2.

2 1st Law of thermodynamics: Conservation of mass and energy, Internal energy, Enthalpy & specific
heat, Work Transfer and Heat Transfer for Isothermal, isobaric, isochoric process, adiabatic process &
polytropic process; Steady and Unsteady state work and flow application. (AMeE0202)

**Question 1:** What does the 1st Law of Thermodynamics state?

A) Energy cannot be created or destroyed

B) Mass cannot be created or destroyed

C) Energy and mass are conserved simultaneously

D) Energy can be created or destroyed

**Hint:** The 1st Law of Thermodynamics is also known as the law of conservation of energy.

**Solution:** A) Energy cannot be created or destroyed

**Explanation:** The 1st Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it
can only change forms.

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**Question 2:** Which of the following represents the internal energy of a system?

A) U

B) H

C) Q

D) W

**Hint:** Internal energy is typically denoted by a specific symbol.

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**Solution:** A) U

**Explanation:** Internal energy is commonly represented by the symbol "U."

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**Question 3:** Enthalpy (H) is defined as:

A) H = U + PV

B) H = U - PV

C) H = P - VU

D) H = Q - W

**Hint:** Enthalpy is a combination of internal energy and pressure-volume work.

**Solution:** A) H = U + PV

**Explanation:** Enthalpy (H) is defined as the sum of internal energy (U) and the product of pressure
(P) and volume (V), i.e., H = U + PV.

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**Question 4:** Which of the following represents specific heat at constant pressure (Cp)?

A) Cp = (ΔQ / ΔT) at constant volume

B) Cp = (ΔQ / ΔT) at constant pressure

C) Cp = (ΔW / ΔT) at constant volume

D) Cp = (ΔW / ΔT) at constant pressure

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**Hint:** Specific heat at constant pressure is related to heat transfer at constant pressure.

**Solution:** B) Cp = (ΔQ / ΔT) at constant pressure

**Explanation:** Cp represents specific heat at constant pressure, and it is defined as the heat transfer
(ΔQ) divided by the temperature change (ΔT) at constant pressure.

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**Question 5:** In an isothermal process, which of the following is true?

A) Temperature remains constant

B) Pressure remains constant

C) Volume remains constant

D) Internal energy remains constant

**Hint:** Isothermal processes have a specific characteristic regarding temperature.

**Solution:** A) Temperature remains constant

**Explanation:** In an isothermal process, the temperature of the system remains constant.

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**Question 6:** In an isobaric process, which of the following is true?

A) Pressure remains constant

B) Temperature remains constant

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C) Volume remains constant

D) Internal energy remains constant

**Hint:** Isobaric processes have a specific characteristic regarding pressure.

**Solution:** A) Pressure remains constant

**Explanation:** In an isobaric process, the pressure of the system remains constant.

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**Question 7:** In an isochoric process, which of the following is true?

A) Volume remains constant

B) Pressure remains constant

C) Temperature remains constant

D) Internal energy remains constant

**Hint:** Isochoric processes have a specific characteristic regarding volume.

**Solution:** A) Volume remains constant

**Explanation:** In an isochoric process, the volume of the system remains constant.

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**Question 8:** In an adiabatic process, which of the following is true?

A) Heat transfer (Q) is zero

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B) Work done (W) is zero

C) Pressure remains constant

D) Volume remains constant

**Hint:** Adiabatic processes have a specific characteristic regarding heat transfer.

**Solution:** A) Heat transfer (Q) is zero

**Explanation:** In an adiabatic process, there is no heat transfer into or out of the system (Q = 0).

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**Question 9:** In a polytropic process with the index 'n,' which of the following is true?

A) The process is isothermal (n = 1)

B) The process is isobaric (n = 0)

C) The process is adiabatic (n = ∞)

D) The process is isochoric (n = -1)

**Hint:** Polytropic processes are characterized by the value of 'n' and have different behaviors for
different 'n' values.

**Solution:** A) The process is isothermal (n = 1)

**Explanation:** For a polytropic process with n = 1, the process is isothermal.

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**Question 10:** Which of the following best describes a steady-state process?

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A) All properties remain constant over time

B) Properties vary with time

C) Properties vary with space

D) Properties remain constant over space

**Hint:** Steady-state and unsteady-state processes are related to changes in properties over time or
space.

**Solution:** C) Properties vary with space

**Explanation:** In a steady-state process, properties remain constant over time but can vary with
space within the system.

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**Question 11:** Which of the following best describes an unsteady-state process?

A) All properties remain constant over time

B) Properties vary with time

C) Properties vary with space

D) Properties remain constant over space

**Hint:** Unsteady-state and steady-state processes are related to changes in properties over time or
space.

**Solution:** B) Properties vary with time

**Explanation:** In an unsteady-state process, properties vary with time.

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**1. Which law of thermodynamics is associated with the conservation of mass and energy?**

a) 1st Law

b) 2nd Law

c) 3rd Law

d) Zeroth Law

**Hint:** Think about which law of thermodynamics deals with the conservation of energy and mass.

**Solution:** The correct answer is (a) 1st Law. The 1st Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the law
of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or
converted from one form to another.

**2. Which property of a system is a measure of its internal energy?**

a) Enthalpy

b) Specific Heat

c) Pressure

d) Temperature

**Hint:** Internal energy is a fundamental property of a system related to its microscopic energy
content.

**Solution:** The correct answer is (d) Temperature. Internal energy is related to the microscopic
kinetic and potential energy of the particles within a system and is closely tied to temperature.

**3. In which process does the enthalpy of a system remain constant?**

a) Isothermal process

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 b) Adiabatic process

c) Isobaric process

d) Isochoric process

**Hint:** Enthalpy is associated with heat transfer at constant pressure.

**Solution:** The correct answer is (a) Isothermal process. In an isothermal process, the temperature
remains constant, which means there is no change in enthalpy if the pressure is also held constant.

**4. Which type of process involves no heat transfer into or out of the system?**

a) Isothermal process

b) Adiabatic process

c) Isobaric process

d) Isochoric process

**Hint:** Consider the definition of an adiabatic process.

**Solution:** The correct answer is (b) Adiabatic process. An adiabatic process is one in which there is
no heat transfer into or out of the system, meaning Q (heat transfer) is zero.

**5. What type of process can be described by the equation PV^n = constant, where n is a constant
value?**

a) Isothermal process

b) Isobaric process

c) Isochoric process

d) Polytropic process

**Hint:** The equation given is a characteristic of a specific type of process.

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**Solution:** The correct answer is (d) Polytropic process. A polytropic process is one that can be
described by the equation PV^n = constant, where n is a constant representing different types of
processes, including isothermal (n = 1), isobaric (n = 0), and others.

**6. In a steady-state flow process, which of the following is true?**

a) Properties change with time

b) Properties remain constant

c) Properties change but not with time

d) Properties are undefined

**Hint:** Consider the meaning of a steady-state flow process.

**Solution:** The correct answer is (b) Properties remain constant. In a steady-state flow process,
properties at any given point in the system remain constant with time, while there may be changes
along the flow direction.

**7. In an unsteady state work application, which of the following is true?**

a) Work is constant with time

b) Work is undefined

c) Work changes with time

d) Work is zero

**Hint:** Consider the nature of work in an unsteady state process.

**Solution:** The correct answer is (c) Work changes with time. In an unsteady state process, work can
vary with time as the system undergoes changes.

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**1. What does the 1st Law of Thermodynamics state?**

A. Conservation of energy only

B. Conservation of mass only

C. Conservation of both mass and energy

D. Conservation of volume only

**Hint:** Think about the fundamental principle of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics.

**Solution:** C. Conservation of both mass and energy

**Explanation:** The 1st Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed,
but it can change forms. This law encompasses both the conservation of mass and energy.

**2. Which of the following best defines internal energy in a thermodynamic system?**

A. The total energy of a system

B. The energy associated with the motion of molecules within the system

C. The energy transferred as heat

D. The energy associated with the external work done by the system

**Hint:** Internal energy is related to the microscopic properties of the system.

**Solution:** B. The energy associated with the motion of molecules within the system

**Explanation:** Internal energy is the sum of all microscopic forms of energy within a system,
including kinetic and potential energy associated with the motion and arrangement of particles.

**3. Enthalpy is defined as:**

A. The internal energy minus the pressure times volume

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 B. The internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume

C. The heat transferred at constant pressure

D. The heat transferred at constant volume

**Hint:** Enthalpy is often associated with processes at constant pressure.

**Solution:** B. The internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume

**Explanation:** Enthalpy (H) is defined as the internal energy (U) plus the product of pressure (P) and
volume (V), i.e., H = U + PV.

**4. What is the specific heat capacity of a substance?**

A. The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1 degree Celsius

B. The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of the substance by 1 degree Celsius

C. The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of the substance by 1 degree Celsius

D. The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 liter of the substance by 1 degree Celsius

**Hint:** Specific heat capacity is related to a specific quantity of the substance.

**Solution:** C. The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of the substance by 1 degree
Celsius

**Explanation:** Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a
unit mass (usually 1 gram or 1 mole) of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

**5. In an isothermal process, what remains constant?**

A. Pressure

B. Volume

C. Temperature

D. Internal energy

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 **Hint:** The word "isothermal" provides a clue.

**Solution:** C. Temperature

**Explanation:** In an isothermal process, the temperature remains constant, and other

**6. In an isobaric process, what remains constant?**

A. Temperature

B. Volume

C. Pressure

D. Internal energy

**Hint:** The term "isobaric" suggests something about pressure.

**Solution:** C. Pressure

**Explanation:** In an isobaric process, the pressure remains constant, and other properties may
change.

**7. Which process involves no heat transfer into or out of the system?**

A. Isothermal process

B. Adiabatic process

C. Isobaric process

D. Isochoric process

**Hint:** Consider the term "adiabatic."

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 **Solution:** B. Adiabatic process

**Explanation:** An adiabatic process is one where there is no heat transfer into or out of the system,
meaning ΔQ = 0.

**8. What is the key characteristic of a polytropic process?**

A. Constant pressure

B. Constant volume

C. Variable heat transfer

D. Variable specific heat

**Hint:** Think about the term "polytropic" and its relation to a specific property.

**Solution:** D. Variable specific heat

**Explanation:** A polytropic process is one in which the specific heat varies, meaning it's neither
constant volume nor constant pressure. The value of the specific heat exponent (n) determines the
nature of the polytropic process.

**9. What is the main difference between steady-state and unsteady-state work and flow
applications?**

A. Steady-state involves continuous processes, while unsteady-state is temporary.

B. Steady-state involves no heat transfer, while unsteady-state does.

C. Steady-state processes always involve ideal gases, while unsteady-state does not.

D. Steady-state processes are always isobaric, while unsteady-state processes are isothermal.

**Hint:** Think about the terms "steady-state" and "unsteady-state."

**Solution:** A. Steady-state involves continuous processes, while unsteady-state is temporary.

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 **Explanation:** Steady-state processes are continuous and reach a stable condition, while unsteady-
state processes are temporary and involve changes over time.

**Question 1:** Which fundamental principle does the 1st Law of Thermodynamics follow?

A. Conservation of mass

B. Conservation of energy

C. Conservation of momentum

D. Conservation of temperature

**Hint:** The 1st Law of Thermodynamics is about the conservation of a fundamental quantity.

**Explanation:** The correct answer is B. The 1st Law of Thermodynamics is all about the conservation
of energy, which includes internal energy and energy transfers as heat and work.

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**Question 2:** What is internal energy in thermodynamics?

A. The energy of an object in motion

B. The energy contained within a system

C. The energy associated with an object's position

D. The energy due to the object's temperature

**Hint:** Internal energy is related to the microscopic energy stored within a substance.

**Explanation:** The correct answer is B. Internal energy represents the sum of all microscopic energy
in a system, including kinetic and potential energy of particles at the molecular level.

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---

**Question 3:** Enthalpy is defined as:

A. The total energy of a closed system

B. The energy transferred as heat

C. The energy stored within a system

D. The sum of internal energy and pressure-volume work

**Hint:** Enthalpy is often associated with heat transfer and work done on or by a system.

**Explanation:** The correct answer is D. Enthalpy is defined as the sum of internal energy and the
product of pressure and volume, and it represents the total heat content of a system.

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**Question 4:** Specific heat is a measure of:

A. The energy required to raise the temperature of a substance

B. The heat capacity of a material

C. The amount of energy transferred in a process

D. The rate of heat transfer in a system

**Hint:** Specific heat is related to the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a
substance.

**Explanation:** The correct answer is A. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to raise the
temperature of a substance by a certain amount.

---

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**Question 5:** During an isothermal process, which of the following statements is true?

A. The temperature of the system changes.

B. The internal energy of the system changes.

C. The pressure of the system remains constant.

D. The volume of the system remains constant.

**Hint:** Isothermal processes have a specific characteristic related to temperature.

**Explanation:** The correct answer is A. In an isothermal process, the temperature of the system
remains constant.

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**Question 6:** In an isobaric process, what remains constant?

A. Temperature

B. Pressure

C. Volume

D. Internal energy

**Hint:** The term "isobaric" refers to a specific thermodynamic condition.

**Explanation:** The correct answer is B. In an isobaric process, the pressure of the system remains
constant.

---

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**Question 7:** Which process involves a constant volume, meaning the system doesn't change its
volume during the process?

A. Isothermal

B. Isobaric

C. Isochoric

D. Adiabatic

**Hint:** The prefix "iso-" in isochoric process refers to a specific variable.

**Explanation:** The correct answer is C. In an isochoric process, the volume of the system remains
constant.

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**Question 8:** In an adiabatic process, which of the following statements is true?

A. Heat is transferred into or out of the system.

B. The process occurs very slowly.

C. The entropy of the system remains constant.

D. There is no heat transfer into or out of the system.

**Hint:** Adiabatic processes have a specific characteristic related to heat transfer.

**Explanation:** The correct answer is D. In an adiabatic process, there is no heat transfer into or out of
the system. The term "adiabatic" implies that the process is thermally insulated.

---

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**Question 9:** Which type of process is characterized by the equation PV^n = constant, where n is a
constant?

A. Isothermal

B. Isobaric

C. Isochoric

D. Polytropic

**Hint:** This type of process involves a variable exponent.

**Explanation:** The correct answer is D. A polytropic process is characterized by the equation PV^n =
constant, where n is a constant that can vary.

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**Question 10:** Steady state work and flow applications in thermodynamics typically refer to
processes where:

A. The system is isolated from the surroundings.

B. The system undergoes rapid changes.

C. There is a continuous and balanced flow of energy or matter.

D. The system remains at a constant temperature.

**Hint:** Steady state implies a specific condition regarding changes in a system.

**Explanation:** The correct answer is C. Steady state work and flow applications in thermodynamics
involve continuous and balanced flows of energy or matter within a system, without significant changes
over time.

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1. What does the 1st Law of Thermodynamics state?

A. Conservation of mass and energy

B. Conservation of energy

C. Conservation of mass

D. Conservation of momentum

Hint: The 1st Law of Thermodynamics deals with the conservation of a specific quantity.

Solution: A. Conservation of mass and energy

Explanation: The 1st Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, states
that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another. It
includes both the conservation of mass and energy.

2. Which property of a substance represents its internal energy?

A. Enthalpy

B. Entropy

C. Temperature

D. Specific heat

Hint: Internal energy is a measure of a substance's energy content.

Solution: C. Temperature

Explanation: Internal energy is related to the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in a
substance. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of these particles and is often used
to represent internal energy.

3. Enthalpy is defined as:

A. H = U + PV

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 B. H = U - PV

C. H = U/PV

D. H = P/U - V

Hint: Enthalpy is related to internal energy and work done in a system.

Solution: A. H = U + PV

Explanation: Enthalpy (H) is defined as the sum of the internal energy (U) and the product of pressure
(P) and volume (V) of a system.

4. Specific heat is a measure of a substance's:

A. Temperature change

B. Mass

C. Thermal conductivity

D. Energy required to change its temperature

Hint: Specific heat relates to the energy required to change the temperature of a substance.

Solution: D. Energy required to change its temperature

Explanation: Specific heat (C) is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit
mass of a substance by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin).

5. In an isothermal process, which of the following remains constant?

A. Internal energy

B. Pressure

C. Volume

D. Temperature

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 Hint: "Isothermal" means constant temperature.

Solution: D. Temperature

Explanation: In an isothermal process, the temperature remains constant, while other properties such
as pressure and volume may change.

6. In an adiabatic process, which of the following is true?

A. Heat transfer is zero

B. Work transfer is zero

C. Internal energy remains constant

D. Pressure remains constant

Hint: "Adiabatic" implies no heat transfer.

Solution: A. Heat transfer is zero

Explanation: In an adiabatic process, there is no heat transfer into or out of the system, but work can
still be done, and internal energy may change.

7. In a steady-state process, which of the following is true?

A. Properties change with time

B. Properties remain constant

C. Properties change with position

D. Properties remain constant with time and position

Hint: "Steady-state" implies stability over time.

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 Solution: D. Properties remain constant with time and position

Explanation: In a steady-state process, the properties of the system remain constant both with respect
to time and position.

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