Senior High School

General Physics 1
Quarter 2 - Module 8
Thermodynamics (Part III)
General Physics 1 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 3: Periodic Motion
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior High School

General Physics 1
Quarter 2 - Module 8
Thermodynamics (Part III)
 What I Need To Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you learn
about video provides a powerful way to help you prove your point. When you click Online
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want from the different galleries.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Thermodynamic processes
 Lesson 2 – 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate the following thermodynamic processes and show them on a PV
diagram: isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, adiabatic and cyclic; (STEM_GP12GLT-IIH-
63)
2. calculate the efficiency of a heat engine; (STEM_GP12GLT-IIi-67)
3. describe reversible and irreversible processes; (STEM_GP12GLT-IIi-68)
4. explain how entropy is a measure of disorder; (STEM_GP12GLT-IIi-69)
5. state the 2nd law of Thermodynamics; (STEM_GP12GLT-IIi-70) and
6. calculate entropy changes for various processes. (STEM_GP12GLT-IIi-71)

What I Know

Read and understand each question. Choose the letter for your answer. Write your answers
in a separate sheet of paper.
1. It refers to the process of energy transfer across the boundary of a system resulting
from a temperature difference between the system and its surroundings.
a. Heat c. Temperature
b. Calorie d. Latent heat
2. Is the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from 14.5
o
C to 15.5 oC.
a. Heat c. Temperature
b. Calorie d. Latent heat
3. Temperature and heat is proportional.

a. True b. False

4. Is a process where the energy transferred into the system by heat equals the
negative of the work done on the system during the process
a. isothermal c. isobaric
b. adiabatic d. cyclic
 5. Is a process that occurs at constant pressure.
a. Isothermal c. Isobaric
b. Adiabatic d. cyclic
6. Is a process where no energy is transferred by heat between the system and its
surroundings.
a. Isothermal c. Isobaric
b. Adiabatic d. Cyclic
7. A process that occurs at constant temperature.
a. Isothermal c. Isobaric
b. Adiabatic d. Cyclic
8. A process that occurs at constant volume.
a. Isothermal c. Isobaric
b. Isovolumetric d. Cyclic

Le
ss
Thermodynamic Processes
on
1

What’s In

In the past lesson, you have learned about the ideal gas laws, how internal energy
affects an internal gas, the heat capacity of an ideal gas, work done during volume changes
and the 1st law of thermodynamics which states that is a specific reduction of the
conservation of energy equation and states that when a system undergoes a change from
one state to another, the change in its internal energy is:

ΔEint = Q + W

where Q is the energy transferred into the system by heat and W is the work done on the
system. Although Q and W both depend on the path taken from the initial state to the final
state, the quantity DE int does not depend on the path.

What’s New

Rearrange the letters in every number to form the correct word related to
thermodynamics. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. EHAT 5. IREALOC
2. LYCICC 6. GNNIEE
3. TBAAIDICA 7. SPESUERR
4. CIRABOSI 8. RYPNETO
 What is It

In thermodynamics, we have these what we call as thermodynamic

processes. These processes practically are applications of the First Law of
Thermodynamics through which a gas is taken. As a model, let’s consider
the sample of gas contained in the piston–cylinder apparatus in Figure 1
(at the right). This figure shows work being done on the gas and energy
transferring in by heat, so the internal energy of the gas is rising. In the
following discussion of various processes, refer back to this figure and
Figure 1. The first law of
mentally alter the directions of the transfer of energy to reflect what is thermodynamics equates the change in
happening in the process. internal energy. Photo credits by Physics
for Scientists and Engineers with
Modern Physics.

The following are the different processes:

1. Cyclic process – this is a process where one that originates and terminates at the
same state where ΔEint = 0, therefore Q = -W. That is, the energy transferred into the
system by heat equals the negative of the work done on the system during the
process.

2. Adiabatic process - no energy is transferred by heat between the system and its
surroundings (Q 50). In this case, the first law gives ΔEint = Q + W. In the adiabatic
free expansion of a gas, Q = 0 and W = 0, so ΔEint = 0. That is, the internal energy
of the gas does not change in such a process. Figure 1.3 shows the PV diagram of
an adiabatic process.

3. Isobaric process - is one that occurs at constant

pressure. The work done on a gas in such a process is
W = -P (Vf - Vi) where P is the pressure and Vf is the final
volume while Vi is the initial volume.

4. Isovolumetric process – is one that occurs at constant

volume. No work is done in such process so, ΔEint = Q. It
is also called as isochoric process.

5. Isothermal process – is one that occurs at constant

temperature. The work done on an ideal gas during the
Vi
isothermal process is W = nRTln ( ). Figure 1.6. Shows the PV diagram of
Vf an isothermal process. Photo credits
by wikipedia.org.
Reversible and Irreversible processes

We see many changes happening around us every day like boiling of water, rusting
of iron, melting of ice, burning of paper and others. In all these processes, we observe that
the system in consideration goes from an initial state to a final state where some amount of
heat is absorbed from the surrounding and some amount of work W is done by the system
on the surrounding. With such examples given above, we can distinguish reversible process
from irreversible process.

Reversible process - it is a process which can be made to proceed in the reverse

direction by a very slight change in its conditions so that the system passes through the
same states as in direct process, and at the conclusion of which the system and its
surroundings acquire the initial conditions. All isothermal and adiabatic processes when
allowed to proceed slowly, are reversible, provided there is no loss of energy against any
type of resistance. Some examples of reversible processes:

1. One gram of ice requires 80 Cal of heat to be converted into water at. Same amount
of heat when taken out of water will convert back to ice. So, fusion of ice is a
reversible process.
2. In terms of the reaction involving hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of milled LiH,
the process seems to be reversible.
3. You can freeze orange juice to make an ice lolly and when you heat it the ice lolly
become orange juice again. This is another example of reversible process.

Irreversible process – can be defined as process in which the system and the
surroundings do not return to their original condition once the process is initiated. Taking an
example of an automobile engine, that has travelled a distance with the aid of a fuel equal to
an amount ‘X’. During the process, the fuel burns to provide energy to the engine, converting
itself to smoke and heat energy. We cannot retrieve back the energy lost by the fuel and
cannot get back to its original form. Some examples of irreversible processes:

1. Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference

2. Flow of electric current through a resistance
3. Unrestrained expansion of fluids
4. Spontaneous chemical reaction
5. Plastic deformation

In thermodynamics and engineering, a heat engine

is a system that converts heat or thermal energy to
mechanical energy, which can be used to do mechanical
work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a
higher state temperature to a lower state temperature. A
heat source generates thermal energy that brings the
working substance to the temperature state. In general,
heat engines convert energy to mechanical work. Since the heat source that supplies
thermal energy to the engine can thus be powered by any kind of energy, heat engines
cover a wide range of applications.

Heat engine efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratio of the net work done
by the engine during one cycle to the energy input at the higher temperature during the
cycle:
Weng ¿ ¿
e = ¿ Qh∨¿ ¿ x 100% = ¿ Qh∨−¿ Qc∨ ¿ Qh∨¿ ¿ ¿ x 100% = 1 - ¿ Qc∨ ¿ Qh∨¿ ¿ ¿ x
Figure 1.6. Shows the thermal
100% efficiency of a heat ebgine. Photo
credits by Physics for Scientists and
Engineers with Modern Physics.
Where : e is the efficiency
Weng is the work done by the engine; Qh is the energy entering
the engine and Qc is the energy leaving the engine

What’s More
Example problems.

1. An engine transfers 2.00 x 108 Joules of energy from a hot reservoir during a
cycle and transfers 1.50 x 108 Joules as exhaust to a cold reservoir. Find he
efficiency of the engine.

Solution:
8
¿ ¿ x 100% = 1 - 1.50 x 10 J = 0.250 or 25%
e = 1 - ¿ Qc∨
¿ Qh∨¿ ¿ 8
2.00 x 10 J

2. From problem #1, determine also the work done by the engine in one cycle.

Solution:
Weng = |Qh| - |Qc| = 2.0 x 108 J – 1.50 x 108 J = 0.5 x 108 J

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions. Round off your answers to three (3) significant digits.
Write your answers with the complete solution on a separate sheet of paper.

1. An engine bought by an engineer rated a transfer of 5,000 J of energy from a hot

reservoir during one cycle and dissipated 3x103 J. Find the efficiency of the
engine.
2. A heat engine takes 360 J of energy from a hot reservoir and performs 25.0 J of
work in each cycle. What is the heat efficiency of the engine? Find also the
energy expelled to the cold reservoir in each cycle.
3. A particular heat engine has a mechanical power output of 5.00 kW and an
efficiency of 25.0%. The engine expels 8.00x10 3 J of exhaust energy in each
cycle. Find (a) the energy taken in during each cycle and (b) the time interval for
each cycle.
 What I Can Do

Write at least five (5) examples of reversible processes and five (5) irreversible
processes that are not mentioned in this module. Write your answers in a separate sheet of
paper.

Lesso
2nd Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy
n2

What’s In

In lesson 1, we have learned that there are five different thermodynamic processes
namely cyclic, adiabatic, isovolumetric or isochoric, isobaric and isothermal processes.
These processes are
Q W R T Y U I O P A S A S D E functioning in
E X Z L K C Y C L E J H G F T different ways
N C V B N M Q W E R T Y U I A especially in our
lives. I N M L K J H G F D S A P O T We also learned
about reversible and
G B V C E N T R O P Y X A S S
irreversible
N C V B N M Q W E R T Y U I O
processes in the
E W R T Y U I O P A S A S D R previous lesson. An
E C V B N M Q W E R T Y U I C engine efficiency is
ratio W D E T A T S O R C A M V B I of the net work done
by C V B N M Q W E R T Y U I X M the engine during
one R E E R U T A R E P M E T T M cycle to the energy
input at the higher
temperature during the cycle of

What’s New
Encircle the words that are listed at the right part of this table.

ENGINE
CYCLE
TEMPERATURE
MACROSTATE
MICROSTATE
ENTROPY
 What is It
The second law of thermodynamics is very applicable in our daily lives. It can be
stated as follows: it is impossible to construct a heat engine that, operating in a cycle,
produces no effect other than the input of energy by heat from a reservoir and the
performance of an equal amount of work (the Kelvin–Planck statement) and it is impossible
to construct a cyclical machine whose sole effect is to transfer energy continuously by heat
from one object to another object at a higher temperature without the input of energy by work
(the Clausius statement).

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire
universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time. The second law also states
that the changes in the entropy in the universe can never be negative.

Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's

thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of
disorder or randomness in the system. Thus, the second law of thermodynamics says that
entropy always increases with time.

Simple representation of entropy and the 2 nd law of thermodynamics. Consider

putting some ice into a glass of water. Conservation of energy would allow:
 ice getting colder and water getting hotter.
 ice getting warmer and water getting cooler.
 both ice and water staying at their initial temperatures.

Only one of these scenarios happens, so something must be controlling the direction
of energy flow. That direction is set by a quantity called entropy. Entropy is a state property.
It does not depend on the process, only depends on the initial and final states.

In simple words, wed can have ∆ S = Q/ T where ∆ S is entropy, Q is the heat used
and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

What’s More
 Sample problems:

1. Suppose 0.1 kg of ice at 0℃ is in 0.5 kg water at 20℃ . Determine the change in

entropy of the ice as it melts at 0℃ .
Solution: Convert all temperatures in Kelvin:
0℃ = 273 K
20℃ = 293 K
Lf of water is 3.33x105 J/ kg

2. If you add 10 J of heat to a system so that the final temperature of the system is
200K, what is the change in entropy of the system?
Solution:
∆ S = Q/ T
= 10 J/ 200 K
= 0.05 J/K
1.
What I Have Learned

Solve the following problems. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. (5
points each per number with correct solution)

1. If you know that the change in entropy of a system where heat was added is 40
J/K, and that the temperature of the system is 200 K, what is the amount of heat
added to the system?

2. If I add 30J of heat to a system so that the final temperature of the system is
26.85℃ , what is the change in entropy of the system?

3. Suppose 0.2 kg of ice at 0℃ is in 0.5 kg water at 30℃ . Determine the change in

entropy of the ice as it melts at 0℃ .
 Answer Key

Lesson 1: What I Lesson 1: What’s New

Know
1. HEAT
1. A 2. CYCLIC Lesson 1: What I Have
2. B 3. ADIABATIC Learned
3. A 4. ISOBARIC
4. D 5. CALORIE 1. e = 0.40 or 40%
5. C 6. ENGINE 2. e = 6.94% or 0.0694
6. B 7. PRESSURE W = 335 J
7. A 8. ENTROPY 3. Q = 10.7 KJ
8. B
t = 0.533 s

Lesson 2: What I Have

Learned

1. Q = 8kJ or 8,000J
2. ∆ S = 0.1 J/K
3. ∆ S = 243.956 J/K
REFERENCES

Esguerra, Jose Perico, Bacabac Rommel, Cordovilla Jo-Ann, Magali, John Keith, Kendrick
Agapito, and Ranziville Marianne Roxas-Villanueva. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High
School General Physics 1. C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City: Commission on Higher
Education.

Quexbook. n.d. Quexbook.com. Accessed October 12, 2020.

http://quexbook.com/qb_exampage_learning_essentials.php.