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    Power Electronics

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    Bharat
    DC-DC converters can convert a fixed DC source into a variable DC source, acting like an AC transformer with a variable turns ratio. They come in step-up and step-down versions and are used in applications like motor control and voltage regulation. A step-down converter uses a switching device like a MOSFET or IGBT to alternately connect and disconnect the input voltage to an inductor and load, producing a lower average output voltage. The duty cycle of the switch determines the ratio of output to input voltage. Continuous conduction mode is required to avoid current ripple building up in the inductor.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Power Electronics

    Uploaded by

    Bharat
    226 views22 pages
    DC-DC converters can convert a fixed DC source into a variable DC source, acting like an AC transformer with a variable turns ratio. They come in step-up and step-down versions and are used in applications like motor control and voltage regulation. A step-down converter uses a switching device like a MOSFET or IGBT to alternately connect and disconnect the input voltage to an inductor and load, producing a lower average output voltage. The duty cycle of the switch determines the ratio of output to input voltage. Continuous conduction mode is required to avoid current ripple building up in the inductor.

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    DC-DC converters can convert a fixed DC source into a variable DC source, acting like an AC transformer with a variable turns ratio. They come in step-up and step-down versions and are used in applications like motor control and voltage regulation. A step-down converter uses a switching device like a MOSFET or IGBT to alternately connect and disconnect the input voltage to an inductor and load, producing a lower average output voltage. The duty cycle of the switch determines the ratio of output to input voltage. Continuous conduction mode is required to avoid current ripple building up in the inductor.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    226 views22 pages

    Power Electronics

    Uploaded by

    Bharat
    DC-DC converters can convert a fixed DC source into a variable DC source, acting like an AC transformer with a variable turns ratio. They come in step-up and step-down versions and are used in applications like motor control and voltage regulation. A step-down converter uses a switching device like a MOSFET or IGBT to alternately connect and disconnect the input voltage to an inductor and load, producing a lower average output voltage. The duty cycle of the switch determines the ratio of output to input voltage. Continuous conduction mode is required to avoid current ripple building up in the inductor.

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    DC-DC Converters

    Convert a fixed DC Source into a Variable DC Source

    DC equivalent to an AC transformer with variable turns


    ratio

    Step-up and Step-down versions

    Applications

    Motor Control

    Voltage Regulators

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    Step-down Operation
    Switch

    SW is known
    as a Chopper
    Use BJT, MOSFET, or
    IGBT
    Close for time t1
    VS

    appears across R

    Open

    for time t2

    Voltage

    across R = 0

    Repeat
    Period
    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    T = t 1 + t2
    2

    Waveforms for the Step-Down


    Converter

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    Average Value of the Output


    Voltage
    t

    1 1
    Va vO dt
    T 0
    t1

    1
    Va VS dt
    T 0
    t1
    Va VS ft1VS
    T
    Va kVS
    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    Average Value of the Load


    Current
    Va kVS
    Ia

    R
    R
    T period
    t1
    k dutycycle
    T
    f frequency
    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    rms Value of the output


    voltage
    1
    1
    VO
    T

    2
    0 vO dt

    kT

    2
    VO
    VS dt

    T 0

    kT

    1
    2

    VO kVS
    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    If the converter is lossless,


    Pin = Pout
    kT
    1
    Pin
    T
    1
    Pin
    T

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    v idt
    O

    kT

    2
    O

    v
    dt
    R

    1 VS2
    Pin
    kT
    T R
    VS2
    Pin k
    R

    Effective Input Resistance


    seen by VS

    VS
    VS
    Ri

    I a k VS
    R
    R
    Ri
    k
    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    Modes of Operation

    Constant frequency operation

    Period T held constant, t1 varied

    Width of the pulse changes

    Pulse-width modulation, PWM

    Variable -- frequency operation

    Change the chopping frequency (period T)

    Either t1 or t2 is kept constant

    Frequency modulation

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    Generation of Duty Cycle

    Compare a dc reference signal with a saw-tooth carrier


    signal

    DC Reference Signal

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    Carrier Signal

    10

    Vr
    vr k
    T

    kT

    vr Vcr @ t kT
    Vr
    Vcr kT
    T
    Vcr
    k
    M
    Vr
    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    11

    To generate the gating signal

    Generate

    the triangular waveform of period T,


    vr, and the dc carrier signal, vcr

    Compare
    Apply

    to generate the difference vc - vcr

    to a hard limiter to square off


    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    12

    Step-Down Converter with RL


    Load

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    13

    Mode 1: Switch Closed

    di
    V Ri L
    E
    dt
    1

    i (t)
    1

    V E
    i (t) I e
    1 e
    R
    t t kT
    R
    t
    L

    R
    t
    L

    ( t 0)

    t t (kT )
    1

    i (kT ) I
    1

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    14

    Mode 2: Switch Open

    di
    0 Ri L
    E
    dt
    i (t 0) I
    2

    E
    i (t) I e
    1 e
    R
    R
    t
    L

    0 t t (1 k)T

    R
    t
    L

    @t t (1 K )T
    2

    i (t ) I I
    2

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    1
    15

    Current for Continuous


    Mode

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    16

    V e 1 E
    I

    R e 1 R
    V e 1 E
    I

    R e 1 R
    TR
    z
    L
    V 1 e e e
    I

    R
    1 e
    V
    I
    4fL
    S

    kz

    kz

    kz

    (1k ) z

    max

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    17

    For Continuous Current

    I 0
    1

    e 1 E

    e 1 V

    kz

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    18

    Define the load emf ratio

    E
    x
    V
    E e 1
    x

    V
    e 1
    S

    kz

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    19

    Example 5.2
    XFG1

    J1

    1V 0V

    L
    7.5mH
    Vs
    220V

    D2
    DIODE_VIRTUAL
    R
    5ohm

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    20

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    21

    SPICE Results

    ECE 442 Power Electronics

    22

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