Power Systems Protection Course: Al-Balqa Applied University
Power Systems Protection Course: Al-Balqa Applied University
Power Systems Protection Course: Al-Balqa Applied University
Dr. Audih 2
Transmission and distribution lines protection
Introduction:
Transmission lines are exposed to short circuits
between phases or from phase to ground.
Transmission and distribution lines protection
problem concern’s to the fault current range, effect of
load, directionality ,and system configuration impact.
Line Classification:
Distribution: 33 kV and lower
Sub transmission: 33 - 132 kV
Transmission: 132 kV and higher
HV : 132 - 220 kV
EHV: 400 - 750 kV
UHV: 1000 kV and higher
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Transmission Line Protection Principles:
For distribution and transmission lines. There are four
types of protection principles used:-
1. Overcurrent (instantaneous overcurrent and
inverse, time delay, overcurrent ) (50, 51, 50N, 51N)
2. Directional Overcurrent (67, 67N)
3. Distance (21, 21N)
4. Differential ( pilot) (87)
1- Overcurrent protection:
Its simplest and chipper principle.
Is used in radial lines.
In looped lines (ring) may be used with addition of
directionality overcurrent .
Widely use in distribution and industrial systems.
Distance protection also is added In order to increase
the speed operation of OC pilot protection is used.
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Finally, we may apply the differential principle to
transmission lines over a communications channel.
• Protection of Radial System by Overcurrent Relay:
Consider a case of a radial line supplying three
substation as shown in Fig.1:
Fig.1
a. Under fault conditions only the breakers closest to the
fault are tripped.
b. If the closest breaker fails to operate, the next breaker
closer trip( backup relay).
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The relay operations must be coordinated with respect
to each other in order to provide the desired selectivity.
This is called "relay coordination“.
There are three methods to relay coordination
1. Discrimination by time (Time-grading).
2. Discrimination by current (Current-grading).
3. Discrimination by both time and current (Time-
Current grading) .
all three methods are to give correct discrimination by
isolate faulty section only , leaving the rest in operation.
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The fault current can be calculated as:
a) Three-Phase Fault on a Radial Line
Not that for a perfect three-phase fault, only the positive-sequence
impedance is involved in the calculations ,the positive-sequence of
voltage and current are equal (since Z+ ) to the phase voltage and
current "a“.
Consider the following three phase faulted system in figure at
distance (d)
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=ZL
Positive
sequence
of Gen
Where: ZL
I1=positive sequences current.
V1=positive sequences voltage.
L=total length of feeder.
d=fault location to protection location.
ZL=line impedances.
Zs1= System’s Thevenin Equivalent Impedance.
The fault current in each phase is balanced and is equal to the
phase current measured by the relays at the substation .This
current depends on the parameters shown above(I+,V+,L,d,ZL,Zs1).
The Thevenin impedance depends on the conditions of the system
such as, the topology and system loading
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Current-grading (Discrimination by current ).
This method is used only in LV systems due to its disadvantages
in HV systems.
Since the impedance values differing between the source and
fault location then the fault current value also varies from point
to point,.
The relays controlled with various current settings, in order to
operate only nearest to the fault location and trips its breaker.
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The coordination between the relays for fault at F graphical is
shown.
0.4 sdelay
This tell us for minim. we multiply be 1/3 and for max. multiply by 2.
And the time delay sitting (TDS) is selected at least 0.4 second
as coordination time delay (CDT) in American standard.
Example
For the 13.8 kV feeding system shown in Fig.1.with
reactances are given in pu
Fig.1
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And the system data is given in Table1.for 3 relays
0.45
0.18
2.6 6
2.18
Fig 2
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Solution
Solution
The relays are CO-7 then two setting are to be determine for each 2.
relay .
CTS and TDS ,we starting with relay B3.
For B3
S 5MVA
I 209A ,
3 13.8kV
full load
3.V
I 209A
I
Load ( I P )
2.61A( Which is the current at max. load the relay.)
relay ( I s )
CT 400 / 5
ratio ( a )
Vpu 1 1
and 209 A base of current, Then I3pu(I or Ifault )
= = = =5pu
max
X pu 0.05+0.05+0.1 0.2
10MVA
The actual I max of the lineI3 is =I pu Ibase ( fault ) =5× =2092 A(is I fault )
3 13.8kV
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I(primery) 2092
I relay( max or fault conditions) = = =26.1 A (This is min.fault current)
ratio 400 / 5
I relay (max .) 1
Thus; 2 I relay (min .) CTS
2 2.61 CTS 26.1
3 3
5.22 CTS 8.7 the CTS3 is chose as 6A to be fast as possible
For TDS =1/2 for 6A we have t=0.18 sec (note we can selected any TDS
but gradually since its setting)
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Now for relay B2
(3 5) 106
I min =I load 335A
3 13.8 10 3
335
I relay(min) 5 4.188A
400
10MVA
I max I fault 418.4A
3 13.8kV
I pu at realy in resent of impedances in pu
Vpu 1 1
I 2(pu) = = = =6.67 pu
X pu 0.05+0.1 0.15
The actual I max at B3 is =I pu I (base fault ) =
=6.67×418.4=2790A
I (primery) 5
I relay = =2790 =34.87 A Thus;
ratio 400
1 1
2 I relay (min .) CTS I relay (max .) 2 4.18 CTS 34.87
3 3
8.37 CTS 2 11.6 we select CTS2 =10A
thus from curve is 0.4sec
From curve for TDS 2=0.4s this setting in case of the fault is at bus 2
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Noting the following for delays time:
I pu
at realy in resent of impedances in pu
V 1
I 2(pu)
= pu
= 10 pu
X pu
0.1
I (max .)
418.4 10 4184A
5
I 4184
(max .relay)
26.15A
800
8.62 CTS 8.7 For 8A and TDS 2=0.45sec
Select CTS1=8A which cheats a little on the lower bound ,but is the best we
can do. Dr. Audih 19
To determine TDS1,consider a fault at bus 2.
The desired operation time for relay 1 is
Relay 1 operation time =0.45s
operating time =0.1s
Margin =0.3s
Total =0.85s
Note: Since we consider the fault at bus 2 then we calculate the current
become from bus 2 to bus 1 then :
IB1=IB2/a or
5
2789
I ( relay 2 )
800
2.18
CTS ( relay 1) 8
then TDS 1 1.3
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2. English school of coordination:
A B C
~
Relay point CT rating PS of relay Fault current
A 400/5 125% 6000Amps
B 200/5 125% 5000Amps
C 200/5 100% 4000Amps
t op RB
0.5 0.22 0.72sec.
(Note delay time for relay B to detected fault in C only in case of backup)
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Now if the fault occur at C and B as backup
200/5
I 4000
I relay (max .current ) fault 100A C
CT ratio 200 B IR
5 F1=4000A
For this relay we select PS=125%( note
100% also valid). Relay
100 100
PSM 16
5 125% 6.25
PSM= the current interring in relay =100A but
the plug changed it to 6.25 depending on plug
setting(like transformer into relay)
From the TMS curve for 16 the time is 2.5 and from relay calculated before
time is 0.72 second and to find TMS then 0.72/2.5= 0.29 .
TMS =0.29 16
TMS=1
Important note: the relay B is backup for C and A is backup for B but
in our case we consider the fault occur at C the relay A is not function
a backup relay.
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Now if the fault is near B (Like setting of A )
200/5
I fault 5000 5000
I relay ( B )
CT ratio 200 40
5 B IR F1=5000A
PS was sett to 125% then
5000 F2
Relay
PSM 40
20
5 125%
From the curve the time corresponding is 2.2 sec.
TMS 0.29
t op 2.2 0.638sec.
RA
TMS 1.0
Note if the fault accrue at C only B is backup
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Relay C
TMS Time of relay(sec) PSM PS
0.1 0.22 20 100%
Relay B
TMS Time of relay PSM PS
0.29 0.22 20 120%
Relay B3
TDS Time of relay PSM PS
1 0.638 20 125%
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Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay Setting and Reach
•The load is not usually considered for the instantaneous relay
setting.
Is commonly set to reach faults up to 80% of total line length.
(detected the fault by 20% reduction of the line length L)
E
I SETTING
Z S1 (0.8) Z L1
ZS1 generator impedance
I
F2 V F1
Relay
Reverse Fault (F2) Forward Fault (F1)
I
V
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Directional Overcurrent Protection
the relays are into two independent groups: the relays “looking” to
the right and those “looking” to the left. .
All the relays are directional except the relays near the generation .
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-Pilot wire differential relays
(Device 87L)
- Distance protection
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1. Pilot wire differential relays (Device 87L)
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(a) Operating principles of a current pilot wire relay
L IL IR R
T Communications R
Relays Relays
A
R Channel T
B
T:transmmit data
R:recived data
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If the fault current flows through circuit breaker (A) only, the relay
passes sufficient current through the pilot wire to operate the relay
at circuit breaker B.
Transformers are used to convert current signal to voltage signal.
For faults outside since, VA = VB , relay will not operate and if the
fault inside the line VA ≠ VB , relay will operate.
The pilot wire signal is about 30V ac at 50 Hz or 20V ac at 60 Hz.
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Signal zone limits
Dr. Audih 34
2.Transmission Line Protection by distance Relay
Since protection by pilot wires (pilot relaying) is limited
to 30 to 40 km in rout length of TL then for longer
distance of transmission lines and distribution feeders,
distance protection is used.
Principle of Distance Protection:-
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Consider the simple radial line with distance protection system installed at the
end A (the local end) while end B is called the remote end. These relays
sense local voltage and current and calculate the effective impedance at that
point. This means that the relay requires voltage and current information.
d L
B
A I a , Ib , I c
P K
Radial
21 Three-Phase
Va ,Vb ,Vc Line
Solid Fault
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Relay Reach, under reach and over reach
The reach of the distance relay is that distance from the relaying
point to the point of fault. The reach is usually refers as the relay
setting and can be as a distance (m), or as a primary or secondary
impedance.
Zones of protection
Due to the tolerance in the circuit components, the measuring
accuracy cannot be perfect so it is usual to set the relay at the
local point A at 80% of the secondary impedance of AB. This is
referred as zone 1 or stage A1 setting (see figure 3).
The remaining 20% of AB is protected by changing the setting of
the relay to reach 50% into zone BC (zone 2 or stage A2). Stage
A2 is usually set at 0.3 s time.
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For system reliability (failure of relay A will cause failure of stage
A1 and stage A2),another distance relay is added for backup
protection . This separate relay should have a reach of 20% into
CD and called zone 3 or stage A3 which has a time delay of 0.6 s.
Reference
Notes:
Zone 1 is an under reaching element, any fault within Zone 1 is known to be on the protected
line. When Zone 1 operates, the line is tripped instantaneously.
Zone 2, however, will operate for some external faults.
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Summary:
Discrimination zone (or setting zone) by:
Example 1:
For the 66kV radial feeder shown in Fig., Calculate zone 1 setting
for the distance relay in primary ohms.
15 Km
Figure shows a simple two radial lines. We will consider the settings
for line AB at bus B. The line length is 80 km.
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Solution
Dr. Audih 42
Relay reach adjustment
Referred to Fig.3, by changing the ampere-turns relationship of the
current coil to the voltage coil, the ohmic reach of the balanced -
beam relay can be adjusted. A more modern technique for achieving
the same result is to use a bridge comparator (see Figure 4).
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Tripping characteristics of distance relay
If the relay’s operating boundary is plotted, on an R/X diagram, its
impedance characteristic is a circle with its center at the origin of the
coordinates and its radius will be the setting (reach) in ohms (Figure 5).
The relay will operate for all values less than its setting i.e. is for all points
within the circle.
This is known as a plain impedance relay and it will be noted that it is non-
directional, in that it can operate for faults behind the relaying point. It takes
no account of the phase angle between voltage and current.
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This limitation can be overcome by a technique known as self-
polarization. Additional voltages are fed into the comparator in order
to compare the relative phase angles of voltage and current, so
providing a directional feature. This has the effect of moving the
circle such that the circumference of the circle now passes through
the origin. Angle θ is known as the relay’s characteristic angle (see
Figure 6 (a)).
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This is known as the MHO relay, so called as it appears as a
straight line on an admittance diagram. By the use of a further
technique of feeding in voltages from the healthy phases into the
comparator (known as cross polarization) a reverse movement or
offset of the characteristic can be obtained (see Figure 6 (b)). This
is called the offset MHO characteristic.
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Fig.7 Basic Distance Relay Types.
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