)Civil Engineering The University of

replacement is frequently done in the

2/62 As part of a test, the two aircraft

perpendicular to the flats of the bolt