EE 0308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Chapter 2

POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
UNIT-II

Primitive network, Formation of Bus admittance
matrix by inspection method and singular method

Bus classification Formulation of Power Flow
problems Power flow solution using Gauss Seidel
method and Newton Raphson method,
Comparison between these methods.

Handling of Voltage controlled buses, Off nominal
transformer ratios and phase shifting transformer.
Primitive network
A power network is essentially an interconnection of several two-terminal
components such as generators, transformers, transmission lines, motors and
loads. Each element has an impedance. The voltage across the element is called
element voltage and the current flowing through the element is called the element
current. A set of components when they are connected form a Primitive network.
A representation of a power system and the corresponding oriented graph are
shown in Fig. 2.1.











Fig. 2.1 A power system and corresponding oriented graph
7
6
5 4
3
2
1
1 2 3
4
0
2
4
3
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7









Connectivity various elements to form the network can be shown by the bus
incidence matrix A. For above system, this matrix is obtained as


A =


-1 1
-1 1 -1 1
-1 -1
-1 1 -1
Fig. 2.1 A power system and corresponding oriented graph
4
3
2
1
(2.1)
7
6
5 4
3
2
1
1 2 3
4
0
Element voltages are referred as v
1
, v
2
, v
3
, v
4
, v
5
, v
6
and v
7
. Element currents are
referred as i
1
, i
2
, i
3,
i
4
, i
5
, i
6
and i
7
. In power system network, bus voltages and bus
currents are of more useful. For the above network, the bus voltages are V
1
, V
2
, V
3

and V
4
. The bus voltages are always measured with respect to the ground bus.
The bus currents are designated as I
1
, I
2
, I
3
, and I
4
. The element voltages are
related to bus voltages as:







7
6
5 4
3
2
1
1 2 3
4
0
v
1
= - V
1
v
2
= - V
2
v
3
= - V
4
v
4
= V
4
V
3
v
5
= V
2
- V
3
v
6
= V
1
V
2
v
7
= V
2
V
4

I2
I3
I1
I4
Expressing the relation in matrix form

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

7
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
6
5
4
3
2
1
=

Thus v = A
T
V
bus
(2.3)


The element currents are related to bus currents as:







-1
-1
-1
-1 1
1 -1
1 -1
1 -1
V
1
V
2
V
3
V
4

(2.2)
I
1
= - i
1
+ i
6
I
2
= - i
2
+ i
5
i
6
+ i
7
I
3
= - i
4
i
5
I
4
= - i
3
+ i
4
i
7

7
6
5 4
3
2
1
1
2 3 4
0





Expressing the relation in matrix form

(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
I
I
I
I
=

Thus I
bus
= A i (2.4)
-1 1
-1 1 -1 1
-1 -1
-1 1 -1
I
1
= - i
1
+ i
6
I
2
= - i
2
+ i
5
i
6
+ i
7
I
3
= - i
4
i
5
I
4
= - i
3
+ i
4
i
7

i
1
i
2
i
3
i
4
i
5
i
6
i
7

The element voltages and element impedances are related as:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

7
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
6
5
4
3
2
1
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

77 76 75 74 73 72 71
67 66 65 64 63 62 61
57 56 55 54 53 52 51
47 46 45 44 43 42 41
37 36 35 34 33 32 31
27 26 25 24 23 22 21
17 16 15 14 13 12 11
z z z z z z z
z z z z z z z
z z z z z z z
z z z z z z z
z z z z z z z
z z z z z z z
z z z z z z z

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

7
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
6
5
4
3
2
1
(2.5)
Here z
ii
is the self impedance of element i and z
ij
is the mutual impedance
between elements i and j. In matrix notation the above can be written as
v = z i (2.6)
Here z is known as primitive impedance matrix. The inverse form of above is
i = y v (2.7)
In the above y is called as primitive admittance matrix. Matrices z and y are
inverses of each other.
v = z i (2.6)
i = y v (2.7)
Similar to the above two relations, in terms of bus frame
V
bus
= Z
bus
I
bus
(2.8)
Here V
bus
is the bus voltage vector, I
bus
is the bus current vector and Z
bus
is the
bus impedance matrix. The inverse form of above is
I
bus
= Y
bus
V
bus
(2.9)
Here Y
bus
is known as bus impedance matrix. Matrices Z
bus
and Y
bus
are inverses
of each other.
Derivation of bus admittance matrix
It was shown that
v = A
T
V
bus
(2.3)
I
bus
= A i (2.4)
i = y v (2.7)
I
bus
= Y
bus
V
bus
(2.9)
Substituting eq. (2.7) in eq. (2.4)
I
bus
= A y v (2.10)
Substituting eq. (2.4) in the above
I
bus
= A y A
T
V
bus
(2.11)
Comparing eqs. (2.9) and (2.11)
Y
bus
= A y A
T
(2.12)
This is a very general formula for bus admittance matrix and admits mutual
coupling between elements.
In power system problems mutual couplings will have negligible effect and often
omitted. In that case the primitive impedance matrix z and the primitive
admittance matrix y are diagonal and Y
bus
can be obtained by inspection. This is
illustrated through the seven-elements network considered earlier. When mutual
couplings are neglected
| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y (2.13)
Y
bus
= A y A
T
= A
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

77
66
55
44
33
22
11
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

-1
-1
-1
-1 1
1 -1
1 -1
1 -1


=










-1 1
-1 1 -1 1
-1 -1
-1 1 -1
-y
11

-y
22

-y
33
-y
44
y
44
y
55
-y
55

y
66
-y
66

y
77
-y
77
y
11
+ y
66
- y
66
0 0
- y
66
y
22
+ y
55
+ y
66
+y
77
- y
55
- y
77
0 - y
55
y
44
+ y
55
- y
44

0 - y
77
- y
44
y
33
+ y
44
+ y
77

Y
bus
=
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4













The rules to form the elements of Y
bus
are:
- The diagonal element Y
ii
equals the sum of the admittances directly
connected to bus i.
- The off-diagonal element Y
ij
equals the negative of the admittance
connected between buses i and j. If there is no element between buses i
and j, then Y
ij
equals to zero.
y
11
+ y
66
- y
66
0 0
- y
66
y
22
+ y
55
+ y
66
+y
77
- y
55
- y
77
0 - y
55
y
44
+ y
55
- y
44

0 - y
77
- y
44
y
33
+ y
44
+ y
77

Y
bus
=
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
7
6
5 4
3
2
1
1 2 3
4
0
Bus admittance matrix can be constructed by adding the elements one by one.
Separating the entries corresponding to the element 5 that is connected between
buses 2 and 3 the above Y
bus
can be written as











It can be inferred that the effect of adding element 5 between buses 2 and 3 is to
add admittance y
55
to elements Y
bus
(2,2) and Y
bus
(3,3) and add y
55
to elements
Y
bus
(2,3) and Y
bus
(3,2). To construct the bus admittance matrix Y
bus
, initially all the
elements are set to zero; then network elements are added one by one, each time
four elements of Y
bus
are modified.
y
11
+ y
66
- y
66
0 0
- y
66
y
22
+ y
66
+y
77
0 -y
77
0 0 y
44
- y
44

0 -y
77
- y
44
y
33
+ y
44
+ y
77

0 0 0 0
0 y
55


- y
55
0
0 - y
55
y
55
0
0 0 0 0
Y
bus
=
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
+
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Example 2.1
Consider the power network shown in Fig. 2.2. The ground bus is marked as 0.
Grounding impedances at buses 1, 2, and 4 are j0.6 , j0.4 and j0.5
respectively. Impedances of the elements 3-4, 2-3, 1-2 and 2-4 are j0.25 , j0.2 ,
j0.2 and j0.5 . The mutual impedance between elements 2-3 and 2-4 is j0.1 .
Obtain the bus admittance matrix of the power network.



Fig. 2.2 Power network Example 2.1
2
4
3
1
z = j
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
j 0.5
j 0.2
j 0.2
j 0.25
j 0.5 j 0.4
j 0.1
1
2
7
5
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Solution
The oriented graph of the network, with impedances marked is shown in Fig. 2.3.








Primitive impedance matrix is:



0.6
0.4
0.5
0.25
0.2 0.1
0.2
0.1 0.5
Fig. 2.3 Data for Example 2.1
j 0.6
1 2 3
4
0
6
4
y = - j
A =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Inverting this






Bus incidence matrix A is:



1.6667
2.5
2.0
4.0
5.5556 -1.1111
5.0
-1.1111 2.2222
-1 1
-1 1 -1 1
-1 -1
-1 1 -1
Y
bus
= - j A
Y
bus
= - j
Bus admittance matrix Y
bus
= A y A
T


















1.6667
2.5
2.0
4.0
5.5556 -1.1111
5.0
-1.1111 2.2222
-1
-1
-1
-1 1
1 -1
1 -1
1 -1
-1.6667


- 2.5


- 2.0

- 4.0

4.0

4.4444

- 5.5556

1.1111
5.0

- 5.0


1.1111

1.1111 - 2.2222

-1 1
-1 1 -1 1
-1 -1
-1 1 -1
- j6.6667

j5.0 0 0
j5.0 - j13.0556

j4.4444 j1.1111
0 j4.4444 - j9.5556 j5.1111
0 j1.1111 j5.1111 - j8.2222
Y
bus
=
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
- j2.0
- j 5.0
- j5.0
50.2
- j 4.0
- j 2.0 - j 2.5
1
2
7
5
3
Example 2.2
Neglect the mutual impedance and obtain Y
bus
for the power network described in
example 2.1.
Solution
Admittances of elements 1 to 7 are
- j1.6667, - j2.5, - j2.0, - j4.0, - j5.0, - j5.0 and j2.0. They are marked blow.









- j6.6667

j5.0 0 0
j5.0 - j14.5

j5.0 j2.0
0 j5.0 - j9.0 j4.0
0 j2.0 j4.0 - j8.0
Y
bus
=
1
1
2
3
4
2 3 4
- j 1.6667
1 2 3
4
0
6
4
Example 2.3
Repeat previous example by adding elements one by one.
Solution
Initially all the elements of Y
bus
are set to zeros.
Add element 1: It is between 0-1 with admittance j1.6667





Add element 2: It is between 0-2 with admittance j2.5




- j1.6667

0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
- j1.6667

0 0 0
0 - j2.5

0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Y
bus
=
1
1
2
3
4
2 3 4
Y
bus
=
1
1
2
3
4
2 3 4
Add element 3: It is between 0-4 with admittance j2





Add element 4: It is between 3-4 with admittance j4




- j1.6667

0 0 0
0 - j2.5

0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 - j2.0
- j1.6667

0 0 0
0 - j2.5

0 0
0 0 - j4.0 j4.0
0 0 j4.0 - j6.0
Y
bus
=
1
1
2
3
4
2 3 4
Y
bus
=
1
1
2
3
4
2 3 4
Add element 5: It is between 2-3 with admittance j5





Add element 6: It is between 1-2 with admittance j5





Add element 7: It is between 2-4 with admittance j2.Final bus admittance matrix




- j1.6667

0 0 0
0 - j7.5

j5.0 0
0 j5.0 - j9.0 j4.0
0 0 j4.0 - j6.0
- j6.6667

j5.0 0 0
j5.0 - j12.5

j5.0 0
0 j5.0 - j9.0 j4.0
0 0 j4.0 - j6.0
- j6.6667

j5.0 0 0
j5.0 - j14.5

j5.0 j2.0
0 j5.0 - j9.0 j4.0
0 j2.0 j4.0 - j8.0
Y
bus
=
1
1
2
3
2 3 4
4
Y
bus
=
1
1
2
3
2 3 4
4
Y
bus
=
1
1
2
3
2 3
4
4
NETWORK REDUCTION
For a four node network, the performance equations in bus frame using the
admittance parameter can be written as:

(
(
(
(

44 43 42 41
34 33 32 31
24 23 22 21
14 13 12 11
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y

(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
V
V
V
V
=
(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
I
I
I
I

Suppose current I
4
= 0, the node 4 can be eliminated and the network equations
can be written as:

(
(
(

'
33
'
32
'
31
'
23
'
22
'
21
'
13
'
12
'
11
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y

(
(
(

3
2
1
V
V
V
=
(
(
(

3
2
1
I
I
I

Consider the first set of equations. The equation corresponding to node 4 is
Y
41
V
1
+ Y
42
V
2
+ Y
43
V
3
+ Y
44
V
4
= 0
Thus, V
4
= -
44
41
Y
Y
V
1
-
44
42
Y
Y
V
2
-
44
43
Y
Y
V
3

Thus, V
4
= -
44
41
Y
Y
V
1
-
44
42
Y
Y
V
2
-
44
43
Y
Y
V
3

Substituting the above in the equation of node 1
Y
11
V
1
+ Y
12
V
2
+ Y
13
V
3
+ Y
14
(-
44
41
Y
Y
V
1
-
44
42
Y
Y
V
2
-
44
43
Y
Y
V
3
) = I
1
i.e.
( Y
11
-
44
41 14
Y
Y Y
) V
1
+ ( Y
12
-
44
42 14
Y
Y Y
) V
2
+ ( Y
13
-
44
43 14
Y
Y Y
) V
3
= I
1
Comparing the above with the first equation in the second set of equations
Y
11

= Y
11
-
44
41 14
Y
Y Y


Y
12

= Y
12
-
44
42 14
Y
Y Y

Y
13

= Y
13
-
44
43 14
Y
Y Y

Y
11

= Y
11
-
44
41 14
Y
Y Y


Y
12

= Y
12
-
44
42 14
Y
Y Y

Y
13

= Y
13
-
44
43 14
Y
Y Y

Thus in general, when node k is eliminated, the modified elements can be
calculated as
Y
ij

= Y
ij
-
kk
kj ik
Y
Y Y
where i = 1, 2, , N 1 k and j = 1, 2, , N 1 k
Example
Solve the equations
(
(
(
(

0.8333 0.5 0.3333 0
0.5 0.75 0.25 0
0.3333 0.25 1.0833 0.5
0 0 0.5 0.625

(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
V
V
V
V
=
(
(
(
(

4
0
2
0

for the node voltages using network reduction.
Solution
Eliminating node 1, we get
(
(
(

0.8333 0.5 0.3333
0.5 0.75 0.25
0.3333 0.25 0.6833

(
(
(

4
3
2
V
V
V
=
(
(
(

4
0
2

Eliminating node 1, we get
(
(
(

0.8333 0.5 0.3333
0.5 0.75 0.25
0.3333 0.25 0.6833

(
(
(

4
3
2
V
V
V
=
(
(
(

4
0
2

Eliminating node number 3, we get
(

0.5 0.5
0.5 0.6
(

4
2
V
V
=
(

4
2

On solving the above, V
2
= 60 and V
4
= 68
(
(
(
(

0.8333 0.5 0.3333 0
0.5 0.75 0.25 0
0.3333 0.25 1.0833 0.5
0 0 0.5 0.625

(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
V
V
V
V
=
(
(
(
(

4
0
2
0

The node 1 equation of first set gives
0.625 V
1
0.5 V
2
= 0 Thus V
1
= 48
0.625
60 x 0.5
=
The node 3 equation of first set gives
- 0.25 V
2
+ 0.75 V
3
- 0.5 V
4
= 0 Thus V
3
= 65.3333
0.75
68 x 0.5 60 x 0.25
=
+

Thus
(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
V
V
V
V
=
(
(
(
(

68
65.3333
60
48

Formulation of Power Flow problem
Power flow analysis is the most fundamental study to be performed in a
power system both during the Planning and Operational phases. It
constitutes the major portion of electric utility. The study is concerned with
the normal steady state operation of power system and involves the
determination of bus voltages and power flows for a given network
configuration and loading condition.
The results of power flow analysis help to know
1 the present status of the power system, required for continuous
monitoring.
2 alternative plans for system expansion to meet the ever increasing
demand.
The mathematical formulation of the power flow problem results in a
system of non-linear algebraic equations and hence calls for an iterative
technique for obtaining the solution. Gauss-Seidel method and Newton
Raphson ( N.R.) method are commonly used to get the power flow solution.
With reasonable assumptions and approximations, a power system may be
modeled as shown in Fig. 2.4 for purpose of steady state analysis.








Fig. 2.4 Typical power system network
Static Capacitor
4
4 4
jQD PD +
2
3
2 2
jQD PD +
G
3 3
o Z V
3 3
jQG PG +
G
1
5
1 1
jQG PG +
1 1
jQD PD +
G
5 5
jQG PG +
a:1
The model consists of a network in which a number of buses are
interconnected by means of lines which may either transmission lines or
power transformers. The generators and loads are simply characterized by
the complex powers flowing into and out of buses respectively. Each
transmission line is characterized by a lumped impedance and a line
charging capacitance. Static capacitors or reactors may be located at
certain buses either to boost or buck the load-bus voltages at times of
need.
Thus the Power Flow problem may be stated as follows:
Given the network configuration and the loads at various buses, determine
a schedule of generation so that the bus voltages and hence line flows
remain within security limits.
A more specific statement of the problem will be made subsequently after
taking into consideration the following three observations.
1 For a given load, we can arbitrarily select the schedules of all the
generating buses, except one, to lie within the allowable limits of the
generation. The generation at one of the buses, called as the slack
bus, cannot be specified beforehand since the total generation should be
equal to the total demand plus the transmission losses, which is not
known unless all the bus voltages are determined.
2 Once the complex voltages at all the buses are known, all other
quantities of interest such as line flows, transmission losses and
generation at the buses can easily be determined. Hence the foremost
aim of the power flow problem is to solve for the bus voltages.
3 It will be convenient to use the Bus Power Specification which is
defined as the difference between the specified generation and load at a
bus. Thus for the
th
k bus, the bus power specification
k
S is given by

)
k
QD
k
QG ( j )
k
PD
k
PG (
)
k
QD j
k
PD ( )
k
QG j
k
PG (
k
QI j
K
PI
k
S
+ =
+ + =
+ =

In view of the above three observations Power Flow Problem may be
defined as that of determining the complex voltages at all the buses, given
the network configuration and the bus power specifications at all the buses
except the slack bus.
(2.14)
Classification of buses
There are four quantities associated with each bus. They are PI, QI, V, and

.
Here PI is the real power injected into the bus
QI is the reactive power injected into the bus
V is the magnitude of the bus voltage

is the phase angle of the bus voltage

Any two of these four may be treated as independent variables ( i.e.
specified ) while the other two may be computed by solving the power
flow equations. Depending on which of the two variables are specified,
buses are classified into three types. Three types of bus classification
based on practical requirements are shown below.


s s
QI , PI
s s
, V
k k
QI , PI
k
V ,
k

m m
QI , PI
m
V ,
m



?
?
?
? ? ?
Fig. 2.5 Three types of buses
Slack bus
In a power system with N buses, power flow problem is primarily concerned
with determining the 2N bus voltage variables, namely the voltage
magnitude and phase angles. These can be obtained by solving the 2N
power flow equations provided there are 2N power specifications. However
as discussed earlier the real and reactive power injection at the SLACK
BUS cannot be specified beforehand.
This leaves us with no other alternative but to specify two variables
s
V
and
s
arbitrarily for the slack bus so that 2( N-1 ) variables can be solved
from 2( N-1 ) known power specifications.
Incidentally, the specification of
s
V helps us to fix the voltage level of the
system and the specification of
s
serves as the phase angle reference for
the system.
Thus for the slack bus, both V and are specified and PI and QI are
to be determined. PI and QI can be computed at the end, when all the V s
and s are solved for.
Generator bus
In a generator bus, it is customary to maintain the bus voltage magnitude
at a desired level which can be achieved in practice by proper reactive
power injection. Such buses are termed as the Voltage Controlled Buses
or P V buses. In these buses, PI and V are specified and QI and are
to be solved for.
Load bus
The buses where there is no controllable generation are called as Load
Buses or P Q buses. At the load buses, both PI and QI are specified
and V and are to be solved for.
Iterative solution for solving power flow model
The power flow model will comprise of a set of simultaneous non-linear
algebraic equations. The following two methods are used to solve the
power flow model.
1. Gauss-Seidel method
2. Newton Raphson method
Gauss-Seidel method
Gauss-Seidel method is used to solve a set of algebraic equations.
Consider
N N NN 2 N2 1 N1
2 N 2N 2 22 1 21
1 N 1N 2 12 1 11
y x a x a x a
y x a x a x a
y x a x a x a
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +





Specifically
N , 1,2, k
x a y
a
1
x gives This
x a y x a Thus
y x a x a x a x a
m
N
k m
1 m
km k
kk
k
N
k m
1 m
m km k k kk
k N kN k kk 2 k2 1 k1

=
(
(
(

=
=
= + + + + +

=
=
=
=

Initially, values of
N 2 1
x , , x , x are assumed. Updated values are calculated
using the above equation. In any iteration 1 h+ , up to , 1 k m = values of
m
x
calculated in 1 h+ iteration are used and for 1 k m + = to N, values of
m
x calculated in h iteration are used. Thus
(

= + =
+ +
1 k
1 m
N
1 k m
h
m km
1 h
m km k
kk
1 h
k
x a x a y
a
1
x (2.15)
Gauss-Seidel method for power flow solution
In this method, first an initial estimate of bus voltages is assumed. By
substituting this estimate in the given set of equations, a second estimate,
better than the first one, is obtained. This process is repeated and better
and better estimates of the solution are obtained until the difference
between two successive estimates becomes lesser than a prescribed
tolerance.
First let us consider a power system without any P-V bus. Later, the modification
required to include the P-V busses will be discussed. This means that given the
net power injection at all the load bus, it is required to find the bus voltages at all
the load busses.
The expression for net power injection being V
k
I
k
*
, the equations to be solved are
V
k
I
k
*
= PI
k
+ j QI
k
for
s k
N , 1,2, k
=
=

(2.16)
V
k
I
k
*
= PI
k
+ j QI
k
for
s k
N , 1,2, k
=
=

In the above equations bus currents I
k
are the intermediate variables that are to
be eliminated. Taking conjugate of the above equations yields
V
k
*
I
k
= PI
k
- j QI
k
(2.17)
Therefore I
k
=
*
k
k k
V
QI j PI

From the network equations
(
(
(
(

N
2
1
I
I
I

=
(
(
(
(

NN N2 N1
2N 22 21
1N 12 11
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y

(
(
(
(

N
2
1
V
V
V

(2.19)
(2.16)
(2.18)
we can write
I
k
= Y
k1
V
1
+ Y
k2
V
2
+ .. + Y
kk
V
k
+ ..+ Y
kN
V
N

= Y
kk
V
k
+

=
=
N
k m
1 m
m km
V Y (2.20)
Combining equations (2.20) and (2.18), we have


s k
N , 1,2, k
V
Y
Y
V
1
Y
QI j PI
s k
N , 1,2, k
V Y
V
jQI PI
Y
1
V Thus
m
N
k m
1 m kk
km
*
k kk
k k
N
k m
1 m
m km
*
k
k k
kk
k
=
=

=
=
=
(
(
(

=
=
=
=



*
k
k k
m
N
k m
1 m
km k kk
V
QI PI
V Y V Y

= +

=
=
(2.21)
m
N
k m
1 m kk
km
*
k kk
k k
k
V
Y
Y
V
1
Y
QI j PI
V

=
=

=

A significant reduction in computing time for a solution can be achieved
by performing as many arithmetic operations as possible before initiating
the iterative calculation. Let us define
k
kk
k k
A
Y
QI j PI
=

(2.22)
km
kk
km
B
Y
Y
and = (2.23)
Having defined
km k
B and A equation (2.21) becomes
s k N , 1,2, k V B
V
A
V
N
k m
1 m
m km
*
k
k
k
= = =

=
=
(2.24)
When Gauss-Seidel iterative procedure is used, the voltage at the
th
k bus
during
th
1 h + iteration, can be computed as
s k N; ........ 2. 1, k for V B V B
V
A
V
N
1 k m
h
m km
1 k
1 m
1 h
m km
* h
k
k 1 h
k
= = =

+ =

=
+ +
(2.25)
(2.21)
m k
y
km

y
km

I
km

Line flow equations
Knowing the bus voltages, the power in the lines can be computed as
shown below.





'
km k km m k km
y V y ) V V ( I Current + =
(2.26)
Power flow from bus k to bus m is
*
km k km km
I V Q j P = + (2.27)
Substituting equation (2.26) in equation (2.27)
] y V y ) V V ( [ V Q j P
* '
km
*
k
*
km
*
m
*
k k km km
+ = + (2.28)

km
y
Fig. 2.6 Circuit or line flow calculation
] y V y ) V V ( [ V Q j P
* '
km
*
k
*
km
*
m
*
k k km km
+ = + (2.28)
Similarly, power flow from bus m to bus k is
] y V y ) V V ( [ V Q j P
* '
km
*
m
*
km
*
k
*
m m mk mk
+ = + (2.29)
The line loss in the transmission line m k is given by
) Q j P ( ) Q j P ( P
mk mk km km m k L
+ + + =

(2.30)
Total transmission loss in the system is

=
lines the
all over
j i
j i L L
P P (2.31)
Example 2.4
For a power system, the transmission line impedances and the line
charging admittances in p.u. on a 100 MVA base are given in Table 1. The
scheduled generations and loads on different buses are given in Table 2.
Taking the slack bus voltage as 1.06 + j 0.0 and using a flat start perform
the power flow analysis and obtain the bus voltages, transmission loss and
slack bus power.
Table 1 Transmission line data:
Sl. No.
Bus code
k - m
Line Impedance
km
z
HLCA
1 1 2 0.02 + j 0.06 j 0.030
2 1 3 0.08 + j 0.24 j 0.025
3 2 3 0.06 + j 0.18 j 0.020
4 2 4 0.06 + j 0.18 j 0.020
5 2 5 0.04 + j 0.12 j 0.015
6 3 4 0.01 + j 0.03 j 0.010
7 4 5 0.08 + j 0.24 j 0.025

Table 2 Bus data:

Solution
Flat start means all the unknown voltage magnitude are taken as 1.0 p.u.
and all unknown voltage phase angles are taken as 0.
Thus initial solution is
0 j 1.0 V V V V
0 j 1.06 V
(0)
5
(0)
4
(0)
3
(0)
2
1
+ = = = =
+ =

Bus
code
k
Generation Load
Remark
MW in PG
k
MVAR in QG
k
MW in PD
k
MVAR in QD
k

1 --- --- 0 0 Slack bus
2 40 30 20 10 P Q bus
3 0 0 45 15 P Q bus
4 0 0 40 5 P Q bus
5 0 0 60 10 P Q bus
STEP 1
For the transmission system, the bus admittance matrix is to be calculated.
Sl.
No.
Bus
code
k - m
Line Impedance
km
z
Line admittance
y
km

HLCA
1 1 2 0.02 + j 0.06 5 - j 15 j 0.030
2 1 3 0.08 + j 0.24 1.25 j 3.75 j 0.025
3 2 3 0.06 + j 0.18 1.6667 j 5 j 0.020
4 2 4 0.06 + j 0.18 1.6667 j 5 j 0.020
5 2 5 0.04 + j 0.12 2.5 j 7.5 j 0.015
6 3 4 0.01 + j 0.03 10 j 30 j 0.010
7 4 5 0.08 + j 0.24 1.25 j 3.75 j 0.025

Y
22
= (5 j15) + (1.6667 j5) + (1.6667 j5) + (2.5 j7.5) + j 0.03 + j 0.02 + j 0.02 + j 0.015
= 10.8334 j 32.415
Similarly Y
33
= 12.9167 j 38.695 ; Y
44
= 12.9167 j 38.695 ; Y
55
= 3.75 j 11.21
1 2 3 4 5
1 --- --- --- --- ---
2 -5 +j15 10.8334j32.415 -1.6667 + j5 -1.6667+j5 -2.5 + j7.5
Y = 3 -1.25 + j3.75 -1.6667 + j5 12.9167j38.695 -10 + j30 0
4 0 -1.6667 + j5 -10 + j30 12.9167-j38.695 -1.25 + j3.75
5 0 -2.5+j7.5 0 -1.25+j3.75 3.75-j11.21
STEP 2
Calculation of elements of A vector and B matrix.
manner. similar a in calculated be can B matrix of elements Other
0.00036 j 0.46263
32.415 j 10.8334
5 j 5
Y
Y
B
. calculated are A and A , A Similarly
0.0037 j 0.0074
32.415 j 10.8334
0.2 j 0.2
Y
QI j PI
A
0.2 j 0.2 QI j PI
0.2 j 0.2 ) 20 j 20 (
100
1
QI j PI
Y
Y
B and
Y
QI j PI
A
22
21
21
5 4 3
22
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
kk
km
km
kk
k k
k
+ =

+
= =
+ =

=
=
+ = + = +
=

=
1

Thus
1 -----
2 0.00740 + j 0.00370
A = 3 -0.00698 - j 0.00930
4 -0.00427 - j 0.00891
5 -0.02413 - j 0.04545



B =



--- --- --- --- ---
- 0.46263
+ j 0.00036

---
- 0.15421
+ j 0.00012
- 0.15421
+ j 0.00012
- 0.23131
+ j 0.00018
- 0.09690
+ j 0.00004
- 0.12920
+ j 0.00006

---
- 0.77518
+ j 0.00033

0
0
- 0.12920
+ j 0.00006
- 0.77518
+ j 0.00033

---
- 0.09690
+ j 0.00004
0
- 0.66881
+ j 0.00072

0
- 0.33440
+ j 0.00036

---
STEP 3
Iterative computation of bus voltage can be carried out as shown.
New estimate of voltage at bus 2 is calculated as:
0.00290 j 1.03752
) 0.0 j 1.0 ( ) 0.00018 j 0.23131 (
) 0.0 j 1.0 ( ) 0.00012 j 0.15421 ( ) 0.0 j 1.0 ( ) 0.00012 j 0.15421 (
) 0 0.0 j 1.06 ( ) 0.00036 j 0.46263 (
0 j 1.0
0.00370 j 0.00740
V B V B V B V B
V
A
V
) 0 (
5 25
) 0 (
4 24
) 0 (
3 23 1 21
* ) 0 (
2
2 ) 1 (
2
+ =
+ +
+ + + +
+ +

+
=
=

This value of voltage
) 1 (
2
V will replace the previous value of voltage
) 0 (
2
V
before doing subsequent calculations of voltages.
The rate of convergence of the iterative process can be increased by
applying an ACCELERATION FACTOR to the approximate solution
obtained. For example on hand, from the estimate
) 1 (
2
V we get the change
in voltage
0.00290 j 0.03752
) 0 j 1.0 ( ) 0.00290 j 1.03752 ( V V V
) 0 (
2
) 1 (
2 2
+ =
+ + = =

The accelerated value of the bus voltage is obtained as
0.00406 j 1.05253
) 0.00290 j 0.03752 ( 1.4 ) 0 j 1.0 ( V
1.4 assuming By
V V V
) 1 (
2
2
) 0 (
2
) 1 (
2
+ =
+ + + =
=
+ =

This new value of voltage
) 1 (
2
V will replace the previous value of the bus
voltage
) 0 (
2
V and is used in the calculation of voltages for the remaining
buses. In general
) V V ( V V
h
k
1 h
k
h
k
1 h
accld k
+ =
+ +
(2.32)
The process is continued for the remaining buses to complete one
iteration. For the next bus 3
0.00921 j 1.00690
) 0 j 1.0 ( ) 0.00033 j 0.77518 (
) 0.00406 j 1.05253 ( ) 0.00006 j 0.12920 (
) 0 j 1.06 ( ) 0.00004 j 0.09690 (
0 j 1.0
0.00930 j 0.00698
V B V B V B
V
A
V
) 0 (
4 34
) 1 (
2 32 1 31
* ) 0 (
3
3 ) 1 (
3
=
+ +
+ +
+ +

=
=

The accelerated value can be calculated as
0.01289 j 1.00966
) 0.00921 j 0.00690 ( 1.4 ) 0 j 1.0 (
) V V ( V V
) 0 (
3
) 1 (
3
) 0 (
3
) 1 (
accld 3
=
+ + =
+ =

Continuing this process of calculation, at the end of first iteration, the bus
voltages are obtained as

0.07374 j 1.02727 V
0.02635 j 1.01599 V
0.01289 j 1.00966 V
0.00406 j 1.05253 V
0.0 j 1.06 V
) 1 (
5
) 1 (
4
) 1 (
3
) 1 (
2
1
=
=
=
+ =
+ =

If and | are the acceleration factors for the real and imaginary
components of voltages respectively, the accelerated values can be
computed as

) f f ( f f
) e e ( e e
h
k
1 h
k
h
k
1 h
accld k
h
k
1 h
k
h
k
1 h
accld k
+ =
+ =
+ +
+ +
(2.33)
CONVERGENCE
The iterative process must be continued until the magnitude of change of
bus voltage between two consecutive iterations is less than a certain level
for all bus voltages. We express this in mathematical form as

h
k
1 h
k
V V
+
<

If
1
and
2
are the tolerance level for the real and imaginary parts of
bus voltages respectively, then the convergence criteria will be

h
k
1 h
k
e e
+
<
1
and
h
k
1 h
k
f f
+
<
2

s k
N .., 1,2,...... k for
=
=
(2.34)
s k
N .., 1,2,...... k for
=
= (2.35)

For the problem under study 0.0001

2 1
= =
The final bus voltages obtained after 10 iterations are given below.

0.10904 j 1.01211 V
0.09504 j 1.01920 V
0.08917 j 1.02036 V
0.05126 j 1.04623 V
0.0 j 1.06 V
5
4
3
2
1
=
=
=
=
+ =


COMPUTATION OF LINE FLOWS AND TRANSMISSION LOSS
Line flows can be computed from
) 0.086 j 0.888 (
] } ) 0.03 j 0.0 ( 0) j 1.06 ( {
) 15 j 5 ( } ) 0.05126 j 1.04623 ( ) 0 j 1.06 ( { [ ) 0 j (1.06
] y V y ) V V ( [ V Q j P
] y V y ) V V ( [ V Q j P
* '
12
*
1
*
12
*
2
*
1 1 12 12
* '
km
*
k
*
km
*
m
*
k k km km
=
+
+ + + =
+ = +
+ = +

) 0.062 j 0.874 (
] } ) 0.03 j (0.0 ) 0.05126 j 1.04623 ( {
15) j 5 }( ) 0 j 1.06 ( 0.05126) j 1.04623 ( { [ ) 0.05126 j 1.04623 (
y V y ) V V ( [ V Q j P
Similarly
* '
12
*
2
*
12
*
1
*
2 2 21 21
+ =
+ +
+ + =
+ = +

Power loss in line 1 2 is
) 0.024 j 0.014 (
) Q j P ( ) Q j P ( P
21 21 12 12 2 1 L
=
+ + + =

Power loss in other lines can be computed as

0.051 j 0.0 P
0.019 j 0.0 P
0.002 j 0.011 P
0.029 j 0.004 P
0.033 j 0.004 P
0.019 j 0.012 P
5 4 L
4 3 L
5 2 L
4 2 L
3 2 L
3 1 L
=
=
+ =
=
=
=

Total transmission loss = ( 0.045 - j 0.173 ) i.e.
Real power transmission loss = 4.5 MW
Reactive power transmission loss = 17.3 MVAR ( Capacitive )
COMPUTATION OF SLACK BUS POWER
Slack bus power can be determined by summing up the powers flowing
out in the lines connected at the slack bus.







Thus in this case slack bus power is

) 0.075 j 1.295 ( ) 0.086 j 0.888 ( ) 0.011 j 0.407 (
) Q j P ( ) Q j P ( Q j P
12 12 13 13 s s
= + + =
+ + + = +

Thus the power supplied by the slack bus:
Real power = 129.5 MW
Reactive power = 7.5 MVAR (Capacitive )
P
13
+ j Q
13
P
s
+ j Q
s G
3
1
2
P
12
+ j Q
12
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED BUS
In voltage controlled bus k net real power injection
k
PI and voltage
magnitude
k
V are specified. Normally
min max
QI and QI will also be
specified for voltage controlled bus. Since
k
QI is not known,
k
A given by
kk
k k
Y
QI j PI
cannot be calculated. An expression for
k
QI can be developed
as shown below.
We know
*
k k k k m
N
1 m
m k k
I V QI j PI and V Y I = + =

=

Denoting have we V V and Y Y
i i i j i j i j i
Z = Z =

=
=
=
=
Z =
Z Z = +
N
1 m
m k m k m k m k k
m k m k m k
N
1 m
m k
m m k m
N
1 m
m k k k k k
) ( sin Y V V QI Thus
Y V V
V Y V QI j PI

(2.36)
The value of
k
V to be used in equation (2.36) must satisfy the relation
specified k k
V V =
Because of voltage updating in the previous iteration, the voltage
magnitude of the voltage controlled bus might have been deviated from the
specified value. It has to be pulled back to the specified value, using the
relation
Adjusted voltage
h
k
h
k
h
k
h
k
h
k 1 h
k
h
k specified k
h
k
f j e V taking )
e
f
( tan where V V + = = Z =


Using the adjusted voltage
h
k
V as given in eqn. (2.37), net injected reactive
power
h
k
QI can be computed using eqn. (2.36). As long as
h
k
QI falls within
the range specified,
h
k
V can be replaced by the Adjusted
h
k
V and
k
A can
be computed.
(2.37)
In case if
h
k
QI falls beyond the limits specified,
h
k
V should not be
replaced by Adjusted
h
k
V ,
h
k
QI is set to the limit and
k
A can be
calculated. In this case bus k is changed from P V to P Q type.
Once the value of
k
A is known, further calculation to find
1 h
k
V
+
will be
the same as that for P Q bus.
Complete flow chart for power flow solution using Gauss-Seidel method is
shown in Fig. 2.7. The extra calculation needed for voltage controlled bus
is shown between X X and Y Y.
START

READ LINE DATA & BUS DATA
FORM Y MATRIX
ASSUME s k N k V
k
= = , , 2 , 1
) 0 (

COMPUTE
k
A FOR P Q BUSES
COMPUTE
km
B SET h = 0

SET k = 1 AND 0 . 0 = A
MAX
V

k : s YES

X -------------------------------------------- NO-----------------------------------------
NO k : V.C. Bus X
YES
COMPUTE
h
k
u ADJUSTED VOLTAGE,
h
k
QI

s >

MAX k
h
k
QI QI :
MIN k
h
k
QI QI :
> <
REPLACE
h
k
QI BY
MAX k
QI REPLACE
h
k
QI BY
MIN k
QI REPLACE
h
k
V BY ADJ
h
k
V

Y COMPUTE
k
A Y
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COMPUTE ;
1 + h
k
V COMPUTE
h
k
h
k
V V V = A
+1


YES

MAX
V V A > A SET V V
MAX
A = A
NO
REPLACE
h
k
V BY
1 + h
k
V


SET k = k + 1

k : N IS
MAX
V A <c YES

NO
SET h = h + 1

COMPUTE LINE FLOWS, SLACK BUS POWER
PRINT THE RESULTS

STOP
s
>
Representation of off nominal tap setting transformer
A transformer with no tap setting arrangement can be represented similar to a
short transmission line. However off nominal tap setting transformer which has tap
setting facility at the HT side calls for different representation.
Consider a transformer 110 / 11 kV having tap setting facility. Its nominal ratio is
10 : 1 i.e. its nominal turns OR voltage ratio = 10. Suppose the tap is adjusted so
that the turns ratio becomes 11 : 1. This can be thought of connecting two
transformers in cascade, the first one with ratio 11 : 10 and the second one with the
ratio 10 : 1 (Nominal ratio). In this case the off nominal turns ratio is 11 / 10 = 1.1.
Suppose the tap is adjusted so that the turns ratio becomes 9 : 1. This is same as
two transformers in cascade, the first with a turn ratio 9 : 10 and the second with
the ratio 10 : 1 ( Nominal ratio ). In this case off nominal turn ratio is 9 / 10 = 0.9.
A transformer with off nominal turn ratio can be represented by its impedance or
admittance, connected in series with an ideal autotransformer as shown in Fig. 2.10.
An equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. 2.11, will be useful for power flow studies.
The elements of the equivalent circuit can be treated in the same manner as the
line elements.
Let ' ' a be the turn ratio of the autotransformer. ' ' a is also called as off nominal
turns ratio. Usually ' ' a varies from 0.85 to 1.15.





Fig. 2.10 Representation of off nominal transformer
a:1
q
I
pq
y
p
I
pq
i
p
q
t




The parameters of the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 2.11 can be derived by
equating the terminal current of the transformer with the corresponding current of
the equivalent circuit.
It is to be noted that a
I
i
and a
E
E
p
q t
t
p
= = (2.86)
q
q p
p
2
q p
q p q
p
q p q t
q t
p
E
a
y
E
a
y
y ) E
a
E
(
a
1
y ) E E (
a
1
a
i
I
=
= = =

q q p p
q p
q p
p
q q p t q q
E y E
a
y
y )
a
E
E ( y ) E E ( I Also
+ =
= =

q
I
pq
y
p
I
pq
i
p
q
t
(2.87)

(2.88)






Referring to the equivalent circuit
q p p q p p
E A E ) B A ( B E A ) E (E I + = + = and
q p q p q q
E ) C A ( E A C E A ) E E ( I + + = + =
Comparing the coefficients of
p
E and
q
E in eqns. (2.87) to (2.90), we get
q p
q p
2
q p
y C A
a
y
A
a
y
B A
= +
=
= +
q p
q p
q p
q p
q p
2
q p
q p
y )
a
1
1 (
a
y
y C
y ) 1
a
1
(
a
1
a
y
a
y
B
a
y
A Thus
= =
= =
=

(2.90)

(2.89)

Q P
C B
A
I
q
I
P
Fig. 2.11
a
y
q p

q p
y ) 1
a
1
(
a
1

q p
y )
a
1
1 (

p
The equivalent circuit will then be as shown in Fig. 2.12







When the off nominal turns ratio is represented at bus p for transformer
connected between p and q is included, the following modifications are
necessary in the bus admittance matrix.
a
y
Y Y
a
y
Y Y
y Y y )
a
1
1 ( Y Y
a
y
Y y ) 1
a
1
(
a
1
a
y
Y Y
q p
old p q new p q
q p
old q p new q p
q p old q q q p old q q new q q
2
q p
old p p q p
q p
old p p new p p
=
=
+ = + =
+ = + + =

(2.91)

I
q I
p
q
Fig. 2.12 Equivalent circuit of off nominal transformer
Obtain the bus admittance matrix of the transmission system with the following
data.
Line data
Line
No.
Between
buses
Line Impedance HLCA
Off
nominal
turns ratio
1 1 4 0.08 + j 0.37 j 0.007 ---
2 1 6 0.123 + j 0.518 j 0.010 ---
3 2 3 0.723 + j 1.05 0 ---
4 2 5 0.282 + j 0.64 0 ---
5 4 3 j 0.133 0 0.909
6 4 6 0.097 + j 0.407 j 0.0076 ---
7 6 5 j 0.3 0 0.976

Shunt capacitor data
Bus No. 4 Admittance j 0.005


Line
No.
Between
buses
Line admittance HLCA y
pq
/ a y
pq
/ a
2
1 1 4 0.5583 j2.582 j 0.007 --- ---
2 1 6 0.4339 j1.8275 j 0.01 ---- ---
3 2 3 0.4449 j 0.6461 0 ---- ----
4 2 5 0.5765 j 1.3085 0 ---- ----
5 4 3 - j 7.5188 0 - j8.2715 - j 9.0996
6 4 6 0.5541 j 2.3249 j 0.0076 ---- ----
7 6 5 - j 3.3333 0 - j 3.4153 - j 3.4992



Y
11
= 0.5583 j 2.582 + j 0.007 + 0.4339 j 1.8275 + j 0.01 = 0.9922 j 4.3925
Y
22
= 0.4449 j0.6461 + 0.5765 j1.3085 = 1.0214 j 1.9546
Y
33
= 0.4449 j0.6461 j7.5188 = 0.4449 j 8.1649
Y
44
= 0.5583 j 2.582 + j 0.007 j 9.0996 + 0.5541 j 2.3249 + j 0.0076 + j0.005
= 1.1124 j 13.9869
Y
55
= 0.5765 j1.3085 j 3.3333 = 0.5765 j 4.6418

Y
66
= 0.4339 j 1.8275 + j 0.01+ 0.5541 j 2.3249 - j 3.4992 = 0.988 j 7.634
%
% Bus admittance matrix including off nominal transformer
% Shunt parameter must be in ADMITTANCE
% Reading the line data
%
Nbus = 6; Nele = 7; Nsh = 1;
%
% Reading element data
%
Edata=[1 1 4 0.08+0.37i 0.007i 1;2 1 6 0.123+0.518i 0.01i 1;
3 2 3 0.723+1.05i 0 1; 4 2 5 0.282+0.64i 0 1; ...
5 4 3 0.133i 0 0.909;6 4 6 0.097+0.407i 0.0076i 1; ...
7 6 5 0.3i 0 0.976];
%
% Reading shunt data
%
Shdata = [1 4 0.005i];
%
% Displaying data
%
disp([' Sl.No From bus To bus Line
Impedance HLCA ONTR'])
Edata
if Nsh~=0
disp([' Sl.No. At bus Shunt Admittamce'])
Shdata
end

%
% Formation of Ybus matrix
%
Ybus = zeros(Nbus,Nbus);

for k = 1:Nele
p = Edata(k,2);
q = Edata(k,3);
yele = 1/Edata(k,4);
Hlca = Edata(k,5);
offa = Edata(k,6);
offaa = offa*offa;
Ybus(p,p) = Ybus(p,p) + yele/offaa + Hlca;
Ybus(q,q) = Ybus(q,q) + yele + Hlca;
Ybus(p,q) = Ybus(p,q) - yele/offa;
Ybus(q,p) = Ybus(q,p) - yele/offa;
end
if Nsh~=0
for i = 1:Nsh
q = Shdata(i,2);
yele = Shdata(i,3);
Ybus(q,q) = Ybus(q,q) + yele;
end
end
disp([' *** BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX ***'])
Ybus
Answer

j7.6341
0.988
j3.4153 j2.3209
0.5541
0 0
j1.8275
0.4339
j3.4153
j4.6418
0.5765
0 0
j1.3085
0.5765
0
j2.3249
0.5541
0
j13.9869
1.1124
j8.2715 0
j2.5820
0.5583
0 0 j8.2715
j8.1649
0.4449
j0.6461
0.4449
0
0
j1.3085
0.5765
0
j0.6461
.4449
j1.9546
1.0214
0
j1.8275
0.4339
0
j2.5820
0.5583
0 0
j4.3925
.9992 0

+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+

Introduction to Power Flow Analysis by Newton Raphson method
Gauss-Seidel method of solving the power flow has simple problem formulation and hence
easy to explain However, it has poor convergence characteristics. It takes large number of
iterations to converge. Even for the five bus system discussed in Example 2.4, it takes 10
iterations to converge.
Newton Raphson (N.R.) method of solving power flow is based on the Newton Raphson
method of solving a set of non-linear algebraic equations.
N. R. method of solving power flow problem has very good convergence characteristics.
Even for large systems it takes only two to four iterations to converge.
Power flow model of Newton Raphson method
The equations describing the performance of the network in the bus admittance
form is given by
I = Y V (2.38)
In expanded form these equations are

(
(
(
(

N
2
1
I
I
I

=
(
(
(
(

NN N2 N1
2N 22 21
1N 12 11
Y Y Y
Y Y Y
Y Y Y

(
(
(
(

N
2
1
V
V
V

(2.39)
Typical element of the bus admittance matrix is
j i
Y =
j i
Y
j i
Z =
j i
Y cos
j i
+ j
j i
Y sin
j i
=
j i
G + j
j i
B (2.40)
Voltage at a typical bus i is
i
V =
i
V
i
Z =
i
V ( cos
i
+ j sin
i
) (2.41)
The current injected into the network at bus i is given by
n
N
1 n
n i
n N i 2 2 i 1 1 i i
V Y
V Y V Y V Y I

=
=
+ + + =
(2.42)
In addition to the linear network equations given by eqn. (2.39), bus power
equations should also be satisfied in the power flow problem. These bus power
equations introduce non- linearity into the power flow model. The complex power
entering the network at bus i is given by
*
i i i i
I V Q j P = + (2.43)
Bus power equations can be obtained from the above two equations (2.42) and (2.43) by
eliminating the intermediate variable
i
I . From eqn. (2.43)
i
I V Q j P
*
i i i
= =
*
i
V
n
N
1 n
n i
V Y

=
=
i
V
i
Z

=
N
1 n
n i
Y
n i
Z
n
V
n
Z
=

=
N
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y
n i
+
n
-
i

Separating the real and imaginary parts, we obtain
i
P =

=
N
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y cos (
n i
+
n
-
i
) (2.44)
i
Q = -

=
N
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y sin (
n i
+
n
-
i
) (2.45)
The real and reactive powers obtained from the above two equations are referred as
calculated powers. During the power flow calculations, their values depend on the latest
bus voltages. These calculated powers should be equal to the specified powers. Thus the
non-linear equations to be solved in power flow analysis are

=
N
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y cos (
n i
+
n
-
i
) =
i
PI (2.46)
-

=
N
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y sin (
n i
+
n
-
i
) =
i
QI (2.47)
It is to be noted that equation (2.46) can be written for bus i, only if real power injection at
bus i is specified.
Similarly, equation (2.47) can be written for bus i, only if reactive power injection at bus
i is specified.
Of the N total number of buses in the power system, let the number of P-Q buses be
1
N , P-V buses be
2
N . Then 1 N N N
2 1
+ + = . Basic problem is to find the

i) Unknown phase angles at the
2 1
N N + number of P-Q & P-V buses and
ii) Unknown voltage magnitudes V at the
1
N number of P-Q buses.
Thus total number of unknown variables =
2 1
N N 2 +
We can write
2 1
N N + real power specification equations (eqn.2.46) and
1
N reactive
power specification equations (eqn.2.47).
Thus total number of equations =
2 1
N N 2 + .
Therefore Number of equations = Number of variables =
2 1
N N 2 +
Thus in power flow study, we need to solve the equations

=
N
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y cos (
n i
+
n
-
i
) =
i
PI (2.48)
for i = 1, 2, .., N
i s
and
-

=
N
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y sin (
n i
+
n
-
i
) =
i
QI (2.49)
for i = 1, 2, .., N
i s
i P V buses
for the unknown variables
i
i = 1,2,.., N, i s and
|V
i
| i = 1,2,....., N, i s , i P V buses
The unknown variables are also called as state variables.
Example 2.5
In a 9 bus system, bus 1 is the slack bus, buses 2,5 and 7 are the P-V buses. List the state
variables. Also indicate the specified power injections.
Solution
Buses 3,4,6,8 and 9 are P-Q buses.
9 8 6 4 3 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
V and V , V , V , V , , , , , , , , are the state variables.
9 8 6 4 3 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
QI and QI , QI , QI , QI , PI , PI , PI , PI , PI , PI , PI , PI are the specified power
injections.
=
Newton Raphson method of solving a set of non-linear equations
Let the non-linear equations to be solved be
1
k ) x , , x , (x f
n 2 1 1
=
2 n 2 1 2
k ) x , , x , (x f =
(2.50)
n n 2 1 n
k ) x , , x , (x f =
Let the initial solution be
(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1
x , , x , x
If 0 ) x , , x , (x f k
(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1 1 1




0 ) x , , x , (x f k
(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1 2 2


0 ) x , , x , (x f k
(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1 n n

then the solution is reached. Let us say that the solution is not reached.
Let us say that the solution is not reached. Assume
n 2 1
x , , x , x are the
corrections required on
(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1
x , , x , x respectively. Then
1
k )] x (x , ), x (x ), x [(x f
n
(0)
n 2
(0)
2 1
(0)
1 1
= + + +


2 n
(0)
n 2
(0)
2 1
(0)
1 2
k )] x (x , ), x (x ), x [(x f = + + +
(2.51)
n n
(0)
n 2
(0)
2 1
(0)
1 n
k )] x (x , ), x (x ), x [(x f = + + +
Each equation in the above set can be expanded by Taylors theorem around
(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1
x , , x , x . For example, the following is obtained for the first equation.
(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1 1
x , , x , (x f
1
1
x
f
)
c
c
+
2
1
1
x
f
x
c
c
+
n
1
2
x
f
x
c
c
+ +
1 1 n
k x = +
0
0
0
0
0
(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1 1
x , , x , (x f
1
1
x
f
)
c
c
+
2
1
1
x
f
x
c
c
+
n
1
2
x
f
x
c
c
+ +
1 1 n
k x = +
where
1
is a function of higher derivatives of
1
f and higher powers of
n 2 1
x , , x , x . Neglecting
1
and also following the same for other equations,
we get
(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1 1
x , , x , (x f
1
1
x
f
)
c
c
+
2
1
1
x
f
x
c
c
+
n
1
2
x
f
x
c
c
+ +
1 n
k x =
(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1 2
x , , x , (x f
1
2
x
f
)
c
c
+
2
2
1
x
f
x
c
c
+
n
2
2
x
f
x
c
c
+ +
2 n
k x =

(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1 n
x , , x , (x f
1
n
x
f
)
c
c
+
2
n
1
x
f
x
c
c
+
n
n
2
x
f
x
c
c
+ +
n n
k x =
(2.52)
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0
(2.53)
The matrix form of equations (2.52) is
) x , , x , x ( f k x
x
f
x
f
x
f
(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1 1 1 1
n
1
2
1
1
1

c
c
c
c
c
c

) x , , x , x ( f k x
x
f
x
f
x
f
(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1 2 2 2
n
2
2
2
1
2

c
c
c
c
c
c



) x , , x , x ( f k x
x
f
x
f
x
f
(0)
n
(0)
2
(0)
1 n n n
n
n
2
n
1
n

c
c
c
c
c
c

The above equation can be written in a compact form as
) X ( F K X ) X ( F
(0) (0) '
= (2.54)
This set of linear equations need to be solved for the correction vector

(
(
(
(

=
n
2
1
x
x
x
X

=
In eqn.(2.54) ) X ( F
(0) '
is called the JACOBIAN MATRIX and the vector ) X ( F K
(0)

is called the ERROR VECTOR. The Jacobian matrix is also denoted as J.
Solving eqn. (2.54) for X
X = | |
1 ) 0 ( '
) X ( F

| | ) X ( F K
) (0
(2.55)
Then the improved estimate is
X X X
) 0 ( 1) (
+ =
Generalizing this, for
th
) 1 h ( + iteration
X X X
) h ( ) 1 h (
+ =
+
where (2.56)
| | | | ) X ( F K ) X ( F X
) h ( 1 ) h ( '
=

(2.57)
i.e. X is the solution of
) X ( F K X ) X ( F
) h ( ) h ( '
= (2.58)
Thus the solution procedure to solve K ) X ( F = is as follows :
(i) Calculate the error vector ) X ( F K
(h)

If the error vector ~ zero, convergence is reached; otherwise formulate
) X ( F K X ) X ( F
(h) (h) '
=
(ii) Solve for the correction vector X
(iii) Update the solution as
X X X
(h) 1) (h
+ =
+

Values of the correction vector can also be used to test for convergence.
Example 2.6
Using Newton-Raphson method, solve for
1
x and
2
x of the non-linear equations
4
2
x sin
1
x = - 0.6
4
2
2
x - 4
2
x cos
1
x = - 0.3
Choose the initial solution as
(0)
1
x = 0 rad. and
(0)
2
x = 1. Take the precision index on
correction vector as
3
10

.
Solution
Errors are calculated as

- 0.6 (4
2
x sin
1
x ) = - 0.6

- 0.3 (4
2
2
x - 4
2
x cos
1
x ) = - 0.3
The error vector
(

0.3
0.6
is not small.
1 x
0 x
2
1
=
=

1 x
0 x
2
1
=
=

It is noted that
1
f = 4
2
x sin
1
x

2
f = 4
2
2
x - 4
2
x cos
1
x
Jacobian matrix is: J =
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
=
(

1 2 1 2
1 1 2
x cos 4 x 8 x sin x 4
x sin 4 x cos x 4

Substituting the latest values of state variables
1
x = 0 and
2
x = 1
J =
(

4 0
0 4
; Its inverse is
1
J

=
(

0.25 0
0 0.25

Correction vector is calculated as
(

2
1
x
x
=
(

0.25 0
0 0.25

(

0.3
0.6
=
(

0.075
0.150

The state vector is updated as

(

2
1
x
x
=
(

1
0
+
(

0.075
0.150
=
(

0.925
0.150

This completes the first iteration.
Errors are calculated as

- 0.6 (4
2
x sin
1
x ) = = - 0.047079

- 0.3 (4
2
2
x - 4
2
x cos
1
x ) = - 0.064047
The error vector
(

0.064047
0.04709
is not small.
Jacobian matrix is: J =
(

1 2 1 2
1 1 2
x cos 4 x 8 x sin x 4
x sin 4 x cos x 4

=
(

3.444916 0.552921
0.597753 3.658453

0.925 x
rad. 0.15 x
2
1
=
=

0.925 x
rad. 0.15 x
2
1
=
=

0.925 x
rad. 0.15 x
2
1
=
=

Correction vector is calculated as
(

2
1
x
x
=
(

3.444916 0.552921
0.597753 3.658453

(

0.064047
0.047079
=
(

0.021214
0.016335

The state vector is updated as

(

2
1
x
x
=
(

0.925
0.150
+
(

0.021214
0.016335
=
(

0.903786
0.166335

This completes the second iteration.
Errors are calculated as

- 0.6 (4
2
x sin
1
x ) = = - 0.001444

- 0.3 (4
2
2
x - 4
2
x cos
1
x ) = - 0.002068

Still error vector exceeds the precision index.
0.903786 x
rad. 0.166335 x
2
1
=
=

- 1
0.903786 x
rad. 0.166335 x
2
1
=
=

Jacobian matrix is: J =
(

1 2 1 2
1 1 2
x cos 4 x 8 x sin x 4
x sin 4 x cos x 4

=
(

3.285495 0.598556
0.662276 3.565249

Correction vector is calculated as
(

2
1
x
x
=
(

3.285495 0.598556
0.662276 3.565249

(

0.002068
0.001444
=
(

0.000728
0.000540

These corrections are within the precision index. The state vector is updated as

(

2
1
x
x
=
(

0.903786
0.166335
+
(

0.000728
0.000540
=
(

0.903058
0.166875

0.903786 x
rad. 0.166335 x
2
1
=
=

- 1
Errors are calculated as

- 0.6 (4
2
x sin
1
x ) = = - 0.000002

- 0.3 (4
2
2
x - 4
2
x cos
1
x ) = - 0.000002
Errors are less than 10
-3
.
The final values of
1
x and
2
x are - 0.166875 rad. and 0.903058 respectively.
The results can be checked by substituting the solution in the original equations:
4
2
x sin
1
x = - 0.6
4
2
2
x - 4
2
x cos
1
x = - 0.3
0.903058 x
rad. 0.166875 x
2
1
=
=

0.903058 x
rad. 0.166875 x
2
1
=
=

In this example, we have actually solved our first power flow problem by N.R. method.
This is because the two non-linear equations of this example are the power flow model of
the simple system shown in Fig. 2.8.


1
V
1
Z
2
V
2
Z





Here bus 1 is the slack bus with its voltage
1
V
1
Z = 1.0
0
0 Z p.u. Further
1
x represents
the angle
2
and
2
x represents the voltage magnitude
2
V at bus 2.
We now concentrate on the application of Newton-Raphson procedure in the power flow
studies.
Fig. 2.8 Two bus power flow model
p.u. ) 0.3 j 0.6 ( Q P
2 d 2 d
+ = +
j 6.0 p.u.
j 0.25 p.u.
G
1
2
Power flow solution by Newton Raphson method
As discussed earlier, taking the bus voltages and line admittances in polar form, in power
flow study we need to solve the non-linear equations

=
N
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y cos (
n i
+
n
-
i
) =
i
PI (2.59)
-

=
N
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y sin (
n i
+
n
-
i
) =
i
QI (2.60)
Separating the term with i n = we get
i i
2
i
G V +

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y cos (
n i
+
n
-
i
) =
i
PI (2.61)

i i
2
i
B V

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y sin (
n i
+
n
-
i
) =
i
QI (2.62)
In a compact form, the above non-linear equations can be written as
PI ) V , ( P = (2.63)
QI ) V , ( Q = (2.64)
On linearization, we get
(

=
(

(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
Q
P
V

V
Q

Q
V
P

P
(2.65)
where
= PI P computed value of ) V , ( P corresponding to the present solution.
= QI Q computed value of ) V , ( Q corresponding to the present solution.
To bring symmetry in the elements of the coefficient matrix,
V
V
is taken as
problem variable in place of V . Then eqn. (2.65) changes to
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
Q
P
V
V

V
V
Q

Q
V
V
P

P
(2.66)
In symbolic form, the above equation can be written as

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

Q
P
V
V

L M
N H
(2.67)
The matrix H N is known as JACOBIAN matrix.
M L
The dimensions of the sub-matrices will be as follows:
H ) N (N
2 1
+ x ) N (N
2 1
+
N ) N (N
2 1
+ x
1
N
M
1
N x ) N (N
2 1
+ and
L
1
N x
1
N
where
1
N is the number of P-Q buses and
2
N is the number of P-V buses.
Consider a 4 bus system having bus 1 as slack bus, buses 2 and 3 as P-Q buses
and bus 4 as P-V bus for which real power injections
4 3 2
PI & PI , PI and reactive
power injections
3 2
QI & QI are specified. Noting that
3 2 4 3 2
V and V , , , are
the problem variables, linear equations that are to be solved in each iteration will
be

3 2 4 3 2
V V

2
P
3
3
2
2
2
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
V
V
P
V
V
P

P
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c

2

2
P

3
P
3
3
3
2
2
3
4
3
3
3
2
3
V
V
P
V
V
P

P
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c

3

3
P

4
P
3
3
4
2
2
4
4
4
3
4
2
4
V
V
P
V
V
P

P
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c

4
=
4
P (2.68)

2
Q
2
2

Q
c

3
2

Q
c
c

4
2

Q
c
c

2
2
2
V
V
Q
c
c

3
3
2
V
V
Q
c
c

2
2
V
V

2
Q

3
Q
2
3

Q
c

3
3

Q
c
c

4
3

Q
c
c

2
2
3
V
V
Q
c
c

3
3
3
V
V
Q
c
c

3
3
V
V

3
Q
The following is the solution procedure for N.R. method of power flow analysis.
1 Read the line data and bus data; construct the bus admittance matrix.
2 Set k = 0. Assume a starting solution. Usually a FLAT START is assumed in
which all the unknown phase angles are taken as zero and unknown voltage
magnitudes are taken as 1.0 p.u.
k
3 Compute the mismatch powers i.e. the error vector. If the elements of error
vector are less than the specified tolerance, the problem is solved and hence go to
Step 7; otherwise proceed to Step 4.
4 Compute the elements of sub-matrices H, N, M and L. Solve

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

Q
P
V
V

L M
N H
for
(
(
(
(

V
V

5 Update the solution as

V

=
V

+
V

6 Set k = k + 1 and go to Step 3.
7 Calculate line flows, transmission loss and slack bus power. Print the
results and STOP.
k+1
k
k
Calculation of elements of Jacobian matrix
We know that the equations that are to be solved are
i i
2
i
G V +

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y cos (
n i
+
n
-
i
) =
i
PI (2.69)

i i
2
i
B V

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y sin (
n i
+
n
-
i
) =
i
QI (2.70)
i.e.
i i
PI ) V , ( P = (2.71)

i i
QI ) V , ( Q = (2.72)
The suffix i should take necessary values.
Jacobian matrix is
(

L M
N H
where
V
V
Q
L and

Q
M ; V
V
P
N ;

P
H
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
Here
i
P =
i i
2
i
G V +

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y cos (
n i
+
n
-
i
) (2.73)
i
Q =
i i
2
i
B V

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y sin (
n i
+
n
-
i
) (2.74)
Diagonal elements:
i
i
i i

P
H
c
c
= =

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y sin (
n i
+
n
-
i
) =
i i
2
i i
B V Q (2.75)
i i
2
i i
i
i
i i
G V 2 V
V
P
N =
c
c
= +

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y cos (
n i
+
n
-
i
)
=
i
P +
i i
2
i
G V (2.76)
i
i
i i

Q
M
c
c
= =

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y cos (
n i
+
n
-
i
) =
i
P -
i i
2
i
G V (2.77)
i
i
i
i i
V
V
Q
L
c
c
= =
i i
2
i
B V 2 -

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y sin (
n i
+
n
-
i
)
=
i
Q
i i
2
i
B V (2.78)
Off-diagonal elements:
We know that
i
P =
i i
2
i
G V +

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y cos (
n i
+
n
-
i
) (2.79)
i
Q =
i i
2
i
B V

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y sin (
n i
+
n
-
i
) (2.80)
j i j i
j
i
j i
Y V V

P
H =
c
c
= sin (
j i
+
j
-
i
) (2.81)
j
j
i
j i
V
V
P
N
c
c
= =
j i j i
Y V V cos (
j i
+
j
-
i
) (2.82)
j
i
j i

Q
M
c
c
= =
j i j i
Y V V cos (
j i
+
j
-
i
) (2.83)
j
j
i
j i
V
V
Q
L
c
c
= =
j i j i
Y V V sin (
j i
+
j
-
i
) (2.84)
Summary of formulae
=
i i
H
i i
2
i i
B V Q
=
i i
N
i
P +
i i
2
i
G V
=
i i
M
i
P
i i
2
i
G V
=
i i
L
i
Q
i i
2
i
B V
=
j i
H
j i j i
Y V V sin (
j i
+
j
-
i
)
=
j i
N
j i j i
Y V V cos (
j i
+
j
-
i
)
=
j i
M
j i j i
Y V V cos (
j i
+
j
-
i
)
=
j i
L
j i j i
Y V V sin (
j i
+
j
-
i
)

Flow chart for N.R. method of power flow solution is shown below.
(2.85)
k
START
READ LINE and BUS DATA
COMPUTE Y MATRIX
ASSUME FLAT START
SET k = 0
FOR ALL P-V BUSES COMPUTE
i
Q
IF
i
Q VIOLATES THE LIMITS SET
i
Q =
Limit i
Q AND TREAT BUS i AS A P-Q BUS
COMPUTE MISMATCH POWERS Q & P
COMPUTE MATRICES H,N,M & L
FORM
(

=
(
(

Q
P
V
V

L M
N H
; SOLVE FOR
(
(

V
V

AND UPDATE

(

=
(

+
(

YES
SET k = k + 1
COMPUTE LINE FLOWS, TRANSMISSION LOSS & SLACK BUS POWER
PRINT THE RESULTS
STOP


NO














































k+1 k
ELEMENTS OF
Q & P < ?
Example 2.7
Perform power flow analysis for the power system with the data given below, using
Newton Raphson method, and obtain the bus voltages.

Line data ( p.u. quantities )




Bus data ( p.u. quantities )
Bus
No
Type
Generator Load
V

min
Q
max
Q
P Q P Q
1 Slack --- --- 0 0 1.0 0 --- ---
2 P - V 1.8184 --- 0 --- 1.1 --- 0 3.5
3 P - Q 0 0 1.2517 1.2574 --- --- --- ---

0.2 j 0 3 1 3
0.2 j 0 3 2 2
0.1 j 0 2 1 1
impedances Line buses Between No. Line
+
+
+

Solution
The bus admittance matrix can be obtained as
1 2 3
Y =
(
(
(

j10 j5 j5
j5 j15 j10
j5 j10 j15
This gives

= Y
(
(
(

10 5 5
5 15 10
5 10 15
and =
(
(
(

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
90 90 90
90 90 90
90 90 90

In this problem
1.2574 QI
1.2517 PI
1.8184 PI
3
3
2
=
=
=
and unknown quantities =
(
(
(

3
3
2
V

1
2
3
1 2 3
1
2
3
1 2 3
1
2
3
With flat start
0
1
0 1.0 V Z =

0
2
0 1.1 V Z =

0
3
0 1.0 V Z =
We know that
i
P =
i i
2
i
G V +

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y cos (
n i
+
n
-
i
)
i
Q =
i i
2
i
B V

=
=
N
i n
1 n
i
V
n
V
n i
Y sin (
n i
+
n
-
i
)
Substituting the values of bus admittance parameters, expressions for
2
P
,
3
P and
3
Q
are obtained as follows
2
P
= ) ( cos Y V V ) ( cos Y V V G V
2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2
2
2
+ + + +
= 0 + ) 90 ( cos V V 5 ) 90 ( cos V V 10
2 3 3 2 2 1 1 2
+ + +
= ) ( sin V V 5 ) ( sin V V 10
2 3 3 2 2 1 1 2

Similarly
3
P = 5
3
V
1
V ) ( sin
3 1
5
3
V
2
V ) ( sin
3 2

Likewise
=
3 3
2
3 3
B V Q
3
V
1
V + ) 90 ( sin Y
3 1 1 3 3
V
2
V ) (90 sin Y
3 2 2 3
+
= 5 V 10
2
3

3
V
1
V 5 ) ( cos
3 1

3
V
2
V ) ( cos
3 2

To check whether bus 2 will remain as P-V bus,
2
Q need to be calculated.
10 V 15 Q
2
2 2
=
2
V
1
V 5 ) ( cos
2 1

2
V
3
V ) ( cos
2 3

= ( 15 x 1.1 x 1.1 ) ( 10 x 1.1 x 1 x 1 ) ( 5 x 1.1 x 1 x 1 ) = 1.65
This lies within the Q limits. Thus bus 2 remains as P V bus.
Since 0,
3 2 1
= = =

we get 0 P P
3 2
= =
3
Q = ( 10 x 1 x 1 ) ( 5 x 1 x 1 ) ( 5 x 1 x 1.1 ) = - 0.5
Mismatch powers are: 1.8184 0 1.8184 P PI P
2 2 2
= = =
1.2517 0 1.2517 P PI P
3 3 3
= = =
0.7574 0.5 1.2574 Q QI Q
3 3 3
= + = =

33 33 32
33 33 32
23 23 22
3 3 2
L M M
N H H
N H H
V

3
3
3
2
V
V

=
3
3
2
Q
P
P

2
P
3
P
3
Q
Linear equations
to be solved are
i i
2
i i i i
i i i i i i
i i
2
i i i i
B V Q L
P M ; P N
B V Q H
=
= =
=

) ( sin Y V V M
) ( sin Y V V N
) ( cos Y V V H
i j j i j i j i
i j j i j i j i
i j j i j i j i
=
=
=

For this problem, since
i i
G are zero and
j i
are
0
90



= =
22
2
2 2 22
B V Q H - 1.65 + ( 1.1 x 1.1 x 15 ) = 16.5
10.5 10 0.5 B V Q H
33
2
3 3 33
= + = =
0 P M ; 0 P N
3 33 3 33
= = = =
9.5 10 0.5 B V Q L
33
2
3 3 33
= + = =
=
3 2
H
2
V
3
V ) ( cos Y
2 3 3 2
= 5.5 1 x 5 x 1 x 1.1 = and
2 3
H = 5.5
=
3 2
N
2
V
3
V 0 ) ( sin Y
2 3 3 2
=
=
3 2
M
3
V
2
V 0 ) ( sin Y
3 2 2 3
=
Thus
(
(
(

9.5 0 0
0 10.5 5.5
0 5.5 16.5

3
3
3
2
V
V

=
(
(
(

0.7574
1.2517
1.8184

Solving the above
3
3
3
2
V
V

=
(
(
(

0.0797
0.07449
0.08538

Therefore
0 ) 1 (
2
4.89 rad. 0.08538 0.08538 0 = = + =
0 ) 1 (
3
4.27 rad. 0.07449 0.07449 0 = = =
0.9203 0.0797 1.0 V
) 1 (
3
= =
Thus
0
1
0 1.0 V Z =

0
2
4.89 1.1 V Z =

0
3
4.27 0.9203 V Z =
This completes the first iteration.
Second iteration:
=
2
Q (15 x 1.1 x 1.1) - (10 x 1.1 x 1.0 cos
0
4.89 ) - (5 x 1.1 x 0.9203 cos
0
9.16 )
= 2.1929
This is within the limits. Bus 2 remains as P-V bus.
=
2
P (10 x 1.1 x 1.0 sin
0
4.89 ) + ( 5 x 1.1 x 0.9203 sin
0
9.16 ) = 1.7435
=
3
P - ( 5 x 0.9203 x 1.0 sin 4.27
0
) ( 5 x 0.9203 x 1.1 sin 9.16
0
) = -1.1484
3
Q = 10 x 0.9203 x 0.9203 - ( 5 x 0.9203 x 1.0 cos 4.27
0
) - ( 5 x 0.9203 x 1.1 cos 9.16
0
)
= - 1.1163
=
2
P 1.8184 1.7435 = 0.0749
=
3
P - 1.2517 + 1.1484 = - 0.1033
=
3
Q - 1.2574 + 1.1163 = -0.1444
=
22
H - 2.1929 + ( 1.1 x 1.1 x 15 ) = 15.9571
=
33
H 1.1163 + (0.9203 x 0.9203 x 10) = 9.5858
33
N = - 1.1484;
33
M = - 1.1484
=
33
L - 1.1163 + ( 0.9203
2
x 10 ) = 7.3532
=
23
H - 1.1 x 0.9203 x 5 cos 9.16
0
= - 4.9971
32
H = - 4.9971
=
23
N 1.1 x 0.9203 x 5 sin 9.16
0
= 0.8058
32
M = 0.8058
The linear equations are
(
(
(

7.3532 1.1484 0.8058
1.1484 9.5858 4.9971
0.8058 4.9971 15.9571

(
(
(
(
(
(

3
3
3
2
V
V

=
(
(
(

0.1444
0.1033
0.0749

Its solution is
(
(
(
(
(
(

3
3
3
2
V
V

=
(
(
(

0.021782
0.012388
0.001914

=
3
V - 0.9203 x 0.02178 = - 0.02
0 ) 2 (
2
5.00 rad. 0.08729 0.001914 0.08538 = = + =
0 ) 2 (
3
4.98 rad. 0.08688 0.012388 0.07449 = = =
0.9032 0.02 0.9232 V
) 2 (
3
= =
Thus at the end of second iteration

0
1
0 1.0 V Z =

0
2
5.00 1.1 V Z =

0
3
4.98 0.9032 V Z =
Continuing in this manner the final solution can be obtained as

0
1
0 1.0 V Z =

0
2
5 1.1 V Z =

0
3
5 0.9 V Z =
Once we know the final bus voltages, if necessary, line flows, transmission loss and
the slack bus power can be calculated following similar procedure adopted in the
case of Gauss Seidel method.