Heal school, narasingapalem (v)

Session:2024-2025
Investigatory project in chemistry
Topic: Extraction of bioplastic from BANANA PEELS

SUBMITTED TO:
Mr.N.Sambasiva Rao Submitted by:
D.Akshaya
XII MPC
 DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

Certificate

This is to certify D.Akshaya of class Xll science has prepared

the investigatory chemistry project entitled extraction of
bioplastic from banana peels project entitled that the report
is the result of his efforts and endeavours. The report is
found worthy of acceptance as the final project for the
subject chemistry of class Xll in the academic year of 2024-
25. She prepared the project under my guidance.

Principal’s Signature

Mr. NAGA SAMBASIVARAO

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
 Department of chemistry

This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine

investigation work has been carried out to investigation work
has been carried out to investigate about the subject matter
and the related data collection and investigation has been
completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily done by
D.Akshaya of class Xll-MPC, for the academic session 2024-
25, regarding the investigatory project entitled “Extraction of
Bioplastic from BANANA PEELS”. For the chemistry
department under direct supervision of the undersigned as
per the requirement for the Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSE) for the academic year 2024-25.
Principal’s Signature

Signature of External Signature of Internal

Examiner Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to express my

gratitude towards our CHEMISTRY
teacher N.Sambasiva Rao sir for his
guidance, as well as our principal B. Sai
Babu sir support and encouragement
throughout the duration of the project. It
would not have been possible without
their support and motivation. They helped
me a lot for the research and I came to
know many new things. I am really
thankful to them. My heartfelt thanks to
one and all who helped in completion of
this project.
 Abstract

Plastic offers a variety of benefits, in a variety of shapes, such as

sheets, panels, film, which can all be flexible as the application
requires. However, use of too many plastics results in massive
harmful effects. It takes a longer time to degrade which is estimated
to be about 500 years to degrade and will become toxic after
decomposition. The objective of this study is to produce
biodegradable plastic from banana peels as a substitute for the
conventional plastic and to prove that the starch in the banana peel
could be used in the production of the biodegradable plastic. The
strength of the film was determined using the elongation test by
comparing the biodegradable film with a control film and a synthetic
plastic. In the soil burial degradation test, the intensity of
degradation was tested for all three types of film and the
biodegradable film degraded at a rapid rate compared to control film
while the synthetic plastic did not degrade at all. Based on all the
testing that was carried out, the biodegradable film from banana
peel is the best and ideal overall compared to the control and
synthetic plastic. The tensile strength for the sample keeps increasing
when the residence times are increased from 5 minutes to 15
minutes and reaches a maximum at 15 minutes and then starts
decreasing when the time is increased to 20 minutes. This suggests
that the optimum hydrolysis time is 15 minutes for this sample set
Bioplastic film can sustain the weight near about 2 kg and which have
enough tensile strength. The bioplastic is prepared from banana
peels that can be used as packaging material or as a carrying bag.
Glycerol is added as a plasticizer that increases its flexibility.
 INDEX

S.No Content Page no

1 Cover page 1
2 Certificate 2
3 Dissertation Certificate 3
4 Acknowledgement 4
5 Abstract 5
6 Introduction 7
7 Aim 8
8 Apparatus 8
9 Method and experimental procedure 8
10 Preparation of Banana skins 8
11 Production of plastic 9
12 Reaction Mechanism 11
13 Glycerol as a Plasticizer 11
14 Sodium metabisulphite as as an Antioxidant 11
15 Testing methods 12
16 Experimental runs conducted 12
17 Result and discussion 13
18 Conclusion 14
19 Bibliography 15
 INTRODUCTION
Bioplastics can be defined as plastics made of biomass such as
corn, banana peels and sugarcane. Biodegradability of bioplastics
has been widely publicized in society and the demand for
packaging is rapidly increasing among retailers and the food
industry at large scale. Population growth has led to the
accumulation of a massive volume of nondegradable waste
materials across our planet. The accumulation of plastic waste has
become a major concern in terms of the environment.
Conventional plastics not only take many decades during
decomposition, but also produce toxins while degradation. Hence,
there is a need to produce plastics from materials that can be
readily eliminated from our biosphere in an “eco friendly” fashion.
Bioplastics are natural biopolymers synthesized and catabolized
by various organisms. These get accumulated as storage materials
in microbial cells under stress conditions. However, the high
production cost and the availability of low-cost petrochemical
derived plastics led to bioplastics being ignored for a long time. A
recent global trend is to use natural, renewable, alternative
resources that are beneficial in developing new materials.
 AIM: Extraction of bio: Bioplastic from BANANA PEELS
APPARATUS:
❖ Bananas
❖ Sodium Metabisulphite
❖ Glycerol
❖ Hydrochloric Acid
❖ CeramicTile
❖ White mann filter paper
❖ Beakers
❖ Measuring Cylinders
❖ China dish
❖ Universal testing machine
METHOD AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Similarly sized bananas with no injury or bruises on the skin are
purchased from the market in order to ensure the experimental
process was fair.
Preparation of Banana Skins
Step 1: Banana peels are removed using a stainless steel knife and
converted into small pieces. Then peels are dip in sodium
metabisulphite (0.2M) solution for 45 minutes. It is used as an
antioxidant and preservative. This would increase the biodegradation
period of plastic.
Step 2: Banana peels are boiled in distilled water for about 30
minutes.
Step 3: The water is decanted from the beaker and the peels are now
left to dry on filter paper for about 30 minutes
Step 4: After the peels are dried, they are placed in a beaker and using a hand
blender, the peels are pureed until a uniform paste is formed.

Production of Plastic:
Step 1: 25 gm of banana paste is placed in a beaker
Step 2: 3 ml of (0.5 N) HCl is added to this mixture and stirred using a
glass rod.
Step 3: 2ml Plasticizer (Glycerol) is added and stirred.
Step 4: 0.5 N NaOH is added according to pH desired, after a desired
residence time.
Step 5: The mixture is spread on a ceramic tile and this is put in the
oven at 1200 C and is baked.
Step 6: The tile is allowed to cool and the film is scraped off the
surface.

Bananas drying of banana peels

heating of Banana peels banana peels waste

 Final bioplastic film after drying

Process of preparing bioplastic from fruits and vegetables waste

REACTION MECHANISM:
A Bioplastic of 0.3 mm prepared successfully from the above
experimental procedure. It is emphasized that presence of HCl and
NaOH in proper concentration is considered to be a controlling
factor for its strength. The hydrochloric acid is used in the
hydrolysis of amylopectin, which is needed in order to aid the
process of film formation due to the H-bonding amongst the chains
of glucose in starch, since amylopectin restricts the film formation.
The sodium hydroxide in the experiment is simply used to
neutralize the pH of the medium. Acid hydrolysis changes the
physicochemical properties of starch without changing its granule
structure. If the amylopectin content is higher in the starch, the
recovery of starch decreases.

Glycerol as a Plasticizer:
Plasticizers or dispersants are additives that increase the plasticity
or fluidity of a material. The dominant applications are for plastics,
especially polyvinyl chloride (PVC) glycerol, sorbitol. The properties
of other materials are also improved when blended with
plasticizers including concrete, clays, and related products.
Plasticizers make it possible to achieve improved compound
processing characteristics, while also providing flexibility in the
end-use product. Glycerol (also called glycerin) is a simple polyol
(sugar alcohol) compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid
that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic.

Sodium metabisulfite as an Antioxidant:

The sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) is used as an antioxidant here.
It prevents the microbial growth in the peels. It is used as a
disinfectant, antioxidant and preservative agent.it is very soluble in
ethanol and water.
TESTING METHODS:
The following procedure was adopted to test the tensile strength of
the samples. The process has the following steps:
Step 1 Visual inspection of the sample to locate any defects in it. If
the sample has no defects it can be used for testing. The common
forms of defects are i) Perforations and tears in the sample. ii) Very
low thickness
Step 2 After the sample is approved for testing, a 16 cm by 2cm
rectangular film is cut out of the sample for testing which has the
thickness about 0.5cm. The film dimensions are kept constant for
all samples to ensure uniformity in the testing procedure.
Step 3 The tensile strength of the bioplastic is measured by using
the “Universal Testing Machine”.

EXPERIMENTAL RUNS CONDUCTED:

We carried out five experimental runs for the production of
bioplastic. Each time we change the concentration of NaOH and
HCl. Residence time is also important for the production of
bioplastics.
Status: rejected Reason:
This trial was rejected due to the presence of perforations in the
samples and ineffective heating which made them unsuitable for
testing.
Status: Accepted:
All samples are accepted and tested on “Universal Testing
Machine”.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Universal Testing Machine
The tensile strength for the sample keeps increasing when the
residence times are increased 15 minutes and then starts
decreasing when the time is increased to 20 minutes. This suggests
that the optimum hydrolysis time is 15 minutes for this sample set.
During the initial stages of hydrolysis, the amylose content
increased, this was attributed to the fact that due the hydrolysis of
branched chains of amylopectin, linear chained amylose were
formed. However, if the hydrolysis time was increased further, the
amylose content decreased albeit slightly. If this hydrolysis time
was continued uninterrupted for long durations, the analysis
revealed significant drop in the amylopectin and amylose content
of starch. This was because once the amylopectin is hydrolyzed to
amylase, further hydrolysis leads to formation of glucose
monomers which do not aid in polymer formation. The color of the
plastic we got is black. It can be changed by adding some additives
in it. We can use other plasticizers also such as sorbitol for the
production of bioplastic.

CONCLUSION
Bioplastic film can sustain the weight near about 2 kg and which
have enough tensile strength. The bioplastic is prepared from
banana peels that can be used as packaging material or as a
carrying bag. Glycerol is added as a plasticizer that increases its
flexibility. To prevent growth of bacteria and fungi sodium
metabisulphite is used. The degradation of bioplastic starts after 3
to 4 months from the date of manufacture. The atmospheric
condition also affects the degradation period of bioplastic.
Conventional petroleum based plastics create many environmental
problems, so we have to focus more on bioplastics which
completely degrade after a specific time interval in the
environment by microbial action. The main advantage of bioplastics
over conventional plastic is that they degrade into the environment
without creating any pollution. Bioplastics are one the best
replacements over conventional plastic. By using banana peels as a
raw material we can produce good quality bioplastics which have a
good life.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(1).CBSE class 12 chemistry lab manual.

(2).http://www.iraj.in/journal file/journal pdf/6-445-
152344011836-38.pdf
(3).www.researchgate.net/publication/303942610
(4).www.google.com