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    Eukaryotic Organism: Premedical IV

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    Matt Erwin Gulle
    This document summarizes key aspects of eukaryotic cells. It describes the structures and functions of organelles such as the nucleus, endomembrane system, cytoskeleton, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes. It also compares the key differences between plant and animal cells, noting that plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts while animal cells do not. The document provides information on microscopy techniques used to study cells, such as light microscopes and electron microscopes.

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    Eukaryotic Organism: Premedical IV

    Uploaded by

    Matt Erwin Gulle
    20 views27 pages
    This document summarizes key aspects of eukaryotic cells. It describes the structures and functions of organelles such as the nucleus, endomembrane system, cytoskeleton, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes. It also compares the key differences between plant and animal cells, noting that plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts while animal cells do not. The document provides information on microscopy techniques used to study cells, such as light microscopes and electron microscopes.

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    eukaryotes

    Original Title

    Eukaryotic Cells

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    This document summarizes key aspects of eukaryotic cells. It describes the structures and functions of organelles such as the nucleus, endomembrane system, cytoskeleton, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes. It also compares the key differences between plant and animal cells, noting that plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts while animal cells do not. The document provides information on microscopy techniques used to study cells, such as light microscopes and electron microscopes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    20 views27 pages

    Eukaryotic Organism: Premedical IV

    Uploaded by

    Matt Erwin Gulle
    This document summarizes key aspects of eukaryotic cells. It describes the structures and functions of organelles such as the nucleus, endomembrane system, cytoskeleton, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes. It also compares the key differences between plant and animal cells, noting that plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts while animal cells do not. The document provides information on microscopy techniques used to study cells, such as light microscopes and electron microscopes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Eukaryotic organism

    Premedical IV

    The size range of organisms


    Light microscopes
    visible light is passed through the
    specimen and glass lenses
    the resolution is limited by the
    wavelength of the visible light
    magnification to 1000x the size
    of the actual specimen
    Resolving power -

    the minimum

    distance two points, which can be


    distiquished.

    Electron microscope
    focused a beam (current) of electrons, have the
    wavelength much shorter than visible light, 1 nm (0.1nm)
    TEM transmission: the beam through a thin specimen ultrastructure
    SEM scanning: the electron beam scans the surface of
    the sample
    use the electromagnets instead of glass lenses

    SEM

    Light microscope

    Eukaryotic cells

    fibroblast

    Muscle cardiac cells

    blood

    Eukaryotic cell

    Cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles

    Genes that control the eukaryotic


    cells
    Nuclear envelope is a double
    membrane, each membrane is
    lipid bilayer with proteins
    perforation by pores
    chromatin DNA, histons,
    non-histon protein
    cell division chromatin
    condensate to chromosomes
    the nucleolus synthesis of
    ribosomes components

    The nucleus

    The nucleus control protein synthesis by sending


    molecular messengers in the form RNA mRNA messenger - TRANSCRIPTION
    is synthesized in nucleus according the DNA
    in ribosomes is genetic information translate into the
    primary structure of a specific protein - TRANSLATION
    free ribosomes suspended in the cytosol, function of
    protein in cytosol
    bound ribosomes are attached to outside membrane
    network called the endoplazmatic reticulum;
    make proteins destined into membrane and for export from
    the cell (secretion)

    Ribosomes

    The endomembrane system


    Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
    lysosoms, various kinds of vacuoles and plasma membrane
    ER consist of a network of
    membranous tubules and sacs
    called cisternae
    ER is continuous with nuclear
    envelope
    Smooth ER - cytoplasmatic
    surface lacks ribosomes
    Rough ER ribosomes are
    attached to the cytoplasmatic side

    Function of smooth ER synthesis of lipids (phospholipids,


    steroids), metabolism of carbohydrates (glycogen) and
    detoxification of drugs (barbiturates) and poisons
    Function of rough ER secretion of proteins, glycoproteins
    formation of transport vesicules to other components of
    endomembrane system
    Golgi apparatus sorting cell products, they are modified
    and stored (removes sugar monomers and product diverse
    oligosaccharides)
    two poles are reffered to as the cis face ad trans face

    Exocytosis and Endocytosis


    is transport of large molecules
    Cell secretes macromolecules by a fusion of vesicles
    with plasma membrane = Exocytosis - budded from
    the Golgi products

    Endocytosis cell takes in macromolecules a particulate


    matter by forming new vesicles from plasma membrane
    three types :
    Phagocytosis cell engulf a particle
    Pinocytosis cell gulf droplets of
    extracellular fluid
    Receptor-mediated endocytosis is very
    specific receptor and ligand

    Lysosomes are digestive compartments


    membrane bounded sac of
    hydrolytic enzymes
    enzymes hydrolyze in acidic
    environment (pH 5) proteins,
    polysaccharides, fats and nucleic
    acids
    function is intracellular digestion of
    food particles, smaller organisms and
    organic components engulfing by
    phagocytosis and own organic old
    material by autophagy

    Vacuoles, vesicles
    membranebounded sacs
    vacuoles have various functions: food vacuoles
    contractile vacuoles
    tonoplast

    Mitochondria and chloroplasts


    Convert energy (ATP) that cells use for work
    Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration
    Chloroplasts are sites of photosynthesis
    Semiautonomic organelles, that grow and reproduce
    within the cell
    contain own DNA (prokaryotic origin)

    Mitochondria
    in all eukaryotic cells
    hundreds or thousands
    two membrane, each
    is phospholipid bilayer
    with a unique collection
    of embedded proteins
    The outer membrane is smooth, the inner membrane is
    convoluted with infolding called cristae
    Intermembrane space
    Mitochondrial matrix

    Chloroplast
    A member of plant organelles
    family called plastids:
    leukoplast
    chromoplasts
    chloroplasts
    thylakoids
    Inner membranous
    system, outside of it
    is stroma
    photosynthesis

    the dynamic networks of

    The cytoskelet

    protein fibers extending


    throughout the cytoplasm

    Support, motility,
    regulation
    microfilaments (2)

    intermediate filaments (3)


    microtubules (1)

    3. cell-shape, mechanical support, provides anchorage for


    many organelles and cytosolic enzymes
    2. the thinnest filaments, twisted double chain of actin subunits,
    cell-shape, cell organization, pull a forces, function in
    muscle, amoeboid movement pseudopodia
    1. compression-resisting function, dynamic behavior, binding
    GTP for polymerization, intracellular transport (associated with
    dyneins and kinesins, they transport organelles like
    mitochondria or vesicles, the axoneme of cilia and flagella,
    the mitotic spindle

    Centrosomes and Centriolas


    9 set of triplets microtubules
    tubulin , => microtubules
    grow out from a centrosome, within of
    animal cells are a pair of centriolas
    cell shape, cell motility, cell division,
    organelle movements

    Flagella and Cilia


    Unicellular eukaryotic organisms, sperm of animals, algae
    and some plants
    Cilia occur in large numbers on the cell surface.
    Cilia work like oars:

    Flagellum
    Flagella are longer and are usually limited to just one or few
    the motor molecule
    called dynein
    basal body identical
    to centriole
    9 doublets of outer
    microtubules
    one doublet of inner
    microtubule

    Microfilaments - Actin filaments


    Molecules of actin a globular protein G => F fibrilar protein
    Is a twisted double chain of actin subunits
    function is bear tension (pulling forces)
    ameboid movement extend and contraction of pseudopodia
    maintenance of shape, changes of shape

    Muscle cells
    protein myosin arranged
    parallel to actin
    actin and myosin sliding
    past one another
    results to contraction of
    muscle, shortening the cell

    Plant Cells:
    have chloroplast
    use photosynthesis
    have cell wall
    one large vacuole
    are rectangular

    Cellulose of plant cell walls helps to plant cells


    to allow high pressure to build inside of it,
    without bursting. A plant cell has to be able to
    accept large amounts of liquid through
    osmosis, without being destroyed. An animal
    cell does not have this cell wall. If you start to
    fill the animal cell with too much distilled water
    or other fluid, it will eventually pop.

    Animal Cells:
    don't have chloroplast
    no cell wall
    one or more small vacuole
    either circular or have irregular
    shape

    Campbell, Neil A., Reece, Jane B., Cain Michael L., Jackson,
    Robert B., Minorsky, Peter V., Biology, Benjamin-Cummings
    Publishing Company, 1996 2010.

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