Bio-Pt 2

TRANSPORT AND
CIRCULATION IN
PLANTS AND
ANIMALS
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• You have learned already that organisms require food, water, and
oxygen for survival. These are transported to different parts of the
body while wastes are excreted from the body. The circulatory system
functions to support life as it feeds our cells with food and oxygen. Part
of the task of this system is the removal of waste products.
ANIMAL CICULATORY SYSTEM
• The heart and the blood vessels function to transport substances and together
form the circulatory system. More complex animals have either open or closed
circulatory systems. In an open circulatory system, there is no distinction between
blood and interstitial fluid. This general body fluid is more correctly called
hemolymph. In a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to vessels and is
distinct from the interstitial fluid. There are two divisions of the circulatory system:
the lymphatic division (helps return tissue to the blood) and the blood division (a
closed circuit). There are three main parts of the circulatory system: the heart,
blood vessels, and blood.
THE HUMAN HEART
• The heart is a bundle of muscles about the size of the fist. It is located in the center
of the chest in between the lungs and is tilted to one side and points downward to
the left. The heart is divided into two chambers: the top chamber called atrium
(plural: atria) and the bottom chamber called the ventricle. Between each atrium
and ventricle is a valve that prevents the blood from flowing backwards. It acts like a
oneway door that keeps the blood move in only one direction
• There are four bloods in the heart: the tricuspid (right), bicuspid (left), pulmonary,
and aortic valves. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves open when the atria contract.
The pulmonary and aortic valves open when the ventricles contract. We can have
Source: ncert.nic.in 17 one heartbeat cycle when these two phases are repeated.
The heartbeat sound is caused by the contraction of the muscles and the slamming
shut of the valves.
BLOOD VESSELS
• The circulatory sytem is a closed system, and blood moves through the body in
tubes called vessels. There are three kinds of blood vessels that make up the
circulatory system: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
• The circulatory sytem is a closed system, and blood moves through the body in
tubes called vessels. There are three kinds of blood vessels that make up the
circulatory system: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
• The circulatory system is composed of two separate systems: one part of the
system pumps blood to the lungs and the other part pumps blood to the body.
Blood needs to go to the lungs to pick up oxygen before it can proceed to the
different parts of the body.
BLOOD
• What happens when you get a cut on your body? Blood flows out. But what is blood?
Blood is a fluid that carries most of the materials necessary for life. It transports
substances like digested food from the small intestine to the other parts of the body and
carries oxygen from the lungs. There are two different parts of the blood: the nonliving
liquid part called plasma (yellowish fluid, 55% of the blood) and the three kinds of cells
(red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets – 45% of the blood).
• Red blood cells (RBCs) also called erythrocytes are the key to life. They constantly travel
through the body, delivering oxygen and removing waste. White blood cells (WBCs) are
larger and less numerous than RBC. They are also called leukocytes. They circulate in the
blood for weeks before leaving the blood and entering other tissues. They also help
defend the body against infection. Platelets or thrombocytes are small, colorless cell
fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding. They are made in our
bone marrow, the sponge-like tissue in our bones. The bone marrow contains stem cells
that develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN
HUMANS
• How can wastes present in the blood be removed from the body? Blood capillaries
in the kidneys filter the blood. The blood that reaches the two kidneys contains
both useful and harmful substances.
• The useful substances are absorbed back into the blood, while wastes dissolved in
water are removed as urine. From the kidneys, the urine goes into the urinary
bladder through tube-like ureters, stored in the bladder, and is passed out through
the urinary opening at the end of a muscular tube called urethra. The kidneys,
ureters, bladder and urethra form the excretory system. The urine consists of the
following: 95% water, 2.5% urea, and 2.5% other waste products.
• You may have noticed that during a hot summer we sweat a lot. The sweat
contains water and salts which appear as patches formed on our clothes,
especially in areas like underarms. These marks are left by salts present in the
sweat.
TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES IN
PLANTS
• Plants take water and mineral nutrients from the soil through the roots and
transport it to the leaves. Using water and carbon dioxide, the leaves prepare
food for the plant through the process of photosynthesis. Remember that food
is the source of energy, and organisms acquire energy from the breakdown of
glucose to carry out essential life processes.
TRANSPORT OF WATER AND
MINERALS
• Plant roots play an important role in the absorption of water and minerals. These
have root hairs. Plants have pipe-like vessels made of special cells, forming the
vascular tissue, to transport water and nutrients from the soil. Plants have pipes
that transport water to the entire plant just like what we have at home for the
supply water. There are two types of vascular tissues in plants: the xylem and the
phloem.
• a. Xylem
- tissues that form a continuous network of channels connecting roots to the
leaves through the stem and transporting water and nutrients to the entire plant.
b. Phloem
- tissues that transport sugars from the leaves down to the rest of the plant.
TRANSPIRATION
• Plants release a lot of water through the process of transpiration. Plants absorb
mineral nutrients and water from the soil, but not all the water absorbed is
utilized by the plant. The water evaporates through the stomata present on the
surface of the leaves by transpiration. The evaporation of water from leaves
generates a suction pull (similar to sucking water through a straw), pulling the
water to great heights in tall trees. Transpiration cools the plant.

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TRANSPORT AND

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