(Done) CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATON

The
cell
structure
and
organization
1. Cell
• Basic unit of life

• It eat, grow, move, perform
necessary maintenance,
recycle parts, and dispose of
wastes, and replicate.
2 types of eukaryotic cell:
PROTOPLASM
• Mixture of compounds that forms a

jellylike substance where the
nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell
membrane are located.
• Life processes-biological function
Inorganic compounds: water (70-
90%), ions
Organic compounds: carbohydrates,
protein, lipids, and nucleic acids.
• Little organs (organelles)
2. Cell organelle
“mini/little organs”
specialized subcellular
structure that performs
specific functions within a
cell.
Animals, plants, and bacteria
Protection, processing of
energy, manufacturing
products, water and food
storage and support, and
communication
ORGANELLES ACCORDING TO THEIR ROLES:
PROTECTION
 CELL MEMBRANE
 CELL WALL
SUPPORT AND COMMUNICATION
CONTROL CENTER  CYTOSKELETON
 NUCLEUS
BOUNDED AREA
 CYTOPLASM CELL SURFACE AND JUNCTIONS
 PLASMODESMA
ENERGY PROCESSING
 MITOCHONDRIA
MANUFACTURING PRODUCT ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
 PLASTIDS  ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 RIBOSOMES  GOLGI BODY AND VESICLE
 GOLGI BODY/APPARATUS
STORAGE AND BREAKDOWN
 VACUOLES
 VESICLES
 LYSOSOMES
PROTECTION
CELL
CELL WALL
MEMBRANE
Cell membrane
• Plasmalemma/plasma membrane
• Double-layered membrane that
encloses the cell
• Fluid mosaic model:
Phospholipid, cholesterol,
protein, and carbohydrates.
• Semi-permeable layer: It controls
the movement of substances in
and out of the cell. (gatekeeper)
Cell wall
• It also provides shape, support,
and protection to the cell and its
organelles.
• Cell wall: Chitin (fungi) and
Cellulose (plants)
• cell wall separates the interior
contents of the cell from the
exterior environment.
• Plants, fungi, bacteria, and some
protozoans.
CONTROL CENTER
NUCLEUS
Nucleus and Nucleolus
• Dark-stained part of protoplasm
enclosed by a nuclear membrane
and nuclear envelope.
• Nucleus controls the activity of
the whole cell (command center)
nucleolus
• Genetic material
Chromatin (DNA+Histone)
Chromosome nucleus
• Nucleolus involves in production

of ribosome
BOUNDED AREA
CYTOPLASM
CYTOPLASM
• Part of protoplasm found within
the cell membrane and
surrounding the nucleus.
• Largest part of the cell where
most life processes occurs.
• Fluidlike substances where
membrane-bound organelles
are located.
• water, salts, and various organic
molecules.
ENERGY PROCESSING
MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria
• “Power house of the cell”

• Small , double-membraned, and spherical
or sausage-shaped organelles that are
involved in the production of ATP.
• It produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
• Cristae: folded area that increase surface
allowing for more ATP production
• Muscle, heart, and sperm.
• 3000-5000 value
• DNA and RNA; capable of producing on its
own.
ORGANELLE MANUFACTURING PRODUCTS
PLASTIDS RIBOSOME
ENDOPLASMIC GOLGI
RETICULUM APPARATUS/BODY
Plastids
• Double-membrane organelles found

in plant cell, bacteria, and some
protozoa.
• Autotrophic organism
Types:
Chloroplast: chlorophyll (green
pigment); traps energy from the sun
to form food=photosynthesis
Chromoplasts: orange, yellow, red
fruits or leaves of plants (carotenoids)
Leucoplast: stores fats,
carbohydrates, and protein
6. Ribosomes
• Small granular structure

that are made up of RNA
and proteins.
• Produce protein from the
information of DNA,
copied in RNA.
• George Emil Palade
• it can be: 80s or 70s
• hair, nails, skin, and muscle
Endoplasmic reticulum
• Membranous structure that

forms a network of
canalsthrouggh which
proteins and othe
rmolecules are transported.
Coined: Keith Porter
(1953)
Role: George Emil
Palade and his associates
(1960)
2 types of endoplasmic reticulum:
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Branching canal without ribosomes that • Most of the ribosomes attached
transport large molecules inside the cell. • Synthesis and modification of proteins
 Lipid Synthesis (lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids)
 Detoxification (toxin cleansing)
Golgi body and vesicles
• Described by Camilo Golgi vesicle
• Membranous organelle that forms

stack of flattemed sacs located close
to ER. Golgi apparatus
• Vesicle transport, store, or secrete

substances outside the cell.
• Modifies Protein, lipids, hormone,
neurotransmitter and other
molecule before it transport outside
of the cell.
Secretory vesicle and Transport
vesiscle.
ORGANELLE FOR STORAGE AND BREAKDOWN
VACUOLE VESICLE
LYSOSOME
VACUOLE
• Stores materials such as water,

carbohydrates, proteins, and
salts
Central vacuole: 90% area; stores
water in plants.
Contractile vacuoles: animals and
protist; pump excess water.
LYSOSOME
• Membrane-bound organelle that
contains different hydrolytic
enzymes
• Breakdown carbohydrates,
proteins, nucleic acid
• Digest bacteria, viruses, and
damaged cell.
• Lipid bilayer: prevent damage in
cell
WBC: kills bacteria, virus, and other
pathogens.
VESICLE
• Transport chemical: protein,

nucleic acid, and other
macromolecule
• Golgi body
• Transport vesicle: ER to golgi body
• Secretory vesicle: Golgi body to
outside of cell.
SUPPORT AND COMMUNICATION
CYTOSKELETON
CYTOSKELETON
• Serves as bone and muscle of the cell=shape and
structure of cell.
2 types of cytoskeleton:
Microfilament
• attached in cell membrane
• Cell shape and form
• Involve in constriction in cell division
Microtubule
• Not connected in cell membrane
• Anchor of organelles
 Centrioles and Spindle fiber are involve in cell
division
CELL SURFACE AND JUNCTIONS
JUNCTION
JUNCTION
• Junction organelles are

multiprotein complexes
located in the cell membrane
that allow for contact or
adhesion between adjacent
cells or with the extracellular
matrix in animals
PLASMODESMA
• Found on plant cell.

• Communicating of cell through
their junction.
• Involve in sharing of waterm
nutrients, and chemical messages
Junction of animal cell
3 types of junction of cell:
Tight junction: join 2 cells tightly together,

forming a leak-proof sheet.
Anchoring junction: act like river or screws to
form strong sheet sheet; cytoskeleton fibers.
Gap junction: Allow the flow of small
molecules to flow between adjacent cells.
Extracellular matrix (ECM) act as a glue to hold
cell together in tissue.
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
ENDOPLASMIC GOLGI BODY

RETICULUM and VESICLE
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
Parts of the cell cannot work without

the help of other organelles.
It can be:
• Golgi body and vesicle: plays a
crucial role in the formation and
function of vesicles, which are
essential for transporting proteins
and lipids within cells.Vesicles bud
off from the Golgi apparatus and
facilitate the delivery of these
macromolecules to their intended
destinations.
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM: ER
system
• Endoplasmic reticulum
RER: produce protein; has protein
in surface.
SER: Involve in detoxification and
production lipid. Does not hhave
ribosomes.

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The

• Basic unit of life

• Mixture of compounds that forms a

• Nucleolus involves in production

• “Power house of the cell”

• Double-membrane organelles found

• Small granular structure

• Membranous structure that

• Described by Camilo Golgi vesicle

• Membranous organelle that forms

• Vesicle transport, store, or secrete

• Stores materials such as water,

• Transport chemical: protein,

• Junction organelles are

• Found on plant cell.

3 types of junction of cell:

Tight junction: join 2 cells tightly together,

ENDOPLASMIC GOLGI BODY

Parts of the cell cannot work without

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