DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

SECUNDERABAD NACHARAM/
MAHENDRA HILLS

TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION :
Transportation is a life process in which a substance absorbed or made in one part of the body
is carried to the other parts.

• Large organisms need transport system in their bodies to transport food, oxygen, water,
salts, hormones and other materials to all their cells and remove the nitrogenous waste
materials and carbon di oxide from their cells. The two transport systems in human beings
are
(1) Blood circulatory system which comprises of
• Heart
• Blood vessels and
• Blood
(2) Lymphatic system which comprises of
• Lymph
• Lymph vessels and
• Lymph nodes

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1. BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
(i) Heart : (pumping organ)
• Roughly triangular in shape
• Made up of cardiac muscle
• About the size of a closed fist
• Has 4 chambers – upper 2 auricles or atria and
lower 2 ventricles separated by a muscular
septum
• Auricles are connected to ventricles by valves
which prevent the backward flow of blood when
the ventricles contract.

CIRCULATION OF BLOOD
• The beating of heart enables circulation of blood in human body
• One complete contraction and relaxation of muscles of heart is called heartbeat.
• When all the chambers of the heart relax, the pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood
from lungs to left auricle and vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from all body parts to
right auricle.
• Contraction of right and left auricles pushes the blood into their respective side ventricles.
• When ventricles contract, the deoxygenated blood from right ventricle goes to the lungs
through pulmonary artery for oxygenation.
• From left ventricle, the oxygenated blood is pumped into aorta for supply to all body
parts.

DOUBLE CIRCULATION
A circulatory system in which blood travels through the heart twice during the course of
circulation is called double circulation.
Note : Teacher to draw double circulation on the board
Home work a)
Give reason
b) Auricles have thinner walls compared to ventricles
c) Left ventricle has thicker wall than right ventricle.
d) Veins have valves, whereas arteries do not.
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 e) Arteries have thicker walls than veins.
f) What is the need for separation of right and left side of the heart in aves and mammals?
(ii) BLOOD VESSELS : Are of 3 types o
Arteries
• Thick walled blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart.
• Have thick elastic walls because the blood emerging from the heart is under high pressure.
• Deep seated blood vessels having no valves.
• Carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery.
o Veins
• Thin walled blood vessels which carry blood towards the heart.
• Have thin walls because blood flowing through them is no more under pressure.
• Have valves in order to prevent backward flow of blood/ensure that the blood flows only
in one direction.
• Carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein.

o Capillaries
• Extremely thin walled blood vessels which connect arteries to veins.
• Have walls which are one cell in thickness.
• Exchange of materials between blood and body cells takes place through capillaries.
BLOOD PRESSURE
• The force that blood exerts against the wall of a blood vessel. Greater in arteries than
in veins.
• Normal BP = 120/80 mm of Hg
• Systolic pressure-------------120mm/Hg
• Diastolic pressure------------80mm/Hg
CIRCULATION IN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
• These animals do not need energy to maintain
constant body temperature and the temperature
changes as per the surroundings. (cold blooded
animals)
• Thus they tolerate mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood to some extent.
• They have double circulation.

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 CIRCULATION IN FISH Fish has 2 chambered
heart.
• Have gills to oxygenate blood.
• Single circulation.
(iii) BLOOD
• Fluid connective tissue. Components are o Plasma : Fluid part of the blood
which consists 90% 0f water.
• Transports food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form.
o Blood cells
(a) RBC or Erythrocytes
• Are red in color due to the presence of haemoglobin and have no nucleus.
• Transports O2 to all the body tissues.
• Life span 120 days
• New RBCs are produced from bone marrow.

(b) WBC or Leucocytes

• Irregular in shape and have nucleus.
• Fight infection and protect the body from diseases.

© Platelets or Thrombocytes
Help in clotting of the blood during an injury and thereby prevents excessive loss of blood.
Note: Leakage of blood would lead to loss of pressure which would reduce the efficiency of
pumping system. To avoid this, blood has platelet cells which circulate around the body and
plug these leaks by helping to clot the blood at points of injury.

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
• Carries O2, CO2, digested food, hormones, nitrogenous wastes etc.
• Protects the body from diseases.
• Help in blood clotting
• Regulates body temperature.

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2. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: Comprises of
Lymph capillaries
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes and Lymph
Lymph: It is a yellow colored liquid which is similar to the plasma but does not contain RBC.
It is derived from the tissue fluid which remains outside the cells and so called extra cellular
fluid.
Formation: Some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells escape through the pores present
in the capillary wall into the intercellular spaces to form lymph/tissue fluid.
Composition: Contains special type of WBC called lymphocytes (help in fighting infections)
transports large protein molecules, digested fats etc.
DIRECTION OF FLOW OF LYMPH
Lymph --------------- Lymph capillaries--------------- Lymph vessels ------------- Lymph nodes ---------
-------------Lymph vessels ------------ Sub-Clavian vein ------------ Caval vein ------------- Heart
FUNCTIONS OF LYMPH

• Transports fats, large proteins molecules etc.

• Protects body by killing germs, making antibodies.
• Removes wastes materials like dead cells, germs etc.
TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS:

• Plants do not move and they have large proportion of dead cells in many tissues. So their
energy requirements are low and can use slow transport system.
• The cells of plants can get oxygen for respiration and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
through diffusion.
• The substances that need transportation are water and minerals from soil and food
material present in leaves to all parts of the plants.
Plants have two transport systems
(i) Xylem for water and minerals and
(ii) Phloem for food materials

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Xylem and phloem are called complex tissues.

Transportation of water :

• Occurs through xylem which is made up of vessels and tracheids.

• Water from soil enter the cells of root hairs, then to the xylem vessels of roots and to the
vessels of stems, leaves, etc.
• A continuous column of water is formed upwards.
• In this way water from soil reach through roots to the stems and then to the leaves of
plants through diffusion.
• This pressure is sufficient for the water to be transported only to a certain height.
• However, for the water to reach the tree tops of the tall plants, plants follow another
strategy – transpiration
• Loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plants is called
transpiration
• The continuous evaporation of water from cells of leaves create a kind of suction pull or
transpiration pull which draws the water up through xylem vessels.

Note: two major driving forces in the movement of water through xylem
are Transpiration pull during the day and when stomata are open. Root
pressure during the night when stomata are closed.
TRANSPORTATION OF FOOD MATERIAL

• Occurs through phloem and is called translocation.

• Phloem is made of sieve tubes and companion cells.
• Movement of food through phloem requires energy from ATP. In spring, sugar stored in
roots and stem is translocated to buds which need energy to grow.
Note: Material like sucrose is transferred into phloem using energy from ATP. This increases
the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing water to move into it. This pressure moves the
material in the phloem to tissues which have less pressure. This allows the phloem to move
material according to the plants needs.