SCR

Introduction to Thyristor
Prepaid by
Dhrumil H Sheth
1
Power Semiconductor Switches
Power Diodes
Power Transistors
2 layer device
3 layer Device
Thyristors
4 layer Device
Thyristor devices can convert and control large amounts of power in AC or DC

systems while using very low power for control.
Thyristor family includes

1- Silicon controlled switch (SCR)
2- Gate-turnoff thyristor (GTO)
3- Triac
4- Diac
5- Silicon controlled switch (SCS)
6- Mos-controlled switch (MCT)
2
Introduction
SCR is most popular of thyristor family due to its

Fast switching action , small size and high voltage and current
ratings.
It is commonly used in power electronic applications.
SCR has 3 terminals (gate provides control)
SCR is turned on by applying +ve gate signal

when anode is +ve with repect to cathode.
SCR is turned off by interrupting anode

current.
PNPN structure
3
Symbol
Two Transistor Model Of SCR
Gate requires small positive pulse for short duration to turn SCR on.
Once the device is on, the gate signal serves no useful purpose and
can be removed.
4
SCR Characteristic Curve
Ideal Characteristic Of SCR
SCR Ratings
(a) SCR Current Ratings
1- Maximum Repetitive RMS current Rating
Average on-state current is the maximum average current value that can be carried
by the SCR in its on state.
RMS value of nonsinusoidal waveform is simplified by approximating it by

rectangular waveform.
This approximation give higher RMS value, but leaves slight safety factor.
Average value of pulse is
Form factor is
Knowing the form factor for given waveform, RMS current

can be obtained from
I =fo(I )
RMS
Maximum repetitive RMS current is given by
AVE
T(RMS)=
fo(I )
T(AVE)
Conduction angle verses form factor

Conduction angle ()
Form factor (fo)
20
5.0
40
3.5
60
2.7
80
2.3
100
2.0
120
1.8
140
1.6
160
1.4
180
1.3
Conduction Angle
Duration for which SCR is on. It is measured as shown
10
2- Surge Current Rating

Peak anode current that SCR can handle for brief duration.
3- Latching current
Minimum anode current that must flow through the SCR in order for it
to stay on initially after gate signal is removed.
4- Holding Current
Minimum value of anode current, required to maintain SCR in
conducting state.
11
(b) SCR Voltage Ratings
1- Peak repetitive forward blocking voltage

Maximum instantaneous voltage that SCR can block in
forward direction.
2- Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage

Maximum instantaneous voltage that SCR can withstand,
without breakdown, in reverse direction.
3- Non-repetitive peak reverse voltage

Maximum transient reverse voltage that SCR can
withstand.
12
(c) SCR Rate-of-Change Ratings

1- (di/dt rating)
Critical rate of rise of on-state current. It is the rate at which anode current increases
and must be less than rate at which conduction area increases.
To prevent damage to SCR by high di/dt value, small inductance is added in series with
device. Vaue of required inductance is
L>= Vp
(di/dt)max
2- dv/dt rating
Maximum rise time of a voltage pulse that can be applied to the SCR in the off state
without causing it to fire. Unscheduled firing due to high value of dv/dt can be
prevented by using RC snubber circuit.
13
(d) Gate Parameters

1- Maximum Gate Peak Inverse Voltage
Maximum value of negative DC voltage that can be applied without damaging the gate-cathode junction.
2-Maximum Gate Trigger Current

Maximum DC gate current allowed to turn on the device.
3- Maximum gate trigger voltage

DC voltage necessary to produce maximum gate trigger current.
4- Maximum Gate Power Dissipation

Maximum instantaneous product of gate current and gate voltage that can exist during forward-bias.
5- Minimum gate trigger voltage

Minimum DC gate-to-cathode voltage required to trigger the SCR.
6-Minimum gate trigger current

Minimum DC gate current necessary to turn SCR on.
14
Series and Parallel SCR

Connections
15
SCRs are connected in series and parallel to extend voltage and

current ratings.
For high-voltage, high-current applications, series-parallel
combinations of SCRs are used.
16
SCRs in Series
Unequal distribution of voltage across two series SCRs.
Two SCRs do not share the same supply voltage. Maximum

voltage that SCRs can block is V1+V2, not 2VBO.
17
Resistance equalization
Voltage equalization
18
RC equalization for SCRs connected in series.
19
SCRs In Parallel
Unequal current sharing between two SCRs is shown:
Total rated current of parallel connection is I1+I2, not 2I2.

20
With unmatched SCRs, equal current sharing is achieved by adding low

value resistor or inductor in series with each SCR, as shown below.
Value of resistance R is obtained from:
R=V1-V2
I2-I1
21
Current sharing in SCRs with parallel reactors

Equalization using resistors is inefficient due to
Extra power loss
Noncompansation for unequal SCR turn-on and turn-off times.
Damage due to overloading
SCRs with center-tapped reactors is shown below.
22
SCR Gate-Triggering Circuits
23
Triggering circuits provide firing signal to turn on the SCR at

precisely the correct time.
Firing circuits must have following properties
1.
Produce gate signal of suitable magnitude and sufficiently short

rise time.
2.
Produce gate signal of adequate duration.
3.
Provide accurate firing control over the required range.
4.
Ensure that triggering does not occur from false signals or noise
5.
In AC applications, ensure that the gate signal is applied when

the SCR is forward-biased
6.
In three-phase circuits, provide gate pulses that are 120 apart

with respect to the reference point
7.
Ensure simultaneous triggering of SCRs connected in

series or in parallel.
24
Types Of Gate Firing Signals

1.
DC signals
2.
Pulse signals
3.
AC signals
25
(a) DC Gating Signal From

Separate Source
26
DC Gating signals from Same

Source
27
Disadvantage of DC gating Signals
1.
Constant DC gate signal causes gate power dissipation
2.
DC gate signals are not used for firing SCRs in AC

applications, because presence of positive gate signal
during negative half cycle would increase the reverse
anode current and possibly destroy the device.
28
(2) Pulse Signals
1.
Instead of continuous DC signal, single pulse or train of pulses is

generated.
2.
It provides precise control of point at which SCR is fired.
3.
It provides electrical isolation between SCR and gate-trigger

circuit.
29
SCR trigger circuits using UJT

oscillator
Circuit A
30
Circuit B
31
SCR trigger circuit using DIAC
32
SCR trigger circuit using Optocoupler
33
(c) AC Signals
Resistive phase control
RC phase control
34
Triggering SCRs in Series and

in Parallel
35
SCR Turnoff (Commutation)

Circuits
36
What
is Commutation?
The process of turning off an SCR is called commutation.

It is achieved by
1.
Reducing anode current below holding current
2.
Make anode negative with respect to cathode
Types of commutation are:
1.
Natural or line commutation
2.
Forced commutation
37
SCR Turnoff Methods

1.
Diverting the anode current to an alternate path
2.
Shorting the SCR from anode to cathode
3.
Applying a reverse voltage (by making the cathode positive

with respect to the anode) across the SCR
4.
Forcing the anode current to zero for a brief period
5.
Opening the external path from its anode supply voltage
6.
Momentarily reducing supply voltage to zero
38
(1) Capacitor Commutation
SCR turnoff circuit using a transistor switch
39
SCR turnoff circuit using commutation capacitor
Value of capacitance is determined by:
C>= tOFF
0.693RL
40
(2) Commutation By External Source
41
(3) Commutation by Resonance
Series resonant turnoff circuit
42
Parallel resonant turnoff circuit
43
(4) AC line commutation
44
Other members of
Thyristor Family
45
Other Types of Thyristors

1.
Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS)
2.
Gate Turnoff Thyristor (GTO)
3.
DIAC
4.
TRIAC
5.
MOS-Controlled Thyristor (MCT)
46
1. SCS
Structure
Symbol
Equivalent circuit for SCS
47
(2) GTO
Structure
Symbol
GTO Ideal VI
characteristiccs
48
(3) DIAC
Structure
Symbol
VI characteristics of diac
49
(4) Triac
Structure
Symbol
SCR equivalent circuit
50
Triac VI characteristics
51
(5) MCT
Symbol
equivalent circuit
MCT VI characteristics
52
Assignment#1
1.
Does gate current has any effect on forward-breakover

voltage? Justify the statement Higher the gate
current, lower is the forward breakover voltage.
2.
Discribe briefly following members of thyristor family.
Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)
Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS)
Static Induction Thyristor (SITH)
Light Activated Thyristor (LASCR)
53

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Introduction to Thyristor

Power Semiconductor Switches

Thyristor devices can convert and control large amounts of power in AC or DC

Thyristor family includes

SCR is most popular of thyristor family due to its

It is commonly used in power electronic applications.

SCR has 3 terminals (gate provides control)

SCR is turned on by applying +ve gate signal

SCR is turned off by interrupting anode

Two Transistor Model Of SCR

SCR Characteristic Curve

Ideal Characteristic Of SCR

1- Maximum Repetitive RMS current Rating

RMS value of nonsinusoidal waveform is simplified by approximating it by

Average value of pulse is

Knowing the form factor for given waveform, RMS current

Maximum repetitive RMS current is given by

Conduction angle verses form factor

Form factor (fo)

Duration for which SCR is on. It is measured as shown

2- Surge Current Rating

(b) SCR Voltage Ratings

1- Peak repetitive forward blocking voltage

2- Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage

3- Non-repetitive peak reverse voltage

(c) SCR Rate-of-Change Ratings

(d) Gate Parameters

2-Maximum Gate Trigger Current

3- Maximum gate trigger voltage

4- Maximum Gate Power Dissipation

5- Minimum gate trigger voltage

6-Minimum gate trigger current

Series and Parallel SCR

SCRs are connected in series and parallel to extend voltage and

Unequal distribution of voltage across two series SCRs.

Two SCRs do not share the same supply voltage. Maximum

RC equalization for SCRs connected in series.

Unequal current sharing between two SCRs is shown:

Total rated current of parallel connection is I1+I2, not 2I2.

With unmatched SCRs, equal current sharing is achieved by adding low

Value of resistance R is obtained from:

Current sharing in SCRs with parallel reactors

Extra power loss

Noncompansation for unequal SCR turn-on and turn-off times.

Damage due to overloading

SCRs with center-tapped reactors is shown below.

SCR Gate-Triggering Circuits

Triggering circuits provide firing signal to turn on the SCR at

Firing circuits must have following properties

Produce gate signal of suitable magnitude and sufficiently short

Produce gate signal of adequate duration.

Provide accurate firing control over the required range.

In AC applications, ensure that the gate signal is applied when

In three-phase circuits, provide gate pulses that are 120 apart

Ensure simultaneous triggering of SCRs connected in

Types Of Gate Firing Signals

(a) DC Gating Signal From

DC Gating signals from Same

Disadvantage of DC gating Signals