Circuit Theory - EM II: DR David Ottaway Braggs 412 PH 8313 5165 David - Ottaway@adelaide - Edu.au

Circuit Theory -EM II
Dr David Ottaway
Braggs 412
Ph 8313 5165
[email protected]
Circuit Theory Outline

DC Circuits Resistors and Voltage
Sources
AC Circuits- Resistors, Capacitors and
Inductors
Frequency Response Transfer functions
Time Domain Response
Active Circuits
DC Circuits and Networks
Ohms Law and Resistors

Power and Resistors
Ideal voltage and current sources
Kirchoffs Laws (Apply to AC circuits as well)
Resistor and Voltage Source Networks
Thevenins Equivalent Circuits
Nortons Equivalent Circuits
Voltage Dividers (Apply to AC circuits as well)
Parallel and Series resistors
Resistors and Ohms Law

Symbol
2 possibilities
Ohm's Law:
Vresistor ( t ) = RI (t )
V is the voltage
R is the Resistance (SI Unit Ohm ())
I is the current
Power Dissipation in an electrical

component
Power (t ) = I (t )V (t )
2
= I (t ) R
2
Apply Ohms
Law
= V (t ) / R
Can be derived from the fundamental definition of Voltage
ie
Voltage = Energy/Charge
Ideal Voltage Sources
Battery
Ideal Voltage Source
An ideal voltage source

provides a fixed voltage
regardless of the
resistance placed
across it
A useful model that
does not exist in reality
A large battery is an
excellent approximation
Kirchoffs Loop Rule

The sum of the changes in potential around
any closed path of a circuit must be zero
Based on the law of
conservation of
energy
From Giancolli
Example: Resistor Combinations Series
Req = R1 + R2 + R3
Kirchhoff s Junction Rule

At any junction point, the sum of all currents
entering the junction must equal the sum of
all current leaving the junction
This is based on the law of conservation of charge
At Junction A
I = I1 + I2
Also at B
B
Note Some currents will

need to be negative
Resistor Combinations - Parallel
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
Req R1 R2 R3
Resistor Network Analysis

R3
R2
R1
Vs2
Vs1
R3
Use
Kirchoffs
Laws to
derive 5
Equations in
5 unknowns
Thevenins Equivalent Circuits

Any terminal networks of voltage
sources and resistors is equivalent to a
single resistor in series with a single
voltage source
Figure from Wikipedia
Calculating Vth and Rth

The value of Vth is value of the voltage when no
current is drawn from the circuit
The value of Rth is determined by:
Vth
Rth =
I short
Where Ishort is the current drawn from the
terminals when the source is short circuited
Rth is also the resistance between the terminals
when all voltage sources are replaced by zero
resistance
Thevenins Equivalent Circuit

Example: Wheatstone Bridge
R1
R2
Vout
R3
R4
Nortons Theorem
Any network of batteries and resistors is equivalent to

a perfect current source in parallel with a resistor
INO is the short circuit current, Ishort (See Thevenins)
and RNO = RTh (See Thevenins)
Figure from Wikipedia
AC Circuits
Capacitors and Inductors required
Will consider continuous periodic signals and
transient response
Periodic Signals
Best way to deal with is complex circuit analysis
Consider the transfer functions of
RC Circuits
RL Circuits
LCR Circuits
Circuit Components - Inductor

Symbol
dI (t )
Vinductor ( t ) = L
dt
V is the voltage
L is the Inductance (SI Unit Henry (H))
I is the current (SI Unit Ampere (A))
Circuit Components - Capacitor

Symbol
Q (t )
Vcapacitor ( t ) =
=
C
I ( t ) dt
0
V is the voltage
C is the capacitance (SI Unit Farad (F))
I is the current
Q is the charge stored on the plates
Current vs Voltage (Capacitor)

Current and Voltage for a 1uF Cap
-4
x 10
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
0
Voltage
-0.5
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
time(s)
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
Voltage lags the current
-1
0.2
Current (Amps)
Voltage (Volts)
0.5
Current vs Voltage (Inductor)

Current and Voltage for a 1uH Inductor
x 10
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
0
Voltage
-0.5
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
time(s)
0.12
0.14
Voltage leads the current
0.16
0.18
-1
0.2
Current (Amps)
Voltage (Volts)
0.5
Complex Analysis
1 it 1 it
Cos (t ) = e + e
2
2
1 it 1 it
Sin(t ) = e e
2
2
dt
it
= i e
it
= e
i (t + )
2
1 it 1
e dt = i e = e
it
i ( t )
2
Electronic Systems as Linear

Systems
Vin(t)
Vout(t)
TF()
if
= cos
then

=
cos +
Voltage Amplitude
Voltage Phase
Phase and amplitude are real numbers
Amplitude and Phase

1
Vin
Vout
0.8
0.6
Voltage (v)
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0
10
time (s)
12
14
16
18
What is the transfer function, amplitude and relative

phase for the above ???
20
Amplitude and Phase

T
Vin
Vout
0.8
0.6
Voltage (v)
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
Aout
Ain
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0
10
time (s)
Aout 1
TF =

Ain 2
T
2.2
= 2
= 2
= 2.3rad
T
6
12
14
16
18
20
Linear Systems
Remember: cos =
So: = cos

+

=
+

and
=
cos +

=
+
2

=
+
2

=

+

2
2
Linear Systems

is a complex number

=
=

,
=
cos + !"(
)
Summary of Complex Impedance

Inductor
Z L = i L
Capacitor
1
ZC =
iC
Resistor
ZR = R
Transfer Function of RC Circuit

Amplitude
10
10
Transfer Function of RC circuit
-1
-2
10 -2
10
10
-1
10
Angular frequency w/w
10
10
Phase (degrees)
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100 -2
10
10
-1
10
10
10
Transfer Function of RL Circuit

Transfer Function of RL circuit
Amplitude
10
-1
10
-2
10 -2
10
10
-1
10
10
10
Phase (degrees)
100
50
0 -2
10
10
-1
10
10
10
Transfer Function of LCR Circuit

Amplitude
10
10
10
Transfer Function of LCR circuit
-1
-2
-3
10 -2
10
10
-1
10
10
10
Phase (degrees)
100
B=0.1
B=1
B=10
50
0
-50
-100 -2
10
10
-1
10
10
10
Transfer Function of LCR Notch

Amplitude
10
10
Transfer Function of LCR circuit
-2
-4
10 -2
10
10
-1
10
10
10
Phase (degrees)
100
B=0.1
B=1
B=10
50
0
-50
-100 -2
10
10
-1
10
10
10
Summary of Circuits Considered

RC
Circuit Vin()
RL
V ()
Circuit in
RLC
V ()
Circuit in
Vout()
Vout ( )
1
=
Vin ( ) 1 + i RC
Vout()
Vout ( )
=
Vin ( ) i R
i L
Vout ( )
R
=
Vout() Vin ( )
(1 2 LC ) + i L
Transient Response
Will consider two circuits with step function
inputs
RC Filter
RLC
The time domain response is trivial if

Laplace Transforms are used Not taught
anymore in the Science part of maths
(Following slides summarize this, not
examinable and unfortunately cannot be
used in exam)
Transient Approach
1. Use Kirchoffs Loop Law to develop initial
equation, use V& = ' (, V) =
,()
+,()
*
and V- = .0
/
+
2. Differential to covert to first or second

order differential equation
3. Solve
Summary of Transient Solutions

RC
Circuit Vin(t)
Vout(t)
= 0 8

= 0 1 2 exp 2 7(6
RLC
V (t)
Circuit in

= 0
Vout(t)
= 0 8
(
12
exp 2 (72* 9:; 0
* 0
Transient Response Using

Laplace Transforms
(Not examinable and techniques
cannot be used in exam/test)
Transient Response of R, L and C

Circuits
Start by looking at the Differential
Equations
Easier way is to use the S plane version of
complex analysis
Utilize the power of Laplace Transforms
Deriving equation in s space and transforming
them back to the time domain
Summary of S plane impedance

S plane
Inductor
Z L = i L
Z L = sL
Capacitor
1
ZC =
iC
1
ZC =
sC
ZR = R
ZR = R
Resistor
Laplace Transformations
F ( s ) = L{ f (t )} = e st f (t )dt
Definition of Laplace Transform
L{af (t ) + bg (t )} = aL{ f (t )} + bL{g (t )}
Linearity
df (t )
Relationship for 1st derivative
L{
} = sL{ f (t )} f (0)
dt
df 2 (t )
df (0)
Relationship for 2nd
2
L{
} = s L{ f (t )} sf (0)
derivative
2
dt
dt
n 1
df n (t )
df
(0) Relationship for nth
n
n 1
L{
} = s L{ f (t )} s f (0) .....
derivative
n
n 1
dt
dt
t
1
Relationship for
L{ f (t )dt} = L{ f (t )}
integral
s
0
Common Laplace Transforms Pairs

F ( s ) = L{ f (t )}
f (t )
F ( s ) = L{ f (t )}
f (t )
(t )
s2 + 2
sin(t )
1/ s
u (t )
s
s2 + 2
cos(t )
/ (n 1)!
s +
s2 + 2
1/ s
1
s+a
1
(s + a)
n 1
e at
n
a
s( s + a)
1
( s + a )( s + b )
1
t n 1e at
(n 1)!
1 e at
1
(e at e bt )
( a b)
2 + 2
sin(t + )
( = a tan( / ))
( s + a) 2 + 2
(s + a)
( s + a) 2 + 2
s
( s + a )( s + b )
e at sin(t )
e at cos(t )
1
(ae at be bt )
(b a)
End of Transient Response

Using Laplace Transforms
Operational Amplifiers
Electronic Circuits made up
of transistors that
electrically amplify signals
Op Amps are amongst the
most utilized and versatile
of all electronic
components
Cost between a few cents
and a few $100 dollars
Operational Amps Both Voltage

and Power Gain
Transformers can increase
the voltage of oscillating
signals but cannot increase
power Not DC and low
frequency signals
Op Amps are active hence
can amplify both voltage and
power
Crucial for many applications
such as stereo systems
CD player
Light signal->Voltage signal ->Amplified -> Sound

Signal
Operational Amplifiers
V+
+
Vout
V-
V+
Non inverting input
V-
Inverting input
Vout
Output
Open loop gain
Vout = (V+- V-)G

Ideal Op Amp has infinite open loop gain,
infinite input impedance and zero output
impedance
Operational Amplifiers -The Reality

Parameter
Ideal
Typical Values
Open Loop Gain (G)
Infinite
< 106-107
Input Impedance
(Rin)
Infinite
Typically 106-1012
Ohm
Output Impedance
(Rout)
Zero
40 2000 Ohms
V+
+
Rin
+
-
V-
Rout
Vout
Vs
Vs = (V+- V-)G
Two Golden Rules of Op Amps

Rule 1 The output of an Op Amp provides
whatever voltage is necessary to make
the two input voltages equal
Rule 2 The input draws no current
Apply when negative feedback is applied
Op Amp Circuit Inverting

Amplifier
Rb
Ra
Vin
Vout
+
Op Amp Circuit Non-Inverting

Amplifier
Vin
+
Vout
Rb
Ra
Op Amp Circuit Integrator

C
R
Vin
Vout
+
Op Amp Circuit Differentiator

R
C
Vin
Vout
+
Op Amp Circuit Summing

Amplifier
Rb
Ra
V2
Ra
V1
Vout
+

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Circuit Theory -EM II

Circuit Theory Outline

DC Circuits and Networks

Ohms Law and Resistors

Resistors and Ohms Law

Power Dissipation in an electrical

Ideal Voltage Sources

Ideal Voltage Source

An ideal voltage source

Kirchoffs Loop Rule

Example: Resistor Combinations Series

Kirchhoff s Junction Rule

Note Some currents will

Resistor Combinations - Parallel

Resistor Network Analysis

Thevenins Equivalent Circuits

Figure from Wikipedia

Calculating Vth and Rth

Thevenins Equivalent Circuit

Any network of batteries and resistors is equivalent to

Figure from Wikipedia

Circuit Components - Inductor

Circuit Components - Capacitor

Current vs Voltage (Capacitor)

Voltage lags the current

Current vs Voltage (Inductor)

Voltage leads the current

Electronic Systems as Linear

= cos

Phase and amplitude are real numbers

Amplitude and Phase

What is the transfer function, amplitude and relative

Amplitude and Phase

Summary of Complex Impedance

Transfer Function of RC Circuit

Transfer Function of RC circuit

Transfer Function of RL Circuit

Transfer Function of LCR Circuit

Transfer Function of LCR circuit

Transfer Function of LCR Notch

Transfer Function of LCR circuit

Summary of Circuits Considered

The time domain response is trivial if

2. Differential to covert to first or second

Summary of Transient Solutions

Transient Response Using

Transient Response of R, L and C

Summary of S plane impedance

Definition of Laplace Transform

L{af (t ) + bg (t )} = aL{ f (t )} + bL{g (t )}

Common Laplace Transforms Pairs

End of Transient Response

Operational Amps Both Voltage

Light signal->Voltage signal ->Amplified -> Sound

Non inverting input

Open loop gain

Vout = (V+- V-)G

Operational Amplifiers -The Reality