

Board Answer Paper: February 2024

BOARD ANSWER PAPER: February 2024

PHYSICS

SECTION  A
1
Q.1. i. (B) MR 2 [1]
2
ii. (D) [L0M1T2] [1]

iii. (B) rad [1]
2

ns
Nodes and antinodes are formed alternately. Therefore, the distance between a node

and an adjacent antinode is .
4
2
From,  =  x

io

2  
 =  = rad
 4 2

at
iv. (C) electric potential [1]
v. (A) small resistance in parallel with it [1]
vi. (C) more than two times its initial value [1]
vii. (D) W=Q
lic
For a cyclic process, the total change in the internal energy of a system is zero.
[1]

 ΔU = 0
According to the first law of thermodynamics,
ub
Q = ΔU + W
 Q=W
viii. (D) 8000 V [1]
dI 50  10
= 20 
P

e= L = 8000 V
dt 0.1

ix. (A) 8π cm/s [1]

2 2
et

v= A  x 2 2
= A  x =
2 2
10  6 = 8 cm/s
2 2

T 2
x. (D) 1.8 cm [1]
nD
rg

yn =
d
20D
For the 20th bright band, y20 =  1.2 cm ….(given)
d
Ta

30D
For the 30th bright band, y30 =
d
y30 30D d 3
 =  
y 20 d 20D 2
3 3
 y30 =  y20   1.2  1.8 cm
2 2
Q.2. i. Force acting on a particle performing circular motion along the radius of circle and directed towards
the centre of the circle is called centripetal force.
mv2
It is given by FCP = [1]
r
ii. When detergent powder is mixed with water to wash clothes, the surface tension of water decreases
and water makes good contact with the fabric and is able to remove tough stains. [1]

1
 

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics

iii. For an ideal voltmeter the value of resistance is infinite. [1]
  
iv.  = m B
 
where  is the magnetic dipole moment of rotating current coil and B is the magnetic field. [1]
v. The ionization energy of an atom is the minimum amount of energy required to be given to an
electron in the ground state of that atom to set the electron free. It is the binding energy of hydrogen
atom. [1]
vi. Anything that is not part of a thermodynamic system is its surrounding or environment. [1]
vii. Maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is given as,
KEmax = eV0 = 1.6  10–19  1.5 = 2.4  10–19 J [1]

ns
viii. When capacitors are connected in series,
C1C2 5  10 50
Cseries = =   10 μF [1]
C1  C2 15 5

io
SECTION  B
Q.3. i. Consider a gas filled in a cylinder fitted with a movable, massless, and frictionless piston at one

at
end as shown in figure. Final state
ii. Let the temperature of the gas be TS and that of the
environment be TE. lic TS = 200 C
iii. The cylinder can be brought in contact with a source of heat
such as a burner as shown in figure. Heat supplied
iv. As TE> TS, the temperature difference between the source To gas (Q)
of heat (environment) and the system will cause a flow of
ub
energy (heat) towards the gas in the cylinder. TS = 100 C
v. Thus, there will be an increase in the internal energy of the
Initial state
gas.
vi. If the environment is at temperature lower than the gas, TS>
P

Burner
TE, the energy is transferred from the gas to the environment. (TE)
[2]
et

Q.4. i. Spherical wavefront is formed when source of light is at a finite distance from point of observation.
ii. Let S be the point source of light in air. PQR represents spherical wavefront at any instant. The
wavefront PQR acts as a primary wave which is propagated through air.
rg

iii. According to Huygens’ principle, all the points on

N1 N2
PQR will act as secondary sources of light and
send secondary wavelets with same velocity ‘v’ in N3
air in forward direction as backward travelling Q1
Ta

P1
wavelets are supposed to be ineffective. R1
Wavefront
iv. New wavefront at a later instant‘t’ will be envelope at t P Q R
of hemispherical wavelets with P, Q, R…. as centres
and ‘vt’ as radius in the forward direction. Secondary
Secondary
v. The surface tangential to all such hemispheres is an source wavelets
envelope at that instant ‘t’. Such a surface is passing vt
Wavefront S
through the points P1, Q1, R1 ….on the hemispheres
at t = 0 Source
and touching all the hemispheres. This surface is the
new wavefront at that instant ‘t’.
vi. SPN1, SQN2, and SRN3 show the direction of propagation of spherical wavefront.
vii. The new wavefront P1Q1R1 is parallel to PQR at every instant.
[2]

22
 

Board Answer Paper: February 2024

Q.5. i. The ratio of magnetic moment to the volume of the material is called magnetization.
ii. Dimensions: [M0L1T0I1]
[2]
Q.6. i. In a linear S.H.M., the force is directed towards the mean position and its magnitude is directly
proportional to the displacement of the body from mean position.
 f  –x
 f = –kx ….(1)
where, k is force constant and x is displacement from the mean position.
ii. According to Newton’s second law of motion,
f = ma ….(2)
From equations (1) and (2),
ma = –kx ….(3)

ns
iii. The velocity of the particle is given by, v = dx ,
dt
2
dv d x
 Acceleration, a =  ….(4)
dt dt 2

io
iv. Substituting equation (4) in equation (3),
d2x
m = –kx
dt 2

at
d2x
 + k x=0
dt 2 m
v. Substituting k = 2, where ω is the angular frequency,
2
m
lic
d x
 + 2x = 0
dt 2
This is the differential equation of linear S.H.M.
ub
[2]
Q.7. Solution:
Given: G = 30 , Ig = 20 A = 20  106 A, maximum voltage V = 10 V
P

To find: Resistance (X)

V
Formula: X= G
Ig
et

Calculation: From formula,

10
X=  30
20  106
rg

= 500000  30 = 499970  = 499.970  103 

Ans: Resistance to be added is 499.970  103 .
[2]
Ta

Q.8. i. Consider an arbitrarily shaped wire carrying a current I.

ii. Let dl be a length element along the wire. The current in this element is in the direction of the length
 
vector d l which produces differential magnetic field dB directed into the plane of paper as shown
in figure below:

dl Idl

 P 

dB
I r

Current carrying wire of arbitrary shape

3
 

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics

iii. Consider point P at distance r from element dl. Net magnetic field at the point P can be obtained by

integrating i.e., summing up of magnetic fields dB from these length elements.
 
iv. Experimentally, the magnetic fields dB produced by current I in the length element d l is

dB =  0 Id l sin 
….(1)
4 r2

 
where,  is the angle between the directions of d l and r and 0 (permeability of free space)
= 4  107T m/A  1.26  106 T m/A

 
v. The direction of d B is dictated by the cross product d l  r .
 

ns
 Id l  r

Vectorially, d B = 0 ….(2)
4 r3
Equations (1) and (2) are known as the Biot-Savart law.
[2]

io
Q.9. Light Emitting Diode (LED):
The Light Emitting Diode or LED is a diode which emits light when large forward current passes

at
through it.
Symbol:
A lic K

[2]

Q.10. Solution:
Given: l = 60 m, B = 6×10–5 T, v = 500 m/s
ub
To find: Induced emf (e)
Formula: e = Blv
Calculation: From formula
e = 6 × 105 × 60 × 500
P

= 180000 × 105
= 1.8 V
Ans: Induced emf between tips of wings is 1.8 V.
et

[2]
Q.11. i. Consider vertical section of a car moving on a horizontal circular track having a radius ‘r’ with ‘C’
as centre of track.
rg

ii. Forces acting on the car (considered to be a particle):

(a) Weight (mg), vertically downwards, (b) Normal reaction (N), vertically upwards that balances
the weight, (c) Force of static friction (fs) between road and the tyres.
Ta

iii. Since, normal reaction balances the weight

 N = mg ….(1)
iv. The friction over here is static friction which acts as resultant centripetal force because it prevents the
vehicle from outward slipping or skidding.
N
v. While working in the frame of reference attached to the
vehicle, the frictional force balances the centrifugal
force.
mv 2 C fS
fs = ….(2)
r
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), mg
2
fs v
 = ….(3) r
N rg

44
 

Board Answer Paper: February 2024

vi. For a given track, radius r is constant. For given vehicle, mg = N is constant. Thus, as the speed v
increases, the force of static friction fs also increases.
vii. However, fs has an upper limit (fs)max = sN, where μs is the coefficient of static friction between
road and tyres of the vehicle. This imposes an upper limit to the speed v.
viii. At the maximum possible speed,
 f s max v 2max
 s  ….[From equations (2) and (3)]
N rg

 vmax =  s rg
This is an expression for maximum possible speed for a vehicle to move on a horizontal circular
track.

ns
[2]

Q.12. Solution:
Given: F = 0.5 N, A = 102 m2, dv = 3  102 m/s, dx = 0.5  103 m

io
To find: Coefficient of viscosity of glycerine ()
F
Formula: =
dv
A

at
dx
Calculation: From formula,
0.5 5
= = = 0.833 Ns/m2
10 2
lic
3  10 2
0.5  10 3
6

Ans: The coefficient of viscosity of glycerine is 0.833 Ns/m2. [2]

ub
Q.13. Solution:
Given: n1 = 320 Hz, n2 = 340 Hz, v = 340 ms1
To find: Difference of wavelength of the waves
v
Formula: =
P

n
Calculation: From formula,
1 = v and 2 = v
et

n1 n2
∵ n1 < n2
∴ 1 > 2
rg

∴ Difference in wavelength,
1  2 = v  v
n1 n2
Ta

1 1
= v  
 n1 n 2 
 1 1 
= 340   
 320 340 
 340  320  340  20
= 340   = = 1 = 0.0625 m
 320  340  320  340 16
Ans: The difference in wavelength is 0.0625 m. [2]

n1h
Q.14. Angular momentum of electron in first orbit, L1 = mv1r1 =
2
nh
Angular momentum of electron in third orbit, L3 = mv3r3 = 3
2

5
 

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics

 Change in angular momentum,
L3  L1 = mv3r3  mv1r1
n3h nh h
=  1 =  n 3  n1 
2 2 2
h h 6.63  1034
=  3  1 = =
2  3.142
 L3  L1 = 2.11  1034 kg m2/s [2]

SECTION  C
Q.15. Solution:
Given: N = 200, R = 10 cm = 101 m, I = 0.5 A,

ns
We know that, 0 = 4  107 Wb/Am
To find: Magnetic field at the centre of coil (B)
Formula: B =  0 NI
2R

io
Calculation: From formula,
4   107  200  0.5
B=
2 101

at
400
=  106
2
= 2  3.142  104 = 6.284  104 T
lic
Ans: Magnetic field at the centre is 6.284  104 T. [3]
Q.16. Definition: The phenomenon of emission of electrons from a metal surface, when radiation of
appropriate frequency is incident on it, is known as photoelectric effect.
Experimental Set-up:
ub
i. A laboratory experimental set-up for the S
photoelectric effect consists of an evacuated glass (Photosensitive) Quartz window
tube with a quartz window. Emitter plate Electrons Collector plate
ii. The glass tube contains photosensitive metal
P

plates. One is the emitter E and another plate is the

collector C. E C
iii. The emitter and collector are connected to a voltage
et

source whose voltage can be changed and to an Commutator

ammeter to measure the current in the circuit. µA
iv. A potential difference of V, as measured by the
voltmeter, is maintained between the emitter E and V
rg

collector C. Generally, C (the anode) is at a positive

potential with respect to the emitter E (the Variable potential source
cathode).This potential difference can be varied and Schematic of experimental set-up
C can even be at negative potential with respect to E. for photoelectric effect
Ta

[3]
Q.17. i. In case of common emitter configuration,  is the ratio of the collector current to the emitter current.
IC
DC = ….(1)
IE
ii. Similarly, the current gain or the current amplification factor () is defined as the ratio of the
collector current to the base current.
IC
DC = ….(2)
IB
iii. Since, IE = IB + IC
Dividing throughout by IC, we have,
IE I
= B +1
IC IC

66
 

Board Answer Paper: February 2024

1 1
 = +1 ....[From (1) and (2)]
 dc  dc
dc
 DC =
1  dc
 dc
 DC =
1   dc
[3]
Q.18. Definition:
The extra energy of the molecules on the surface layer of a liquid is called surface energy of the
liquid.
Relation between surface tension and surface energy:
i. Let ABCD be a rectangular frame of wire, fitted with a movable arm PQ.

ns
ii. The frame held in horizontal position is dipped into soap P P
A D
solution and taken out so that a soap film APQB is formed. F
F
Due to surface tension of soap solution, a force ‘F’ will act on l
dx
each arm of the frame. Under the action of this force, the

io
movable arm PQ moves towards AB. C
B Q Q
iii. Magnitude of force due to surface tension is,
F = 2Tl. ....( T = F/l)

at
(A factor of 2 appears because soap film has two surfaces which are in contact with wire.)
iv. Let the wire PQ be pulled outwards through a small distance ‘dx’ to the position PQ, by applying
lic
an external force F isothermally, which is equal and opposite to F. Work done by this force,
dW = Fdx = 2Tldx.
v. But, 2ldx = dA = increase in area of two surfaces of film.
 dW = T dA
ub
vi. This work done in stretching the film is stored in the area dA in the form of potential energy
(surface energy).
E
 Surface energy, E = T dA ⇒ =T
dA
P

Hence, surface tension = surface energy per unit area.

vii Thus, surface tension is equal to the mechanical work done per unit surface area of the liquid, which
is also called as surface energy.
[3]
et

Q.19. Definition: A process in which change in pressure and volume takes place at a constant temperature is
called an isothermal process or isothermal change.
Expression for work done by gas in an isothermal process:
rg

i. Consider the isothermal expansion of an ideal gas.

ii. Let its initial volume be Vi and the final volume be Vf.
iii. The work done in an infinitesimally small isothermal expansion is given by,
Ta

dW = pdV
iv. The total work done in bringing out the expansion from the initial volume Vi to the final volume Vf
is given by,
V
f
W=
V
 pdV ….(1)
i

v. But, for an ideal gas, pV = nRT. Using this in the equation (1) we get,
V
f
dV
W = nRT
V
 V
i

Vf
 W = nRTln …..(2)
Vi
[3]

7
 

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics

Q.20. i. Consider two simple harmonic progressive waves of equal amplitudes (a) and wavelength ()
propagating on a long uniform string in opposite directions.
ii. The equation of wave travelling along theX-axis in the positive direction is given by,
  x 
y1 = a sin 2  nt  
  
The equation of wave travelling along theX-axis in the negative direction is given by,
  x 
y2 = a sin 2  nt  
  
iii. When these waves interfere, the resultant displacement of particles of string is given by the principle
of superposition of waves as
y = y1 + y2

ns
  x    x 
 y = a sin 2  nt    a sin  2  nt  
      

iv. By using trigonometry formula,

io
C  D C  D
sin C + sin D = 2 sin   cos  
 2   2 
2 x
 y = 2a sin (2nt) cos

at

2 x
y = 2a cos sin (2nt) ….(1)

2 x
v. Substituting 2a cos

lic
= A in equation (1),

y = A sin(2nt)
 y = A sint ….( = 2n)
ub
This is the equation of a stationary wave which gives resultant displacement due to two simple
harmonic progressive waves.
vi. Condition for node:
Nodes are the points of minimum displacement. This is possible if the amplitude is minimum, i.e., A = 0.
2 x
P

 2a cos =0

2 x
 cos =0

et

2 x  3 5
 = , , ,….
 2 2 2
 3 5
 x= , , ,….
rg

4 4 4

i.e., x = (2p – 1) where p = 1, 2, 3,….
4
Distance between two successive nodes:
Ta

3  
  ;
4 4 2
5 3 
 
4 4 2

 Distance between two successive nodes is .
2
OR
vii. Condition for antinode:
Antinodes are the points of maximum displacement,
i.e., A = ±2a
2 x
 2a cos = ±2a


88
 

Board Answer Paper: February 2024

2 x
 cos = ±1

2 x
 = 0, , 2, 3,….

 3
 x = 0, , , ,….
2 2
p
i.e., x = where p = 0, 1, 2 , 3,…
2
 Distance between two successive antinodes:
 
0  ;
2 2
 
 

ns
2 2

 Distance between two successive antinodes is .
2
[Any one condition (vi) or (vii)]

io
[3]
Q.21. Expression for impedance of AC circuit containing LCR in series:
i. Consider an alternating e.m.f applied to a series combination of pure inductor of inductance L,

at
capacitor of capacitance C and resistor of resistance R as shown in figure (a).

lic L C R

eL i
i
eC eR
i
 e = e sint
ub
0
Figure (a)
ii. Let eL, eC and eR be the r.m.s voltage across inductor, capacitor and resistor. As R, L and C are in
series, the current at any instant through the three elements has the same amplitude and phase and
P

given as, i = i0 sin t.

iii. As ‘eR’ is in phase with current i, the vector eR is drawn in the same direction as that of i along
positive direction of X axis.
et

B eL
B′ K
rg

eL e0


Ta

O X
eC A i0
eR
C
Y Figure (b)


iv. eC lags the current i by radian (90), hence the vector ‘eC’ is drawn in the negative direction of
2
the Y axis ec along OY.

v. eL leads the current by radian (90), hence vector eL is drawn in the positive direction of
2
Y axis.
vi. The voltages through L, C and R are given by
eL = iXL , eC = iXC and eR = iR ….(1)

9
 

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics

vii. The voltages across L and C have a phase difference of 180. Hence, the net reactive voltage is
(eL eC)
viii. Consider eL > eC. The net reactive emf (eL eC) is in the direction of eL as shown in figure (b).
Resultant of eR, eL and eC gives the r.m.s value (e) of applied e.m.f. which is represented by diagonal
OP in figure (b).
ix. From the figure (b),
OK = OA 2  OB2
 e2 = e2R + (eL eC)2
From equation (1),
 e2 = (iR)2 + (iXL iXC)2

ns
 e2 = i2  R 2   X L  X C 2 

 e = i R 2  (XL  XC )2 ….(2)
 e = iZ

io
where, Z = R 2  (XL  XC )2 = Impedance of circuit

x. The quantity R 2  (XL  XC )2 represents the effective opposition offered by the inductor, capacitor

at
and resistor connected in series to the flow of AC current. This total effective resistance of LCR circuit
is called the impedance of the circuit and is represented by Z.
lic [3]
Q.22. Solution:
Given: RH = 1.097  107 m1, We know that, for Balmer series, n = 2
To find: i. Wavelength of first line of Balmer series
ub
ii. Wavelength of second line of Balmer series
1 1 1 
Formula: For Balmer series, = RH  2  2 
 2 m 
P

Calculation:
i. For first line in Balmer series, m = 3
 From formula,
et

1 1 1
= 1.097  107  2  2 
 2 3 
 5 
rg

1
= 1.097  107   6
 = 1.524  10 m
 49 
Using reciprocal table,
= 6.563  107 m = 6563 Å
Ta

ii. For second line in Balmer series, m = 4

 From formula,
1 1 1
= 1.097  107  2  2 
 2 4 
 12  1
= 1.097  107   7
 = 0.2057  10 m
 4 16 
Using reciprocal table,
= 4.862  107 m = 4862 Å
Ans: i. The wavelength of the first line of the Balmer series is 6563 Å.
ii. The wavelength of the second line of the Balmer series is 4862 Å.
[3]

10
10
 

Board Answer Paper: February 2024

Q.23. Solution:
The magnetic field inside the solenoid without Lithium B0 is given as, μ0 H.
The magnetic field inside the solenoid with Lithium B is given as, μ H.
Relative change in magnetic field,
B  B0  H  0 H   0
= = ….(i)
B0 0 H 0
  = 0(1+ )

 1=
0
  0
=  ….(ii)
0

ns
From (i) and (ii),
B  B0
=
B0
Percentage increase in the magnetic field after inserting Lithium is

io
B  B0
 100 = 2.1  105 100 = 0.0021 %
B0
Ans: Percentage change in magnetic field is 0.0021 %. [3]

at
Q.24. Solution:
Given: Radius of the track, r = 200 m,
Maximum safety speed, v = 25 m/s, g = 9.8 m/s2
To find:
lic
Angle of banking ()
 v2 
Formula:  = tan1  
 rg 
ub
Calculation: From formula,
  25  
2

 = tan1  –1
 = tan (0.32) ≈ 17° 44’
 200  9.8 
P

Ans: The angle of banking of the track is 17° 44’. [3]

Q.25. i. Consider one mole of an ideal gas that is enclosed in a cylinder by light, frictionless airtight
piston.
et

ii. Let P, V and T be the pressure, volume and temperature respectively of the gas.
iii. If the gas is heated so that its temperature rises by dT, but the volume remains constant, then
the amount of heat supplied to the gas(dQ1) is used to increase the internal energy of the gas
rg

(dE). Since volume of the gas is constant, no work is done in moving the piston.
 dQ1 = dE = CV dT ….(1)
where CV is the molar specific heat of the gas at constant volume.
Ta

iv. On the other hand, if the gas is heated to the same temperature, at constant pressure, volume of
the gas increases by an amount say dV. The amount of heat supplied to the gas is used to
increase the internal energy of the gas as well as to move the piston backwards to allow
expansion of gas. The work done to move the piston, dW = PdV.
 dQ2 = dE + dW = CPdT ….(2)
Where, CP is the molar specific heat of the gas at constant pressure.
v. From equations (1) and (2),
 CPdT = CV dT + dW
 (CP – CV) dT = PdV ….(3)
vi. For one mole of gas,
PV = RT
 P dV= R dT, since pressure is constant.

11
 

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics

Substituting equation (3), we get
(CP – CV) dT = R dT
 CP – C V = R
R
In mechanical units, i.e., joules, CP – CV =
J
Where, J is mechanical equivalent of heat.
This is known as Mayer’s relation between CP and CV.
[3]
Q.26. Solution:
The alternating voltage is given by,
e = 8 sin 628.4t

ns
i. On comparing with e = e0 sin t, we get
e0 = 8 V
ii.  = 628.4 rad/s

io
 628.4
 Frequency, f = = = 100 Hz
2 2  3.142
iii. At t = 10 ms = 102 s,

at
e = 8 sin (628.4  102)
 200   
= 8 sin  
 100 
= 8 sin (2)
lic
=0V
Ans: i. The peak value of emf is 8 V.
ii. The frequency of emf is 100 Hz.
ub
iii. The instantaneous value of emf at t = 10 ms is 0 V.
[3]

SECTION  D
P

Q.27. Transformer:
Transformer is an electrical device which converts low alternating voltage at high current to high
alternating voltage at low current and vice-versa.
et

Construction:
i. A transformer consists of two sets of coils Soft iron core
primary P and secondary S insulated from
rg

each other. The coil P is called the input

Input a.c.
coil and coil S is called the output coil. voltage P S RL
ii. The two coils are wound separately on a
Load
Ta

laminated soft iron core.

Working:
i. When an alternating voltage is applied to P S
the primary coil the current through the coil
goes on changing. Hence, the magnetic flux
core
through the core also changes.
ii. As this changing magnetic flux is linked with both the coils, an e.m.f is induced in each coil.
iii. The amount of the magnetic flux linked with the coil depends upon the number of turns of the coil.
iv. Let, ‘’ be the magnetic flux linked per turn with both the coils at certain instant ‘t’.
v. Let ‘NP and ‘NS’ be the number of turns of primary and secondary coil,
NP = magnetic flux linked with the primary coil at certain instant ‘t’
NS = magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil at certain instant ‘t’
12
12
 

Board Answer Paper: February 2024

vi. Induced e.m.f produced in the primary and secondary coil is given by,
dP d
eP =  =  NP ….(1)
dt dt
dS d
eS =  =  NS ….(2)
dt dt
vii. Dividing equation (2) by (1),
eS N
 = S ….(3)
eP NP
Equation (3) represents equation of transformer.
[4]

ns
Q.28. i. Let S1 and S2 be the two coherent monochromatic sources which are separated by short distance d.
They emit light waves of wavelength .
ii. Let D = horizontal distance between screen and source.
iii. Draw S1M and S2N  AB

io
OP = perpendicular bisector of slit.
Since S1P = S2P, the path difference between waves reaching P from S1 and S2 is zero, therefore
there is a bright point at P.

at
iv. Consider a point Q on the screen which is at a distance y from the central point P on the screen.
Light waves from S1 and S2 reach at Q simultaneously by covering path S1Q and S2Q, where they
superimpose.
Derivation:
lic
In  S1MQ, (S1Q)2 = (S1M)2 + (MQ)2 A
2 Q
 d
(S1Q)2 = D2 +  y   ….(1) d
ub
 2 y
S1 M y–2 d
In  S2NQ, (S2Q)2 = (S2N)2 + (NQ)2 d/2
y+2
2 d O l P
 d d/2
 (S2Q)2 = D2 +  y   ….(2) S2 K
 2 N
D
P

Subtract equation (1) from (2), B

 d  
2
d 
2

(S2Q)2  (S1Q)2 = D2   y     D2   y   

  2     2  
et

2 2
 d  d
= D2   y    D2   y  

2  2  
rg

  d
2
 d
2
 d2   d2  d2 d2
=  y     y   =  y2   yd    y2   yd  = y2   yd  y2  + yd
 2   2   4   4  4 4
 (S2Q)2  (S1Q)2 = 2yd
Ta

 (S2Q + S1Q) (S2Q  S1Q) = 2yd

2yd
 S2Q  S1Q = ….(3)
S2Q + S1Q
If y << D and d << D then, S1Q  S2Q  D
S2Q + S1Q = 2D
 Equation (3) becomes,
2yd
S2Q  S1Q =
2D

 S2Q  S1Q = yd
D
yd
 l = ….(4)
D

13
 

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics

Equation (4) gives the path difference of two interfering light waves.
Point Q will be bright if,

l = n = 2n where n = 0, 1, 2,….
2
ynd 
 = n = 2n ….[From equation (4)]
D 2
λD
 yn = n ….(5)
d
Equation (5) represents distance of nth bright fringe from central bright fringe.
Point Q will be dark point if,

l = (2n 1) where n = 1, 2, 3,……
2

ns
yn d
 = (2n 1) 
D 2
D  1  D
 yn = (2n 1) = n   .…(6)

io
2d  2 d
Equation (6) represents distance of nth dark fringe from central maximum.
Fringe width:

at
The distance between any two successive dark or any two successive bright fringes is equal. This is
called the fringe width and is given by,
Fringe width = W = Δy = yn+1  yn = yn 1  yn

W = 
D
lic
d
Thus, both dark and bright fringes are equidistant and have equal widths.
[4]
ub
Q.29. i.

Ammeter Voltmeter
a. It measures current. It measures potential difference
P

b. It is connected in series. It is connected in parallel.

c. It is an MCG with low resistance. It is an MCG with high resistance.
(Ideally zero) (Ideally infinite)
et

d. Smaller the shunt, greater will be the Larger its resistance greater will be the
current measured. potential difference measured.
e. Resistance of ammeter, Resistance of voltmeter,
rg

SG G Rv = G + X = Gnv
RA = 
SG n

[Any two points of differences]

Ta

[2]
ii. Solution:
Given: x = A/3
 K.E. 
To find: Ratio of kinetic and total energy  
 T.E. 
1 1
Formulae: i. T.E. = kA2 ii. K.E. = k(A2 x2)
2 2
Calculation: From formula (ii),
1  2 A 
2

K.E. = k A    
2   3  

1 A2  A 
2
1 8A2
= k  = k
2  9 2 9

14
14
 

Board Answer Paper: February 2024

From formulae (i) and (ii),
1 28
kA  
K.E. 9 = 8
= 2
T.E. 1 2 9
kA
2
Ans: The ratio of kinetic and total energy is 8 : 9.
[2]
Q.30. i. Doubled
Silver polished Walled
surface sphere

Conical
Incident

ns
projection
radiation
Surface coated Aperture
with lamp black

io
Evacuated space
Ferry’s blackbody
[2]

at
ii. Solution:
Given: For hydrogen,
TH2 = 227 C = 227 + 273 = 500 K, MH2 = 2
For oxygen,
lic
TO2 = 127 C = 127 + 273 = 400 K, MO2 = 32
To find: The ratio of rms speed of hydrogen molecules with rms speed of oxygen molecules
ub
v H2 : vO2 
3RT
Formula: vrms =
M0
P

Calculation: From formula,

T
vrms 
M0
et

v H2 TH 2 M O2 500 32
   =  = 20 = 2 5
v O2 M H2 TO 2 2 400
rg

 v H2 : vO2 = 2 5 : 1
Ans: The ratio of rms speed of hydrogen and oxygen molecule is 2 5 : 1.
[2]
Ta

Q.31. i. a. Consider a capacitor of capacitance C being charged by a DC source of V volts as shown in

figure below.

V
Capacitor charged by a DC source

b. During the process of charging, let q be the charge on the capacitor and V be the potential
q
difference between the plates. Hence C =
V

15
 

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics

c. A small amount of work is done if a small charge dq is further transferred between the plates.
q
 dW = V dq = dq
C
d. Total work done in transferring the charge
Q Q
q 1
W=  dW 

0
C
dq 
C0
q dq

Q
1   q  
2
1 Q2
=   =
C  2  2 C
0

e. This work done is stored as electrical potential energy U of the capacitor. This work done can
be expressed in different forms as follows.
1 Q2 1 1

ns
 U=  CV 2  QV ….( Q = CV)
2 C 2 2
[2]

ii. Solution:

io
Given: R = 15 cm = 0.15 m, q = 2 C = 2  106 C,
r = 20 cm = 0.2 m

at
To find: Electric field intensity (E)
1 q
Formula: E=
4πε 0 r 2
Calculation: From formula,
lic
9  109  2  106
E=
 0.2 
2

= 4.5  105 N/C

ub
Ans: The intensity of electric field at distance 20 cm from the centre of the ball is 4.5  105 N/C.
[2]
P
et
rg
Ta

16
16