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    Newton Raphson Method

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    Mohd Izzat Abd Ghani
    The document describes the Newton Raphson power flow method for solving nonlinear power flow equations. It discusses the key steps of the Newton Raphson method which include forming the Jacobian matrix using partial derivatives, calculating power mismatches, inverting the Jacobian matrix to determine new voltage estimates, and iterating until mismatches converge to less than a specified tolerance. The method is faster and more accurate than other techniques but requires more computation per iteration. An example power flow case is provided to demonstrate the Newton Raphson method.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Newton Raphson Method

    Uploaded by

    Mohd Izzat Abd Ghani
    344 views26 pages
    The document describes the Newton Raphson power flow method for solving nonlinear power flow equations. It discusses the key steps of the Newton Raphson method which include forming the Jacobian matrix using partial derivatives, calculating power mismatches, inverting the Jacobian matrix to determine new voltage estimates, and iterating until mismatches converge to less than a specified tolerance. The method is faster and more accurate than other techniques but requires more computation per iteration. An example power flow case is provided to demonstrate the Newton Raphson method.

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    NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD .pptx

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    The document describes the Newton Raphson power flow method for solving nonlinear power flow equations. It discusses the key steps of the Newton Raphson method which include forming the Jacobian matrix using partial derivatives, calculating power mismatches, inverting the Jacobian matrix to determine new voltage estimates, and iterating until mismatches converge to less than a specified tolerance. The method is faster and more accurate than other techniques but requires more computation per iteration. An example power flow case is provided to demonstrate the Newton Raphson method.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    344 views26 pages

    Newton Raphson Method

    Uploaded by

    Mohd Izzat Abd Ghani
    The document describes the Newton Raphson power flow method for solving nonlinear power flow equations. It discusses the key steps of the Newton Raphson method which include forming the Jacobian matrix using partial derivatives, calculating power mismatches, inverting the Jacobian matrix to determine new voltage estimates, and iterating until mismatches converge to less than a specified tolerance. The method is faster and more accurate than other techniques but requires more computation per iteration. An example power flow case is provided to demonstrate the Newton Raphson method.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The Newton Raphson method is an iterative technique used to solve nonlinear power flow equations. It involves forming the Jacobian matrix and inverting it to find corrections to the voltage estimates at each iteration until convergence is reached.

    Advantages include faster convergence and less sensitivity to system parameters. Disadvantages include more complex calculations per iteration and larger memory and computational requirements.

    The Jacobian matrix contains the partial derivatives of real and reactive power with respect to voltage magnitude and angle. These are evaluated using the power flow equations.

    NONLINEAR SOLUTION: NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD

    By
    DR AZIAH KHAMIS
    Each iteration is relatively fast (computational
    order is proportional to number of branches +
    number of buses in the system).
    Relatively easy to program.

    2
    Tends to converge relatively slowly, although this can
    be improved with acceleration.
    Has tendency to fail to find solutions, particularly on
    large systems.
    Tends to diverge on cases with negative branch
    reactances (common with compensated lines).
    Need to program using complex numbers.
    Gauss and Gauss-Seidel mostly replaced by Newton-
    Raphson.

    3
    NEWTON RAPHSON POWER FLOW SOLUTION
    Advantages
     less number of iteration to reach
    convergence, takes less computation time
    More accurate and not sensitive to the
    factors likes slack bus selection, regulation
    transformer, the number of iteration
    required is almost independent of system
    size
    NEWTON RAPHSON POWER FLOW SOLUTION
    Disadvantages
     more calculations involved in each
    iteration and require large computation
    time per iteration and large computer
    memory
    Difficult solution technique
    (programming is difficult)
    POWER FLOW EQUATIONS
     KCL for current injection

     Real and reactive power injection

     Substituting for Ii yields :

     Separating the real and imaginary parts:


    NEWTON RAPHSON POWER FLOW SOLUTION
     Cast power equation into iterative form

     Matrix function formation of the system of equations


    NEWTON RAPHSON POWER FLOW SOLUTION
     General formation of the equation to find a solution

     The iterative equation

     The Jacobian - the first derivative of a set of functions

    a matrix of all combinatorial pairs


    JACOBIAN MATRIX
    JACOBIAN TERMS
     Real power w.r.t. the voltage angle

     Real power w.r.t. the voltage magnitude


    ITERATION PROCESS
     Power mismatch or power residuals
     difference in schedule to calculated power

     New estimates for the voltages


    BUS TYPE AND THE JACOBIAN FORMATION
    Slack Bus / Swing Bus
     one generator bus must be selected and defined as the voltage and angular reference
     The voltage and angle are known for this bus
     The angle is arbitrarily selected as zero degrees
     bus is not included in the Jacobian matrix formation
    Generator Bus
     have known terminal voltage and real (actual) power injection
     the bus voltage angle and reactive power injection are computed
     bus is included in the real power parts of the Jacobian matrix
    Load Bus
     have known real and reactive power injections
     bus is fully included in the Jacobian matrix
    NEWTON-RAPHSON STEPS
    1. Set flat start
     For load buses, set voltages equal to the slack bus
    or 1.0 ∟0
     For generator buses, set the angles equal the
    slack bus or 0
    2. Calculate power mismatch
     For load buses, calculate P and Q injections using
    the known and estimated system voltages
     For generator buses, calculate P injections
     Obtain the power mismatches, P and Q
    3. Form the Jacobian matrix
     Use the various equations for the partial derivatives w.r.t. the
    voltage angles and magnitudes
    NEWTON-RAPHSON STEPS
    4. Find the matrix solution (choose a or b)
     a. inverse the Jacobian matrix and multiply by the mismatch power
     b. perform gaussian elimination on the Jacobian matrix with the vector
    equal to the mismatch power
    compute

    5. Find new estimates for the voltage magnitude and angle


    6. Repeat the process until the mismatch (residuals) are less than
    the specified accuracy
    LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES
     After solving for bus voltages and angles, power flows
    and losses on the network branches are calculated
     Transmission lines and transformers are network branches
     The direction of positive current flow are defined as follows for a
    branch element (demonstrated on a medium length line)
     Power flow is defined for end of the branch
     Example: The power leaving bus i and flowing to bus j
    LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES
    EXAMPLE : NEWTON RAPHSON
     Figure below shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
    generators at buses 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage
    magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load
    consisting of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in
    per unit on a 100 MVA base, and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the
    power flow solution by the Newton Raphson method including line flows and line losses.
    SOLUTION
    SOLUTION
     The expression for real power at bus 2 and 3 and the reactive power at bus 2 are
    SOLUTION
     Elements of Jacobian matrix are obtained by taking derivatives of the previous
    equation with respect to ∂2, ∂3 and |V2|.
    SOLUTION
    SOLUTION
     The load and generation expressed in per units are:
    SOLUTION
     Evaluating the elements of the Jacobian matrix with the initial estimate, the set of
    linear equations in the first iteration becomes

     Obtaining the solution of the above matrix equation, the new bus voltages in the
    first iteration are
    SOLUTION
     Voltage phase angle are in radian. For second iteration:

    AND
    SOLUTION
     For third iteration:

    AND
    SOLUTION
     The power converge in 3 iterations with a maximum power mismatch of 2.5 x 10-4
    with V2 =0.97168 ∟-2.696◦ and V3 = 1.04 ∟-0.4988◦

    Thus;

    Q3= 1.4617 pu; P1 = 2.1842 pu; Q1 = 1.4085 pu

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