Network Theory Solutions

Practice Answer & Solutions :
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C
6. C 7. D 8. 2.62 9. C 10. C
11. B 12. C 13. D 14. 0 15. 4
16. 20 17. 1.25 18. 12.8 19. 0 20. 0
21. 1.833 22. 8 23. 10 24. 250 25. D
26. 56 27. 1 28. 4.7 29. C 30. D
31. B 32. B 33. C 34. B 35. B
36. D 37. 5 38. D 39. D 40. B
41. D 42. 29.09 43. 0.5 44. 10 45. 2.67
46. 4 47. – 4.5 48. 6.5 49. 9.23 50. –2
51. 60 52. 51.79 53. 4 54. 125 55. 20
56. 1 57. 3.5 58. B 59. –1 60. 40
61. 6 62. 225
1. (B) Power consumed by the voltage source is

Given circuit is shown below, given as
 1 I  1 0  0 W
Power consumed by the current source is
given as
 V 1  11=1 W
Power consumed by resistance is given by
KCL at node 1V is given by  I12 1
1
I 1  0  12 1  1W
1
Hence, the correct option is (B).
I 0 A
2. (D)
I1  0  1  1A
Given circuit is shown below,
And V  1V
Network Theory [Work Book] 2 GATE ACADEMY®
Hence, the correct option is (A).
4. B
Given:
(i) R  1, C  2 F
Applying KVL in the given loop,

Vout  5  2  10  0
Vout  20 V
Voltage across current source  Vout  20 V
Fig. 1
Hence, the correct option is (D). Voltage V (t ) is given by,
3. (A)
V (t )  3t , 0  t  2
V (t )  6, t  2
For resistance
V (t )
iR (t ) 
R
V (t )
iR (t )   V (t )
1
iR (t )  3t , 0  t  2
 12t T iR  t   6, t  2
 ; 0t
 T 2
i (t )   For capacitor
 6; T
t T CdVc (t )

 2 ic (t ) 
dt
RMS value is given by,
2dVc (t )
T ic (t ) 
1 2
T 0
I rms  i (t ) dt dt
ic (t )  6, 0  t  2
1
T /2
 12 
2 T
 ic (t )  0, t  2
T  0
    2
I rms   t 6 dt 
 T  T /2
t
 Energy (E)   P(t ) dt
1 
T /2 T 0
 144 2 
T  0
  2   6 dt 
 2
I rms  t E  ER  EC
T  T /2 
E (t )   iR (t )VR (t )dt   iC (t )VC (t )dt
1 144  t 3 T /2 
 2    36  t T /2 
t t

T
I rms
 T  3 0 
4 4
T
E  0  t  4    iR (t )VR (t )dt   iC (t )VC (t )dt
0 0
1 144  T 3  
I rms   2    18T  2 4 2
T  T  24   E  0  t  4    3t  3tdt   6  6dt   6  3tdt
0 2 0
1
I rms  6T  18T   2 6 A 4
T   0  6dt
2
GATE ACADEMY® 3 Basic Concept of Networks
2 8. (2.62)
t3 
E 0  t  4  9    36 t 2  9 t 2   0
  4 2
Given ladder network is shown below,
 3 0
0
E  0  t  4  3 8  36  2  9  4 =132 J
Hence, the correct option is (B)
5. C
 Key Point
Only inductor and capacitor will store
energy. Above circuit can be replaced by circuit
shown below,
Thus, energy stored by the circuit in the first
four second is same as the energy stored
by the capacitor in the first four second.
4
E   iC (t )VC (t )dt
0
2 4
E   6  3tdt   0  6dt
0 2 R  Req
Req  R 
2 R  Req
t2 
E  18    36 J
 2 0 R 2  RReq  RReq
Req 
Hence, the correct option is (C) ( R  Req )
6. C Req ( R  Req )  R2  RReq  RReq
 Key Point RReq  Req2  R2  2RReq
Energy stored by the circuit up to  will be
same as the energy stored by capacitor up to Req2  RReq  R2  0
.
R  R2  4R2 R  5 R
2  Req  
2 2
E   ic (t )  Vc (t )dt   ic (t )  Vc (t )dt
0 2 Req cannot be negative. So,
2 
E   6  3 dt   0  6 dt 1  5 
Req    R  1.618R
0 2
 2 
E  36 J
Therefore, Re  R  Req
Hence, the correct option is (C)
7. D Re  R  1.618R  2.618R
E (upto )  ER (upto )  EC (upto ) Re

 2.618  2.62
2  2  R
E   3t  63tdt   6  6dt   6  3  dt   0  6dt Re
0 2 0 2 Hence, the value of is 2.62.
R
E  3 t 3   36 t 2  9 t 2   0
2  2
0 0
9. (C)
E  24  36    36  0  
Hence, the correct option is (D)
I1  I  1 … (i)
Applying KVL in loop 1,
2  I1  0
I1  2 A
Using equation (i),
Applying KCL at node a,
2  ( I  1)  0
4  I  I1  0
I  1A
I1  4  I Power delivered by 2 V source is given by,
Applying KVL in loop 1 P  2 I
 I1  2  20  I  2  0 P  2 1
(4  I )  2  20  I  2  0 P  2W
I  7A Hence, the correct option is (B)

Hence, the correct option is (C) 12. (C)
10. (C) Given :
Given circuit is shown below, (i) R  20 
(ii) Current waveform i (t ) in the 20 
resistor is shown in the below figure
Applying KCL at node V

V V 3
6 0
1 2
Power dissipated in the resistor is given by,
2V 12  V  3  0
P  irms
2
R
V  5V
3 2
V 3 1 9 
I i2
   t  dt
3 03 
rms
2
53 1
3
I 1 A   9t 2 dt
2
irms
2 30
Hence, the correct option is (C) 3
t3 
11. (B) i2
 3 
 3 0
rms

2
irms  27 A
P  27  20
P  540 W
Hence, the correct option is (C).
13. (D)
Applying KCL at node a, Given circuit is shown below,
 I  1  I1  0
From the circuit, V1  5V

Applying KCL at node V2 ,
V2  V1 V2  0 V2  V3
  0
1 1 2
5V2 V3
 5 …(i)
2 2
Applying KCL at node V3 ,
Applying KCL at node A, V3  V1 V3  V2 V3  0
  0
VA  100 VA  0 VA  40 1 2 1
  0
14 2 1 5V3 V2
 5 …(ii)
VA VA VA 100 2 2
    40  0
14 2 1 14 From equation (i) and equation (ii),
VA  7VA  14VA 660 5 5
 0 V2  V , V3  V
14 14 2 2
22VA 660 From the circuit,
 V V
14 14 i  2 3  0A
2
VA  30 V
Hence, the current i in the 2 Ω resistor is 0 A.
Potential difference between point B and C . Method 2:
is given by,
Redrawing the circuit given in figure,
VBC  VB  VC
where, VB  100 V, VC  40 V
VBC  100  40  60 V
From figure,
VC  VA
5 I 
1
5  I  40  30
I 5 A Since, the given Wheat-stone bridge is
V V 60 balanced. i.e. node B and D are at same
Hence, R  B C   12 
I 5 potential. Therefore, current 2  resistor is
Hence, the correct option is (D). zero.
14. (0) Hence, the current i in the 2 Ω resistor is 0 A.
. Method 1: 15. 4
Given circuit is shown below, Given circuit is shown below,
Applying delta to star transformation Case 2 : Consider only 100 V voltage
3 9 source
x  1.5 
39 6
69
y  3
39 6
63
z  1
39 6
Modified figure is shown below Apply KVL in loop
100  10I 2  I 2  Rx
100
I2 
10  Rx
Power supplied to 10 resistance by the
voltage source is given by,
P2  I 22 10
2
 100 
P2    10
 10  Rx 
RAB  1  (4.5  1.5) (3  3) …… (ii)
Given that P1  P2
RAB  1  3  4 
From equation (i) and (ii)
Hence the equivalent resistance at the
terminals A and B is 4 Ω 1002 25Rx2
16  16
10  Rx  10  Rx 
2 2
16. 20
Given circuit is shown below, Rx2  400
Rx  20 
Hence the value of resistance Rx is 20 Ω
17. 1.25
Case 1 : Consider only 5 A current source
5  Rx
I1 
10  Rx
Power supplied to 10 resistance by the
current source is given by,
P1  I12  10
2
Applying KVL in the loop
 5Rx  10  I 1  ( I  3) 1  ( I  2) 1  ( I  4) 1
P1    10 ……. (1)
 10  Rx 
10  I  I  3  I  2  I  4
I  1.25A
Hence the value of current I is 1.25 A
18. 12.8
From fig (1)
i (t )  3t ,0  t  2
i (t )  6, 2  t  4
i (t )  3t  18, 4  t  6
 Key Point
Applying KVL
Only inductor and capacitor will store
30  2  8  V energy.
V  14 V
Voltage across inductor is given by,
…….(i)
LdiL (t )
Applying KCL at node V VL (t ) 
dt
14 14  Vx
2   0 2diL (t )
10 2 VL (t ) 
dt
20  14  70  5Vx  0
VL (t )  6; 0  t  2
5Vx  64
VL (t )  0; 2  t  4
Vx  12.8 V
VL (t )  6; 4  t  4
Hence, the value of Vx is 12.8 V
Energy stored by the inductor is given as
19. 0
Given circuit is shown below, E   VL (t )iL (t )dt
t
2 4 6
E   VL (t )iL (t )dt   VL (t )iL (t )dt   VL (t )iL (t )dt
0 2 4
2 4 6
E   6  3  dt   0  6dt   6   3t  18  dt
0 2 4
6
Applying KCL at node Vx 2 t2 
E  9 t   0  18   6t 
2
2 4
0
Vx Vx
  2Vx  0
1 1 E  36  0  18(10  12)
4Vx  0 E  36  36  0 J
Vx  0 Hence the energy stored in the circuit in the
Thus, power delivered by the dependent first six seconds is 0 J
source is 0 W  Key Point
20. 0 (i) From 0  t  2 inductor current has
Given: positive slope (increasing function) that
(i) R  1, L  2H means inductor is charging and it will
store energy.
(ii) Current waveform is shown below
(ii) From 2  t  4 current flowing in the Vx  0.2Vx  V1  0

inductor is a constant 6A thus it will V1  0.8Vx ….(ii)
neither store nor release energy.
Putting the value of V1 from equation (ii) to
(iii)From 4  t  6 inductor current has
negative slope (decreasing function) equation (i)
that means inductor is discharging and Vx 0.8Vx 0.8Vx  6
 0.2   0
it will release energy. 100 80 10
21. 1.833 Vx  2  Vx  8Vx  60  0
Given : V  1  q  q 2 10Vx  80
Energy stored in the capacitor is given by Vx  8 V
E   Pdt Hence, the value of Vx will be 8 V
t 23. (10)
E   VC iC dt Given circuit is shown below,
dq
iC 
dt
dq
E   VC dt
dt
E   VC dq . Method 1 : Mesh Analysis :
1
E   1  q  q 2  dq
0
1
 q 2 q3 
E  q   
 q 3 0
1 1 Applying KVL,
E  1 
1  0.1  (10  I x )  0.1I x  0
2 3
E  1.833 J
0.2 I x  2
Hence the energy required is 1.833 J
22. 8 I x  10 mA
Given circuit is shown below, Hence, the value of current I x is 10 mA.
. Method 2 : Nodal Analysis :
Applying super node at nodes Vx and V1

Vx V V 6 Applying KCL at node A,
 0.2  1  1 0
100 80 10 VA VA  1
  10 mA
…….(i) 100 100
KVL equation of super node VA  1 V
From figure, Power supplied by the 25 V source is given
VA 1 by,
Ix    10 mA
100 100 P  VI  25 10  250 W
Hence, the value of current I x is 10 mA. Hence, the power supplied by the 25 V
. Method 3 : Source transformation : source is 250 W.
25. (D)
Equivalent circuit is shown below,
Applying source transformation, modified

circuit is shown below,
Applying KCL at node V

V  Vs V V
  0
Rs R Rm
V  Vs    RRm   V  Rs Rm  V  Rs R  0
V  RRm  Vs  RRm  V  Rs Rm  V  Rs R  0
V  RRm  Rs Rm  Rs R  Vs  RRm
Vs RRm
V
RRm  Rs Rm  Rs R
Hence the correct option is (D)
26. 56 V
100
I x  20 
100  100
[By CDR]
I x  10 mA
Hence, the value of current I x is 10 mA Applying KCL at node V2
24. 250
V2  60 V2 V2  V1
Given circuit is shown below,   0
2 2 2
3V2  V1  60  0
…… (i)
Applying KCL at node V1
V1 V1  V2
Applying KCL at node A, 25   0
12 2
I  0.4I 14  0
300  V1  6V1  6V2  0
I  10 A
7V1  6V2  300 ….. (ii) Modified circuit is given by

After solving equation (i) and (ii)
V1  84 V
V2  84 V
Applying voltage division rule
8
VAB  V1 
84
8
VAB  84 
12
VAB  56 V
Hence, the value of VAB is 56 V
27. 1A
R  1  R1
….(i)
R1  1  (10 R1 )
10 R1
R1  1 
In the above figure 10  resistors are in 10  R1
parallel 10 R1  R12  10  R1  10 R1
Thus, the modified circuit is given by R12  R1  10  0
1  1  40
R1 
2
Resistance can’t be negative
1  41
Thus, R1 
2
Using current division rule
R1  3.7 
3 5
I Using equation (i)
5  10
R  3.7  1
I 1 A
R  4.7 
Hence the peak current through the 10 Ω
resistance is 1 A Hence input resistance is 4.7 Ω
28. 4.7  29. C
Given D network :
1
Z1
Za  j 5  j 5   Zb
Z2 The given circuit is a balanced bridge as

Z3 shown in figure.
 P and Q are shorted
2 3
Zc   j 5  Then RXY  (30  30) || (30  30)
Z a Zb j5  j5  30 
Z1    j5
Z a  Zb  Z c j5  j5  j5
31. B
[Inductive nature] Given circuit shown in below figure,
Zb Zc j 5  ( j 5) i /4
Z2     j5
Z a  Zb  Z c j5 i
[Capacitive nature]
Zc Za  j5  j5 4
Z3     j5 +
Z a  Zb  Z c j5 10 V
–
[Capacitive nature]
Hence, equivalent circuit of Y :
The effective resistance faced by the voltage
source is given below,
I dc
Z1 j5
4
i
1
I dc
 j5  j 5 4
+
Vdc
–
Z3 Z2
30. (D) I dc  i
Apply nodal at node 1,
Vdc I dc
  I dc  0
4 4
Vdc  I dc  4 I dc
0
4
Vdc  3I dc
Vdc
3 
I dc
Rth  3  V  V1  V2  0
Reff  3  Where V1 and V2 are voltages across the bulbs.
Hence, the correct option is (B). V  V1  V2
32. B Multiplying both sides by I
Given network, V  I  V1  I  V2  I … (ii)
Case 1 : When R  20 and I  2 A In equation (ii),
V1  I  Power absorbed by bulb 1  P1 (given)
I 2
V2  I  Power absorbed by bulb 2  P2 (given)
N1
4A R  20 I 2 V  I  Power supplied by mains  PS (main )
20   PS (main )  P1  P2
24. B
Given network shown in below,
Apply KCL,
Case 1 : When R1  20 and I  2 A
4 I 2
I  2A I1 R1  20 I2
N1
Case 2 : When R  10 and I  ? IA
3A
I 10 
N1 N2
4A R  20 2A
20 
Apply KCL,
3 I 2
I  1A
Apply KCL, V  10 V
4  2 I
Case 2 : When R  10  and I 2  ?
I  2A
Hence, the correct option is (B). R  10 I
N1 N2
33. (C)
3A 1A
10 
Apply KCL,
3  I 1
From the given figure, voltage across mains = V
I  2A
Let the current from mains is I A.
Hence, power supplied by mains can be given as Hence, the correct option is (B).
PS (main )  V  I … (i) 35. (B)
As the bulbs are connected in series so current We can replace bulbs by their respective
through both bulbs are same and is equal to the resistances
current supplied by the main i.e. I A . Let, R1 is the resistance of bulb of rating 100
KVL in the loop shown can be written as W/250 V then
2502 Given : All resistances are of 1  .

R1   625 
100   1   1    7
Let, R2 is the resistance of bulb of rating Req1     1   1   1  
  2   2    4
150 W/250 V then
  1   1    7
2502 Req2     1   1   1  
R2   416.667    2   2    4
150
Now as given in question bulbs B1 & B2 are
connected in series across a supply of 250
V, then total power is P ,
Equivalent resistance is,

7 7
Req   Req1 Req2   1   1
 4 4 
15
Req  
8
From above circuit :
Current is given by,
V 1 8
I   A
V Req 15 / 8 15
I
R1  R2 Hence, the correct option is (D).
2
V 37. 5A
 P V I 
R1  R2 As per question circuit will be :
2 2
V 250
P 
R1  R2 2502 2502

100 150
1 1 300
P    60 W Ans.
1 1 3 2 5 V-I characteristic of nonlinear load is,

100 150 300 7I  V2  2V
36. D V 2  2V
I …..(i)
Given circuit is shown below, 7
Applying KVL is loop :
10  I  RI  0
10  I  RI  I  V  RI  V …...(ii)
V  2V
2
Substituting value of I 
7
V2  2V
10  V
7
70  V2  2V  7V
70  V2  9V The power consumed in series combination
V2  9V  70  0 PS1  I 2 R1
Solving above equation, V  5
And PS2  I 2 R2
Now putting the value of V in equation (i), we get
52  2  5 As R1  R2  PS1  PS2
I 5
7 So 40 W bulb glows brighter.
I5 A
40. (B)
38. D When C is open,
Given circuit is shown below, RAB  RA  RB  6 
When B is open,
RAC  RA  RC  9 
When A is open,
RBC  RB  RC  11 
On solving the above equations
RA  2  , RB  4  and RC  7 
 I  eat  ebt  0
I  e at  ebt …(i) 41. D
Voltage across inductor is given by, Given delta to star conversion is shown below,
dI
v (t )  L
dt
Put the value of I from equation (i),
d
v (t )  1 ( eat  ebt )
dt
Before scaling :
v(t )  aeat  bebt
Rb Rc
Hence, the correct option is (D). RA 
Ra  Rb  Rc
39. (D)
The Bulbs B1 and B2 are rated at P1  40 W and If Ra'  kRa , Rb'  kRb , Rc'  kRc
P2  60 W at same voltage V.
After scaling :
(As voltage rating are not given, so assuming same
Rb'Rc'
voltage rating V for both the bulbs) RA' 
If resistance are R1 and R2 . Ra '  Rb'  Rc'
V2 V2 (kRb ) (kRc ) k 2 Rb Rc
P1   R1 
R1 P1 RA'  
kRa  kRb  kRc k ( Ra  Rb  Rc )
V2
and R2  RA'  kRA
P2
As P1  P2  R1  R2 Hence, the correct option is (B).
V2 V2 42. 29.09
R1  and R2 
40 60 According to question,
When they are connected in series
V
Current I 
R1  R2
. Method 1 : 5 VA 5
Equivalent  network is shown below, I
5 V +– 1A 10 
I ?
Apply nodal at node voltage VA ,
Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Rc Ra
where, Rab  VA  5 VA
Rc  1  0
5 15
10  10  11  10  10  11 3VA  15  VA  15
Rab   32  0
10 15
R R  Rb Rc  Ra Rc 4VA  30
Rbc  a b
Ra
30
10  10  11  10  10  11 VA 
Rbc   32  4
10 V 30 / 4 2
I A  
R R  Rb Rc  Ra Rc 15 15 4
Rac  a b
Rb I  0.5 A
10  10  11  10  10  11 44. 10
Rac   29 
11 Given circuit is shown below,
Lowest resistance Rac  29  .
Hence, the lowest value among the three resistance
is 29  .
. Method 2 :
R R  Rb Rc  Ra Rc
Rab  a b  I
Rc Given : R   25    …(i)
 2
Ra Rb  Rb Rc  Ra Rc
Rbc  From the circuit,
Ra 300
R …(ii)
R R  Rb Rc  Ra Rc I
Rac  a b
Rb From equation (i) and (ii),
Since, numerator values are same. So minimum I 300
25  
value depends on denominator. 2 I
Rb  Ra  Rc I 2
25I   300  0
So, Rac  Rbc  Rab 2
Rac  29  I  50 I  600  0
2
I  10,  60
Hence, the lowest value among the three resistance
is 29  . I R  25 
I
Status
43. 0.5 2
Given circuit shown in below figure, 10 A 30  Valid
– 60 A 5  Invalid
Hence, the current I is 10 A.
45. 2.67 3F 6F
A B
Given circuit shown in below figure,
L
3F 6F
L L
L 3 6
C1   2F
L L 3 6
C1  2 F
L L A B
A B
C2  2 F
A B
A B 3 6
C2   2F
2L 2L 3 6
CAB  C1  C2  2 F  2 F

2L 2L
L CAB  4 F
47. – 4.5
3L 3 Given circuit shown in below figure,
L
4
3 19 6 3A
LAB  2 L  L  2L  L
4 4
LAB  4.75 L
I 2
3 6A
46. 4
Given circuit shown in below figure, I ?
3F 6F Apply source transformation,
A B
Z1 Z2 6
+
3F 5F 6F 18
Z4 Z3 – I
VA
– 2
18
Using bridge concept, +
3
Z1Z3  Z2 Z 4
1 1
 Apply nodal at node voltage VA ,
18 18
VA  18 VA  18 VA
Bridge is balanced,   0
6 3 2
Therefore current trough 5 F capacitor is
VA  18  2VA  36  3VA
equal to zero. Hence, can be 100 K like this 0
6
6VA   54 49. 9.23

VA   9 Given circuit shown in below figure,
VA  9
I    4.5
2 2 +
I   4.5 A 0.2 V1 10 mA 0.1 1 2 mA V1 1 1
–
48. 6.5
2 1
A
+
V0 2A 5 2 1 +
– 0.2 V1 12 mA 10  V1 1
–
Req Apply nodal at node A,

2 1
VA  V1
V1 V1
+
  0.2V1  12 mA  0
V0 2A Req  5 2 1 10 1
–
Req
V1  10V1  2V1  120 mV
13V1  120
2 1 2
V1  9.23V
5
2
  5
5 50. –2
3 3
Req Req
+ 12  – + 8V –
5
5
Req  2  3 ix
5
5 +
3 12 V +– 2V 1 +– 3 ix
–
25
Req  2 
20
Req  3.25 Apply KVL loop 1,
3.25   2  8  3 ix  0
+V –
+ R 3 ix   6
V0 2A
– ix   2
51. 60
VR  3.25  2  6.5V
Apply KCL, V0  VR  0 10  R  80 40  10 80
V0  VR  6.5V Req 100  30  20   Req 100 30 60
V0  6.5V
If R  80  and Req  ? KI1  36
10 80 10
18
I1  9
2
Req 100 20  Req 100 100 K  9  36
K 4
Req  10  50  60 54. 125
52. 51.79 50 V 55 
Given circuit shown in below figure, +–
10 Req
4A 50  150  20 
Req 100 20
P?
Using source transformation technique,
If R  Req  ? 50 V
50
(20  Req ) 100 +–
Req  10  I
20  Req  100
2000  100 Req – 200 V Req  75 
+
Req  10 
Req  120
Req2  120Req  10Req  1200  2000  100Req
150  75 150  75
Req2  10Req  3200  0 Req    75
150  75 75  2
Req1  51.78  Apply KVL,
 50  50 I  200  75 I  0
Req 2   61.78
250
For a resistive network equivalent resistance can not I 2
125
be negative, therefore
P  VI  50  2  100 W
Req  51.78 
55. 20
53. 4
Given circuit shown in below figure, 12 V 36 V
Vx
I1
+– –+
+
18 +– 2 K I1 4 6 6 6 V0
Given, P4  5184 W V0  ?
( KI1 ) 2 R  5184 Apply nodal at node Vx ,
5184 Vx  12 Vx Vx  36
( KI1 ) 2   1296   0
4 6 6 6
Vx  12  Vx  Vx  36 1 1
0 
6 Z1Z 2
C1   2.5 1.5
3Vx   48 Z1  Z 2  Z 3 1

1 1

2.5 1.5 2
Vx  16 0.4  0.66
C1   0.170 F
Vx   36  V0 1.566
V0  Vx  36 1 1

Z 2 Z3 1.5 2
C2  
V0  16  36 Z1  Z 2  Z 3 1 1 1
 
V0  20 V 2.5 1.5 2
0.66  0.5
56. 1 C2   0.210 F
1.566
Given circuit shown in below figure, 1 1
6 10 
Vx Z 3 Z1 2 2.5
C3  
Z1  Z 2  Z 3 1

1 1

2.5 1.5 2
3 +– 0.5  0.4
1 8 V0 C3   0.1277 F
1.566
0.170 F C3  0.127  F 0.170
V0  ? 0.210

Ceq 0.173 0.127
Apply nodal at node Vx , 1 F
Vx  3 Vx
 1  0 0.170
6 16
3Vx  9  Vx  18
0
18 0.170  0.30
Ceq 0.30 
4Vx  9 0.170  0.30
Vx  2.25
8Vx 8 Ceq  0.108
V0    2.25
10  8 18
58. B
V0  1V
57. 3.5
–+
Given circuit shown in below figure, I
12 V
2.5 F
2.5 F 8
+ 7
30  V2
C1 C3 –
+ 4 Vx
1.5 F 2 F C2 –

Req 1 F 1.5 F 2 F
1 F Apply KVL,
12  8 I  7 I  4Vx  Vx  0
12  15 I  3Vx  0 …(i)
Vx   30 I
12  15 I  90 I  0 4A 1.5  RL  1.5 
12
I   0.16 A
75
Using source transformation,
Vx   30  ( 0.16) 1.5 
Vx  4.8V I
Current inter the positive terminal of 6V 
 1.5
dependent source. Hence, dependent source
is power absorbed.
Pab  VI  4 Vx  I  4  4.8  ( 0.16) 6
I 2
3
Pab   3.072 watt [Absorbed]
PL  I 2 R  22 1.5
P  3.072 watt [Delivered]
PL  4 1.5
PL  6 watt
59. –1
62. 225
Ix 4
I
( I x  6)
5 Ix 1 (12  0.6 V1  I )
3
6A (1) (2)
(10  I x ) 5 1
10 A  0.6V1
3 2  V1
3 (12  0.6V1 )
( I x  4) 
VS
Ix  ?  
Apply KVL, 12 A
( I x  4)3  5( I x  6)  I x  3(10  I x )  0 I
V1
2
3I x  12  5I x  30  I x  30  3I x  0
V1  2I
12I x  12
Apply KCL loop 1,
I x  1A 3I  2I  5(12  0.6V1  I )  0
60. 40 5I  5(12  0.6  2 I  I )  0
Req  15   3  1 10  2    7  6   3  2  19  1   5 5 I  5(12  0.2 I )  0
5I  60  I  0
 15   4 12   13   5 20   5
4I  60
 15  3  13  4  5  40  I  15 A
61. 6 Apply KVL loop 2,
Vs  1(12  0.6V1 )  4(12  0.6V1 )  5(12  0.6V1  I )  0
Vs  (12  0.6  30)  4(12  0.6  30)  5(12  0.6  30  15)  0
Vs  150  75  225V
5A 6 3A 3 6 2A RL  1.5 

1. A 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. D
6. A 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. C
11. B 12. A 13. D 14. B 15. A
16. D 17. C 18. B 19. – 3/5 20. 5
21. A 22. B 23. D 24. D 25. A
26. B 27. 1.25 28. 3 29. A 30. B
31. B 32. A 33. D 34. B
1. A From the figure V2  10 I 2

Given, A  C  1 Put the value of V2 in equation (i) and equation (ii)
B2 we get
D3 V1 10 I 2  2 I 2 12 I 2
 
Z in  ? I1 10 I 2  3I 2 13I 2
I1 I2 V1 12 12
+   Z in 
2-port
I1 13 13
V1 V2 10 
N/W
Hence; correct option is (A).
2. D
V1 I1 I2
Zin 
I1 + +
éA Bù
We know that ABCD parameter : V1 êC D ú V2 RL
ë û
V1  AV2  BI 2 - -
I1  CV2  DI 2 Z in
V1  V2  2 I 2 … (i) Standard ABCD parameter equation :

V1  AV2  BI 2 …(i)
I1  V2  3I 2 … (ii)
Network Theory [Workbook] 2 GATE ACADEMY®
I1  CV2  DI 2 …(ii) 3W
From output port, Z

V2   I 2 RL …(iii) I1 2W 2W I2
From equation (i) and (iii), + +
V1  A(  I 2 RL )  BI 2 V1 X 2W V2
Y
V1   I 2 ( ARL  B ) …(iv)
- -
From equation (ii) and (iii),
I1  C (  I 2 RL )  DI 2 Applying star to delta transformation,
I1   I 2 (CRL  D ) …(v) 2 2  2 2  2 2
X Y  Z 
2
From equation (iv) and (v),
V ARL  B X  Y  Z  6
Z in  1 
I1 CRL  D Modified circuit shown below,
Hence, the correct option is (D). 3W
3. C I1 6W I2
Given circuit is shown below, + +
e 1W a c
V1 6W 6W V2
I1 I2
- -
Vef V1 P V2
I2
y21 
f b d V1 V 0
2
Standard z-parameter equation :
Redrawing circuit with V2  0
V1  Z11 I1  Z12 I 2 …(i)
I1 2W I2
V2  Z 21 I1  Z 22 I 2 …(ii)
+
Since 1  resistor is connected in series with the V1 6W 6W
network at port 1.
-
Vef  V1  I1  1  V1  I1 …(iii)
Applying KVL,
From equation (i) and (iii), V1  2 I 2  0
Vef  I1  Z11 I1  Z12 I 2
I2 1
y21  
Vef  ( Z11  1) I1  Z12 I 2 …(iv) V1 V 0 2
2
From equation (iv) and equation (ii), Hence, the correct option is (B)
Modified z-parameters are : 5. D
 Z  1 Z12  Given circuit is shown below,
[Z]   11
 Z 21 Z 22 
Note : Only Z11 will change.
4. D
Standard z-parameter equation is given by,
GATE ACADEMY® 3 Two ‐ Port Networks
V1  z11I1  z12 I 2 …….(i)  z z 
V2  I 2  z22  12 21 
V2  z21I1  z22 I 2 …….(ii)  z11  Z g 
Applying KVL in input loop, V2 z z

 ZT  z22  12 21
Vg  I1Z g  V1 …….(iii) I2 z11  Z g
Using equation (i) and (iii), Hence, the correct option is (D)
Vg  I1Z g  z11I1  z12 I 2 6. A
Vg  z12 I 2
I1  …..(iv) 10 W 10 W
 z11  Z g 
1: VT calculation
1W
 Key Point
Z2 Z3
Z1
VT  V2 and I 2  0
Using equation (ii)
V2  VT  z21I1  0 (i) For the T- network shown above z-
parameters is given by
VT  z21I1
Z  Z2 Z1 
Using equation (iv) [Z ]   1
 Z1 Z1  Z 3 
z21  Vg  z12  0 
VT  (ii) If two networks having z-parameter
z11  Z g
matrix [ Z1 ] and [ Z 2 ] are connected in
z21Vg series then the z-parameter matrix of the
VT 
z11  Z g combination is given by
2: Z T calculation [ Z ]  [ Z1 ]  [ Z 2 ]
Now z-parameter of T- network shown in
fig (1) is given by
1  10 1  11 1 
[Z ]   
 1 1  10   1 11
For two identical T- sections connected in
series, z-parameter is given by
V2
ZT  11 1  11 1 
I2 [Z ]    
 1 11  1 11
Using equation (ii) and (iv),
 22 2 
 0  z12 I 2  [Z ]    ….(i)
V2  z21    z22 I 2  2 22 
z
 11  Z g 
 Key Point For single series element ABCD parameter

Relation between y-parameter and z- is given by,
parameter is given by, 1 Z 
[T ]   
[Y ]  [ Z ]1 0 1 
From equation (i) (iii) If two networks having transmission
 22 2 
1 matrix [T1 ] and [T2 ] are connected in
[Y ]   
 2 22  cascade then the transmission matrix of
the combination is given by,
1  22 2 
[Y ]  [T ]  [T1 ]  [T2 ]
484  4  2 22 
 22 2   1 0  1 Z  1 Z 
[T ]       
 480 480  Y 1  0 1  0 1  YZ 
[Y ]   
 2 22  Hence the correct option is (C)
 480 480  8. A
Thus, y11  
480
11
y11  
240
Hence, the correct option is (A)
7. C

V1  2 I1  I1  ( I1  I 2 )
V1  4 I1  I 2 ……(i)
 Key Point Applying KVL in loop 2,
(i) Single shunt element
V2  I 2  ( I1  I 2 )
V2  I1  2 I 2 …..(ii)
Standard z-parameter equation is given by,
V1  z11I1  z12 I 2 ….(iii)
For single shunt element ABCD parameter
is given by V2  z21I1  z22 I 2 ….(iv)
 1 0 Comparing equation (i) and (iii),

[T ]   
Y 1  z11  4 , z12  1
(ii) Single series element Comparing equation (i) and (iii),
z21  1 , z22  2
As z12  z21  1
Thus, reciprocal network.
9. C Applying KVL in output loop,
Given network is shown below,  E2  4( I1  I 2 )  10 E1  0
6 4 
E2  4( I1  I 2 )  10  I1  I 2 
 11 11 
 60   40 
E 2   4   I1   4   I 2
 11   11 
16 4
I2 E2  I1  I 2 …(iv)
y21  11 11
V1 V 0 Comparing equation (iii) and (iv) with
2
Redrawing the network with V2  0 equation (i) and (ii),

6 4
z11   and z12  
11 11
16 4
z21   and z22  
11 11
11. B
Applying KVL, Given circuit is shown below,
1
0   I 2  g mV1  .  V1  0
Y3
I 2  g mV1  V1Y3  0
I 2  V1  g m  Y3 
Standard z-parameter equation :
I2
 y21  g m  Y3 V1  z11 I1  z12 I 2 …(i)
V1 V 0
V2  z21 I1  z22 I 2
2
…(ii)
From figure,
10. C
V1  I1 re  0  I 2  I1re …(iii)
V2  ( I 2  I1 ) r0
V2  r0 I1  r0 I 2 …(iv)
Comparing equation (iii) and (iv) with
equation (i) and (ii),
Hence, z11  re , z12  0
For given figure, z-parameter equation is
given by, and z21  r0 , z22  r0
E1  z11 I1  z12 I 2 …(i) Hence, the correct option is (B).
E2  z21 I1  z22 I 2 …(ii) 12. A
Applying KVL in input loop,
 E1  2 I1  4( I1  I 2 )  10 E1  0
11E1  6 I1  4 I 2
6 4
E1  I1  I 2 …(iii)
11 11
Applying KVL at Input port, Solving equation (i) and (ii),
V1   I 2  2 I1   1 4
V2   I1  I 2 … (iii)
V1  2 I1  I 2 …(i) 3
Putting value of V2 in equation (i)
V2  2  I 2  3I1    I 2  2 I1 
V1  1.5V2  I1  I 2
V2  8 I1  3I 2 ….(ii)
Standard z-parameter equation is given by,  4 
 V1  1.5   I1  I 2   I1  I 2
V1  z11I1  z12 I 2 ….(iii)  3 
V2  z21I1  z22 I 2 ….(iv)  V1  0.5I1  I 2 … (iv)
Comparing equation (i) and (iii), So, V1  0.5I1  I 2

z11  2 , z12  1 4
V2   I1  I 2
Comparing equation (ii) and (iv), 3
z21  8 , z22  3 Comparing with the Z-parameter equations
Thus, Z parameter equation is given as,  0.5 1 
 Z11 Z12  
Z  4 
 2 1 
[Z ]    21 z22   1
  3
 8 3 
Hence, the correct option is (A) Hence the correct option is (D)
13. D 14. B
Given circuit is shown below, Given: Z-parameter of the two ports
2 1 1 1
network are   and  
1 2 1 1
 Key Point
In case of series connection Z-parameters of
two networks gets added.
Open circuit parameter implies Z-parameter Thus overall Z-parameter is given by,
The equation for Z-parameter are given by,  2 1  1 1
[Z ]    
V1  Z11I1  Z12 I 2  1 2  1 1
V2  Z 21I1  Z 22 I 2 3 2
[Z ]   
 V  2 3
I1  V1  2V2    I 2  2  Using standard Z- parameter equation,
 2
V1  3I1  2 I 2 …(i)
V2
 I1  V1  2V2   I 2 
2 V2  2 I1  3I 2
 V1  1.5V2  I1  I 2 2 1
I2  I1  V2 …(ii)
Applying KVL in the given loop, 3 3
V Using equation (i) and (ii),
( I1  V1  2V2 ) 1  2V1  2  2  V1  0
2  2 1 
V1  3I1  2  I1  V2 
 4V1  3V2  I1  3 3 
So, V1  1.5V2  I1  I 2 … (i) 2 4
V1  3I1  V2  I1
3 3
4V1  3V2  I1 … (ii)
5 2 Using equation (ii) and (iii),
V1  I1  V2 …(iii)
3 3 V1  I 3  I 2  3V3  I 3
Standard h-parameter equation is given by, I2
I 3  V1  …(iv)
V1  h11I1  h12V2 ….(iv) 2
And I 2  h21I1  h22V2 ….(v) Using equation (i) and (iv),
Comparing equation (ii) and (v),  I 
V1  2  I1  I 2  V1  2 
2 1  2
h21  , h22 
3 3 V1  2 I1  I 2 …(v)
Comparing equation (iii) and (iv), Using equation (iv) and (v),
5 2 I
h11  , h12  I 3  2 I1  I 2  2
3 3 2
 5 2 From equation (ii),
 3 3 V2  I 3
Hence, [h]   
 2 1  3
 3 3  V2  2 I1  I 2 …(vi)
2
Hence, the correct option is (B) Standard z-parameter equation is given by,
15. A V1  z11I1  z12 I 2 ….(vii)
 Key Point
V2  z21I1  z22 I 2 ….(viii)
Relation between z-parameter and y-
parameter is given by, Comparing equation (v) and (viii),
[Y ]  [ Z ]1 z11  2 , z12  1
1 Comparing equation (iii) and (iv),
3 2 3
[Y ]    z21  2 , z22 
2 3 2
3 2   2 1
1  3  2  5 5 Hence, Z   
[Y ]    2 3
9  4  2 3   2
 3  2
 5 5  Hence, the correct option is (D).
Hence, the correct option is (A) 17. C
16. D Given circuit is shown below,
Applying KVL,
V1  2   I1  I 3  I 2  …(i)
V2  I 3 1 …(ii)
 V 
V1  I 3  I 2  3V2  V2 …(iii) V1  3I1  4  I1  I 2  x  …(i)
 4
Applying KVL in loop (3), I2
y21 
V2  6  I 2  2Vx   Vx …(ii) V1 V 0
2
Applying KVL in loop 2, Applying KVL in loop 2,

 7V   V  V2  14 I1  4 I 2  6 I1  6 I 2
Vx  8  I 2  x   4  I 2  I 2  x 
 4   4 0  20 I1  10 I 2
Vx  8 I 2  14Vx  4 I1  4 I 2  Vx I1  0.5 I 2 …(i)
I1 Applying KVL in loop 1,
Vx   I 2  ….(iii)
3 V1  6 I1  6( I1  I 2 )
Using equation (i) and (iii),
V1  12 I1  6 I 2 …(ii)
 I 
V1  7 I1  4 I 2    I 2 1  Using equation (i) and (ii),
 3 
V1  12   0.5 I 2   6 I 2
22
V1  I1  5I 2 …(iv)
3 V1  6 I 2  6 I 2
Using equation (ii) and (iii), V1  0
 I 
V2  6 I 2  13   I 2 1  Thus, y21 
I2
 3  V1 V 0
2
I 2  0.619 I1  0.143V2 …(v)
I2
Using equation (iv) and (v), y21 
0 V2 0
22  13 1 
V1  I1  5  I1  V2  y21  
3  21 7 
V1  4.238 I1  0.714 V2 …(vi)
 Key Point
Standard h-parameter equation is given by,
From equation (i) I1  0.5 I 2
V1  h11I1  h12V2 ….(vii)
Thus, current I1 depends on I 2 and vice-
And I 2  h21I1  h22V2 .(viii)
versa but for the existence of y-parameter
Comparing equation (v) and (vii), Input and Output port current i.e., I1 and I 2
h11  4.238  , h12  0.714 must be independent of each other.
Comparing equation (vi) and (viii), Thus, for the given circuit y-parameter does
h21  0.619 , h22  0.143S not exist.
19. –3/5
18. B 6W
Z
1W 1W
X 1W
Y
Using star- delta transformation,

1 1  1 1  1 1
X Y  Z 
1
X  Y  Z  3
6W
3W
3W 3W
V1  3I 2  V3 …(i)
Modified figure is shown below.
V3  2 I 2 ….(ii)
Using equation (i) and (ii),
V1  3I 2  2 I 2
V1
 z12  5
I2
Applying KVL, Hence, the value of Z12 is 5 Ω
0  2 I 2  3( I1  I 2 ) 21. A
5I 2  3 I1  0 Given network
I 2 3 Z1
 I1 I2
I1 5 +
Hence, the value of forward current gain h21
Z2 Z2
is -3/5. V1 V2
20. 5
Z1
h12  ?
We know that, h parameter equation
V1  h11I1  h12V2
I 2  h21I1  h22V2
V1
h12 
V2 I1 0
V1
z12 
I2 I1 0
Redraw the network shown below figure.
Redrawing circuit with I1  0

+
a
100 I 2  4V1  3V2
I 2  0.04V1  0.03V2 … (i)
Z1 Z2 V1  V2
 I1   0.04V1  0.04V2 … (ii)
V1 b
+ 25
V2 Comparing equation (i) and (ii) original y parameter
Z2 Z1 we get;
y11  0.04; y12  0.04; y21  0.04; y22  0.03

V2  Vb  Va 0.04 0.04 
y 
Z1V1 0.04 0.03
Vb 
Z1  Z 2 Hence correct answer is (B).
Z1V1 23. D
Va  Given circuit shown below
Z1  Z 2
h12  ?
 Z2 Z1 
V2     V1
 Z1  Z 2 Z1  Z 2  h12 
V1
V2
V2 ( Z 2  Z1 ) I1 0

V1 ( Z1  Z 2 ) I 1
V1 Z  Z2
 1 0A
V2 ( Z 2  Z1 ) I1 = 0 I2
+ +
+ R I2
 Z  Z2  1
R3
h12   1  0V +
 Z 2  Z1  V1 V1 R2 V2
Hence; correct option is (B).

22. B
Given, Circuit shown below R2V2
V1  VDR
I1 25  I2 R2  R3
+ + V1 R2

V2 R2  R3
V1 100  2I1 V2
Hence, the correct option is (D).
24. D
Apply nodal at node a, Given Two port network equation
V2 V2  V1 V1  60 I1  20 I 2 … (i)
  2 I1  I 2
100 25 V2  20 I1  40 I 2 … (ii)
I 2  V2  4V2  4V1  200( I1 ) ABCD parameter is  ?
(V1  V2 ) From equation (ii)
100 I 2  5V2  4V1  200
25 20 I1  V2  40 I 2 … (iii)
V V
 I1  1 2 Put the value of (20 I1 ) in equation (i) we get
25
100 I 2  5V2  4V1  8V1  8V2 V1  3(V2  40 I 2 )  20 I 2
V1  3V2  120 I 2  20 I 2 26. B
V1  3V2  100 I 2 … (iv) Given Network parameter
A4
From equation (iii)
B7
V
I1  2  2 I 2 … (v) C 5
20
D ?’
We know, that the T-parameter
Given Two port Reciprocal Network;
V1  AV2  BI 2 … (vi)
AD  BC  1 condition for Reciprocity
I1  CV2  DI 2 … (vii)
4D  7  5  1
Comparing equation (iv) and (v) in equation (vi) 4 D  1  35
and (vii) we get
4 D  36
1
A  3; B  100; C  ; D  2 36
20 D 9
4
 3 100  D9
[T ]   1 
 2  Hence; correct option is (B).
 20 
27. 1.25
Hence, the correct option is [D].
When two networks are connected in parallel, then
25. A overall y-parameter is addition of individual y-
Open circuit input impedance Z OC 
V1
when parameter.
I1 1
S
output Terminal is open ( I 2  0) 3
Given Network
1 1
S 1 S
1 3 3 2
ABCD
We know that, ABCD parameter equation 1

1' 1 S 1 2'
S 2 S
V1  AV2  BI 2 2
2
2
I1  CV2  DI 2
Standard  - network :
V1
Z OC   I1 YA I2
I1 I 2 0
V1  AV2 V1 YB YC V2
I1  CV2
V1 A Admittance parameter matrix for standard  -

I1 C
network is given by,
ZOC 
A
 YA  YB YA   y11 y12 
Y    
C
 YA YA  YC   y21 y22 
For network (1) y-parameter is given by,
1 1 1   2 1 For T-type of 2-port network, Z-parameter

 3  3  3   3  3 can be written as
Y1     
  1 1  1   1 2  Za  Zc Zc   2 j j 
 3 3 3   3 3  Z     
Z b  Z c   j 3  2 j
 Zc
Similarly, for network (2), y-parameter is given by,
 1 On comparing, we get
 1  2 Z c  j
Y2    
 1 1  And Z b  Z c  3  2 j
 2 
 5 5 Z b  j  3  2 j
 3  6
Thus, Y   Y1   Y2     Z b  3  j  Rb  j
 5 5 
 6 3  Hence, Rb  3 
5 5
I1  V1  V2 …(i) 29. A
3 6
5 5
and I2  V1  V2 …(ii) 2
6 3 1 3
N1 N2
Standard h-parameter equation : 1’ 3’
2’
V1  h11 I1  h12V2
I 2  h21 I1  h22V2 A B 1 5
Given :    
C D  N1 0 1 
I2
h22  = Driving point output admittance
V2 A B  1 0
C D   0.2 1 
I1  0
when input is open circuited.   N2  

From equation (i), Since, the two networks are cascaded, hence overall
5 5 ABCD parameter is the product of their individual
0  V1  V2
3 6 ABCD parameter,
5 5 A B A B A B
V1  V2
3 6 C D   C D  C D 
    N1   N2
2V1  V2
 A B  1 5   1 0 
C D   0 1 0.2 1 
V2
V1 
2     
Put the value of V1 in equation (ii),  A B   2 5
I 2 15 C D   0.2 1 
h22    1.25 S    
V2 12 Hence, the correct option is (A).
Hence, the value of h22 is 1.25 S. Table 3.1 :
28. 3 Sr. 2-port
Relation
Za Zb No. connection
1 2
Addition of
Zc
1. Series
z-parameter
1' 2' Addition of
2. Parallel
y-parameter
Addition of ZS
3. Series-parallel
h-parameter + f11 f12 +
Addition of V1 V2 ZL
4. Parallel-series
g-parameter f 21 f2 2
Multiplication of
5. Cascade Z out
ABCD parameters
V1   Z S I1
30. B
Given Transmitter parameter; Put the value of V1 in equation (i) we get;
t11  0.0025  Z S I1  AV2  BI 2
t12  500 Ω I1  CV2  DI 2
t21  3.125  108 S  Z S AV2  BI 2

t22  0.00625 1 CV2  DI 2
Z L  200 kΩ and Z S  20 kΩ  Z S CV2  DZ S I 2  AV2  BI 2
I1
ZS I2 ( A  Z S C )V2  ( B  Z S D) I 2
+ f11 f12 +
V2 B  Z S D
VS + V1 V2 ZL 
I2 A  ZSC
f 21 f22
V2 500  0.00625  20  103

Z in Zout I 2 0.0025  3.125  108  20  103
Z in  ?
500  125
Z0 
Z out  ? 3.125 103
From figure V2   I 2 Z L Z 0  200 kΩ
We know that T parameter equation Hence; correct option is (C).
V1  AV2  BI 2 … (i) 31. B
I1  CV2  DI 2 … (ii) 2 3 2 3
Given Ta    Tb   
Put the value of V2 in equation (i) and (ii) we get 1 2  1 2
I2
V1   AZ L I 2  BI 2 I1
+ Na +
I1  CZ L I 2  DI 2
V1 AZ L  B
 V1 V2
I1 CZ L  D
0.0025  200 103  500 Nb

3.125 108  200 103  0.00625
Network N a and Network N b are series connection
500  500 1000
Zin  
0.00625  0.00625 0.0125 ZT  Z a  Z b
Z in  80 kΩ From the given matrix;
For calculation of Z 0 ; Z 0  Z 4 h V1  2V2  3I 2 … (i)
I1  V2  2 I 2 … (ii)
From equation (ii)
V2  I1  2 I 2 … (iii) V1  4 I1  2 I 2 … (i)
Put the value of V2 in equation (i) we get; V2  2 I1  4 I 2 … (ii)
V1  2( I1  2 I 2 )  3I 2 From equation (ii)
V1  2 I1  4 I 2  3I 2 2 I1  V2  4 I 2
V1  2 I1  I 2 … (iv) 1
I1  V2  2 I 2
2
Comparing equation (iii) and (iv) in Z-parameter
equation we get Put the value I1 in equation (i), we get;
2 1  1 
Za   V1  4  V2  2 I 2   2 I 2
 2 
1 2 
2 3 V1  2V2  8 I 2  2 I 2
Given matrix Tb   
1 2 V1  2V2  6 I 2 … (iii)
V1  2V2  3I 2 … (v) 1
I1  V2  2 I 2 … (iv)
I1  V2  2 I 2 … (vi) 2
Comparing equation (iii) and (iv) in standard ABCD
From equation (vi) we get;
parameter equation we get;
V2  I1  2 I 2
1
A  2; B  6; C  ; D  2
Put the value of V2 in equation (v), we get; 2
V1  2( I1  2 I 2 )  3I 2 2 6
[T ]   1 
V1  2 I1  4 I 2  3I 2  2
2 
V1  2 I1  I 2 … (vii)
 2 6
Adj [T ]  
V2  I1  2 I 2 … (viii) T 1
  1
T  2
Comparing equation (vii) and equation (viii) in 2 
standard Z-parameter equation we get; Hence, correct option is (D).
2 1 33. D
Zb   
1 2  Given network shown below figure
s s
ZT  Z a  Z b
Z1 Z 3
2 1 2 1
  
1 2  1 2  1W 1W
4 2 Z2
ZT   
2 4
delta to star conversion (   Y )
Hence, correct option is (B).
32. A s 1
Z1 
s2
[T ]1  ?
1 1
4 2 Z2 
Given ZT   s2

2 4
s 1 I1 1
Z3   2
s2 I2 ( s  3s  1)
s s
Z3 = V2
s s+2 s+2 For g 21 
V1 I 2 0
+ I1 Z1 I2 +
s  1 
V1 Z2 =
1 V2 V2  I 2  ( I1  I 2 )  
s+2 ( s  2)  s2
I1
V2  { I 2  0}
( s  2)
s 2 + 3s s KVL, in (i) loop
s+2 s+2
 s 2  3s 
+ I1 I2 + V1 ( s)  I1    V2 ( s)
 s2 
1
V1 Z2 = V2
s+2  s 2  3s 
V1 ( s )  V2 ( s  2)    V2 ( s )
 s2 
We know that the two port equation of the g- V1 ( s )  V2 ( s 2  3s  1)
parameter
V2 1
I1  g11V1  g12i2 g 21   2
V1 s  3s  1
V2  g 21V1  g 22i2 1
g 21 
I1 s  3s  1
2
g11 
V1 V2
I 2 0 For g 22 
I2 V2 0
 s 2  3s 1 
V1 ( s)  I1 ( s)    KVL, loop 1
 s  2 s  2
 s 2  3s  1
 s  3s  1 
2
V1    I1  ( I1  I 2 )
V1 ( s )  I1 ()    s2  ( s  2)
 s2 
 s 2  3s  1   1 
V ( s ) s 2  3s  1 V1  I1    I2  
g11  1   s2   s2
I1 () s2
[V1  0]
I1
For g12 I2
I2 V1 0 I1 
s  3s  1
2
KVL, in first loop; KVL, in loop 2;

 s  3s 2
1  s  1
V1 ( s)    I1  ( I1  I 2 ) V2    I 2  ( I1  I 2 )
 s2  ( s  2)  s2 ( s  2)
 V1  0  s 1  I1
V2    I2 
 s 2  3s  1  I2 s2 ( s  2)
I1    s 1  1
 s  2  ( s  2) V2    I2  2
I1
s2 ( s  3s  1) ( s  2)
V2 s  1 1  25  j 5 25 
  2 Y1   S
I 2 s  2 ( s  3s  1) ( s  2)  25 25  j 5
V2 ( s  1) ( s 2  3s  1)  1 Case 2 :

I2 ( s  2) ( s 2  3s  1)  j10 s
s 2  3 s 2  s  s 2  3s  1  1 + I1 I2 +
g 22 
( s  2) ( s 2  3s  1) V1 2s 2s V2
s 2  4s 2  4s
g 22 
( s  2) ( s 2  3s  1)
Y  Y Yb   2  j10 j10 
Y2   a b   S
g 22 
s ( s  2) 2
 Yb Yc  Yb   j10 2  j10 
( s  2) ( s 2  3s  1)
Overall Y parameter is YT  Y1  Y2
s ( s  2)
g 22  2
( s  3s  1)  25  j 5 25   2  j10 j10 
YT    
 25 25  j 5  j10 2  j10 
 s2 1 
 1   s 2  3s  2
I s  3s  1 
2
 27  j15 25  j10 
V    1 s ( s  2) 
 YT   S
 2   25  j10 27  j 5 
 s  3s  1
2
s 2  3s  1 
Hence, correct option is (B).
34. B
Given Network;

25 253
I1 100  I1
+
V1 V2
 j105
I2 25 25 I2
Given network is parallel connection

yT  y1  y2
Case 1 :
 j5  j5  j0.2   j0.2 
+ I I2 + + I I2 +
1 1
V1 1 V2  V1 1 V2
1  j 0.2 1 
Z1  
 1 1  j 0.2 
1  j 0.2 1 
 1 1  j 0.2 
1
Y1  Z  
0.04
1. B 2. 10 3. A 4. C 5. A
6. B 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. 1
11. 20 12. 1.65 13. 1.6 14. –7.5 15. 3
16. 0.75 17. C 18. B 19. B 20. A
21. C 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. C
26. B 27. B 28. C 29. B 30. B
31. A 32. A 33. C
1. B open circuit all the independent current

Given circuit is shown below, source ( Rin  ) .
I 2W I dc 2W
A
a
4W 2I
Vdc 4W 2 I dc
b
When network consist of only dependent sources,
then Applying KCL at node A,
Vdc V V  2 I dc
RTH   I dc  dc  dc 0
I dc 4 2
In this case we can replace complete network by a Vdc Vdc
  I dc  I dc
load of RTH . 4 2
Calculation of RTH : 3
Vdc  2 I dc
(when dependent sources are present) 4
(i) Apply a voltage source ‘ Vdc ’ at terminal ab 8I
Vdc  dc
and assume ‘ I dc ’ current flowing through the 3
network. V 8
RTH  dc  
(ii) Replace all independent source by their I dc 3
internal resistance, i.e. short circuit all the Hence, the correct option is (B).
independent voltage source ( Rin  0 ) and
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 Key Point Hence, the Thevenin’s equivalent voltage across

When a network consist of only dependent source terminals a - b is 10 V.
i.e. there will be no independent source in the 3. A
network then the value of VTH  0 V. Given circuit is shown below,
2. 10
3W
a
12 V 1A 6W
1. Calculation of I N :
b
. Method 1 :
3W 0A
a
(1 - I ) I
I
12 V 1A 6 W VTH = VOC
KCL at node V
b V  24 V
 40
Applying KVL in loop shown, 4 4
12  3(1  I )  6 I  0 V  24  V  16  0
12  3  3I  6 I  0 2V  40
9 I  15 V=20 V
15 5 V 20
I  Amp IN  
9 3 4 4
5 I N  5A
Hence, VTH  6 I  6   10 Volt
3 2. Calculation of RN :
Hence, the Thevenin’s equivalent voltage across
(when only independent sources are
terminals a - b is 10 V.
present)
. Method 2 :
Replace all independent source by their
3W a a 0A internal resistance, i.e. short circuit all the
independent voltage source ( Rin  0) and
12 V 1A 6 W VTH = VOC open circuit all the independent current
source ( Rin  ).
4W 4W
V V  12
0  1  TH  TH 0 8W
6 3
VTH  2VTH  24  6 RN
3VTH  30  VTH  10 Volt RN  (4  4) 8
GATE ACADEMY® 3 Network Theorems
RN  8 8 Calculation of VTH :
RN  4 
4. C
Fig. (b)
Applying source transformation,
Fig. (c)
Power delivered to 10 Ω resistance is given
by,
P  I 2 10
Hence power delivered to 10 Ω resistance is
maximum when the current through 10 Ω
resistance is maximum. Fig. (d)
If Rs  0 (short circuit) From the above circuit, VM  VTH
Applying KCL at node M ,
VTH  30 VTH  0 VTH  16
  0
15 10 10
2VTH  60  3VTH  3VTH  48  0
8VTH  12
VTH  1.5V
If Rs  0 , then current I delivered from Hence, the correct option is (A).

source will go directly to 10 Ω resistance as 6. B
current follows the path of minimum Given:
resistance. (i) R  50 
Hence power delivered to 10 Ω resistance
will be maximum when Rs  0 (ii) Va is variable
Hence, the correct option is (C). Given circuit is shown below,
5. A
Fig. 1
Fig. (a)
Maximum power is transferred from circuit Applying KCL at node V,
P to circuit Q, if circuit Q offers 100  to V V  Va
 i  0
circuit P. 200 R
Thevenin equivalent circuit is given by, 10 10  6
  0.1  0
200 R
4
 0.05
R
4
R  80 
0.05
Fig. 2 Hence, the correct option is (D).
Applying KVL in the above figure
9. C
20
I  0.1A Maximum power transferred from circuit P to
200
circuit Q is given by,
20  100
V  10 V Pmax  V  i  10  0.1
100  100
V  10 V Pmax  1W
From the circuit of figure 1, Hence, the correct option is (C).
Applying KCL at node V, 10. 1
V V  Va Given circuit is shown below,
 i0
200 R 2.5V
2.5 W
10 10  Va X
  0.1
200 50 5W
10  40  4Va  20 5W 5W
5V
30
Va   7.5V
4 Y
Hence, the correct option is (B). . Method 1:

7. C Applying source transformation,
Maximum power is given by,
Pmax  V  i
Pmax  10  0.1
Pmax  1W
8. D
Given : Va  6 V and R is variable
Again applying source transformation,

2.5 V
2.5 W
X
0A
5W
5W 0V 5W IN
5V
Y
Modified circuit is shown below,

2.5 V
V 2.5 W
X
5W
5W IN
5V
Again applying source transformation,
Y
Applying KCL at node V,
V  5 V V  2.5
  0
5 5 2.5
1 1 1 
V   1 1  0
 5 5 2.5 
1  1  2 
V 0
 5 
V 0
V  2.5 0  2.5
Hence, I N   1 A
2.5 2.5
Above figure is a Norton equivalent circuit. Hence, the Norton’s equivalent current
Therefore, I N  1A and RN  2.5  source as seen into the terminals X and Y is 1
A.
Hence, the Norton’s equivalent current 11. 20
source as seen into the terminals X and Y is 1
A.
. Method 2:
2.5V
2.5 W
X
5W
5W 5W
5V
Calculation of RTH :
Y
Calculation of I N : (when dependent sources are present)
The Norton equivalent current I N across XY (i) Apply a voltage source ‘ Vdc ’ between
is the short circuit current across XY . terminal ‘C’ and ‘D’ and assume ‘ I dc ’
current flowing to the network.
(ii) Replace all independent source by their VTH  j 2 I  j 2  2  450 V
internal resistance, i.e. short circuit all the
VTH  2 2450 V
2. Calculation of ZTH :
open circuit all the independent current
source ( Rin  ) . (when dependent sources are not
present)
Replace all independent source by their
independent voltage source ( Rin  0) and
source ( Rin  ).
2W
Applying KVL in the above shown loop,

Vdc  5I dc  5( I dc  10 4Vx )  0 S.C. j2 W
Vdc  5  103 10 4Vx  I dc   5  103 I dc ZTH
Also, Vx  Vdc 2  j2 j2
ZTH  2 || ( j 2)  
Vdc  0.5Vdc  (10 103 ) I dc 2  j 2 (1  j )
2900
0.5Vdc  (10 103 ) I dc ZTH   2450  (1  j ) 
2450
Vdc
Rth   20 103  Thevenin equivalent circuit :
I dc
Hence, the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance
in between the terminals C and D is 20 kΩ .
12. 1.65
Given circuit is shown below, In case of complex network, maximum
power will be transferred to RL , when
RL  ZTH  12  12  2 
Load current is given by,
VTH 2 2450
1. Calculation of VTH : IL  
RL  ZTH 2  2450
2  j2 2450
IL  
2  1  j 1.8522.6
0
I L  1.0822.40 A
I L  1.08 A
Applying KVL in loop shown,
Pmax  I L2 RL  (1.08) 2  2  1.65 W
40 0
2
I   2  450 A Hence, the maximum power that can be
2  j 2 (1  j )
transferred to the load RL is 1.65 W.
13. 1.6 Since circuit has dependent source
Given circuit is shown below, V
Thus, use the method of RTh  dc
I dc
Current I is given by,

V
Using linearity property, assume I L as a I x
s
function of Vs and I s Applying KVL,
I L  AVs  B I s V
Vdc  4Vx  x  10  Vx  0
Using the values given in the table, s
1  7 A  3B …(i) Vx  Vdc
3  9A  B …(ii) Applying KCL,
Using equation (i) and (ii), V V  4Vx
 I dc  dc  dc 0
15 15
27 A  7 A  91
15 I dc  Vdc  Vdc  4Vdc
8 2
A  Vdc 15
20 5 RTh  
8 I dc 2
B  3  9
20 RTh  7.5 
3 Hence, the thevenin equivalent resistance is
B
5 – 7.5 
2 3 15. 3
I L   Vs  I s
5 5 Given circuit is shown below,
If Vs  10 V and I s  4 A , then
2 3
I L   10   4
5 5
I L  4  2.4
I L  1.6 A
Hence, the value of I L will be 1.6 A. For maximum power transfer condition,
14. –7.5 RTh  RL
(when dependent sources are present)
(i) Apply a voltage source ‘ Vdc ’ between
terminal ‘C’ and ‘D’ and assume ‘ I dc ’
current flowing to the network.
(ii) Replace all independent source by their ix  0.9  10ix  0
internal resistance, i.e. short circuit all the ix  0.1A
From equation (ii),
open circuit all the independent current Vth  30  0.1
source ( Rin  ) .
Vth  3V
Putting Vth  3V and Rth  3  in the
equation (i),
(3) 2
Thus, Pmax   0.75 W
43
Hence, the maximum power is 0.75 W.
Figure (2) 17. C
Given network shown in below.
Vdc
RTh  3A
I dc
a
From figure (2)
ix  10 ix
5W 8A 1W R
35 V
 9ix  0
ix  0 A b
Applying KVL in loop 1, R =? when circuit to deliver maximum power to the

Vdc  3I dc terminals a and b.
Condition for maximum power transfer theorem;
Vdc R  RAB  ( ZTH ) AB
RTh   3
I dc
R  RTH (Thevenin’s Resistance across
Hence, the value of RL will be 3  . terminal AB)
16. 0.75 For calculation of Thevenin’s Resistance all
For DC circuit maximum power in load independent source are Deactivated; voltage source
resistance RL is given by, like short circuit and current source like open circuit;
circuit shown below figure.
VTh 2 VTh 2 a
Pmax   …. (i)
4 RL 4 RTh
Calculation of VTh
 
R TH

a
Vth  (10iX )  (3)

  RTH
Vth  30ix …(ii)
b
5 If R  6.5 Ω then the maximum power transfer to the
RTH  5111  Ω
6 load.
5 Hence, correct option is (B).
If R  Ω then the circuit deliver maximum power
6 19. B
to the terminal ab Given circuit shown in below figure.
Hence, correct option is (C). 7W
18. B
Given circuit : 6W 5W
V
6W R
6W 5W
I 9W
R
R  ? if R  R TH then the power transfer to the load
9W
is maximum,
If R  RTH then the maximum power transfer to the For calculation of RTH , all independent source is
load. For calculation of RTH , all independent source Deactivate voltage source like short circuit and
and Deactivated voltage source like short circuit and current source like open circuit. Now circuit look like
current source like as a open circuit, then the circuit this,
look like this. c 7W a
6
a
6W 5W
6 5
RTH
R TH
d 9W b
b
9
a
a
 
7W 5W 2.9166
RTH
c d RTH
RTH
  6W 9W 3.6
b b
RTH  12 ||14
2  14 For MPT; RTH  R
RTH 
12  14 R  6.5 Ω
2  14 If R  6.5 Ω then the maximum power transfer to the
RTH 
26 load.
RTH  6.5 Ω Hence, correct option is (B).
20. A
For MPT R  RTH
Given : Rg1  20 
R  6.5 Ω
Rg2  20  A C
I
Pmax  ? 100 V
Case 1 : When Rg  20 
0 40 1 B D
I  
Rg  PL 20  60 2 Fig. (b)
1 Apply homogeneity properties in Fig. (a) we
T multiply by (3)
2
A C
2
1
PL  I RL     60
2
linear
2 100 V passive 10 A
network
PL  15
Case 2 : When Rg  80  B D
Fig. (c)
40 40 40
I   Apply reciprocity theorems in Fig, (c), we get
Rg  RL 80  60 140
C A
4
I linear
14 10 A passive 100
2 network
 4
PL  I 2 RL     60
 19  D B
16 Fig. (d)
PL   60  4.897
196 Comparing Fig. (b) and Fig. (d), we get
PL  4.897 W I  10 A
Maximum power transfer to the RL is PL max  15 W
22. B
Hence, correct option is (A).
Vxy  ?
21. C
Given, circuit Rxy  ?
If E  10 V, then I  1 A Given, circuit shown below figure.
If ECD  100 V , then I AB  ?
A C 60 W 40 W
+ linear
I 100 V
E passive X Y
- network
40 W 60 W
B D
A C Case 1 : Calculation of VTH

+ linear 40  100
Vx  [VDR ]
10 V passive I =1 A 40  60
- network
Vx  40 V
B D
60  100
Fig. (a) Vy   60 V
40  60
R
VTH  Vx ~ Vy
(because polarity of X and Y, are not mention so we
can take difference voltage) 2
VTH  40 ~ 60 
6V
 4 VTH
VTH  20 V
Case 2 : Calculation of RTH
4  6V
VTH 
For calculation of RTH voltage source is short circuit 2R
4
and current source is open circuit. 2 R
24(2  R )
VTH 
8  4R  2R
60 40
48  24 R
VTH 
8  6R
X Y R
40 60
60 40 4
X Y RTH
40 60
  2R 
RTH  4  
24 24  2 R
X Y 2R
4
8R
RTH  48  RTH  2  R 
2R 8  4R  2R
Hence, the correct option is (B). 4
2 R
23. A 8R
RTH 
( P1 )max  ? 8  6R
Thevenin’s equivalent across the terminal 1 
When current flow thought 1  resistor is maximum resistance is,
than. The power absorbed by the 1  resistor is RTH
maximum.
Given circuit VTH 1W
RW
2W 8R
+ 8 + 6R
6V 4W 1W
-
48 + 24 R
1W
Now calculate the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit 8 + 6R
across 1  resistor.
(48  24 R )(8  6 R ) 48  24 R 2
Pmax  I rms RL
I 
8R 8R  8  6 R
1 Pmax  (40) 2  3  4.8 kW
8  6R
48  24 R VS2 (240)2
I Or Pmax    4.8 kW
8  14 R 4 RL 43
Pmax  I 2 RL  I 2  1  I 2 Hence, the correct option is (C).
From option 25. C
R I Pmax  I 2 R Given : Source impedance, Z S  9  j12
0 6 36 W
Load, RL  ?
2 2.66 7.11 W
4 2.25 5.0625 W Z S = 9 + j 12
 1.714 2.938 W
From the table, if R  0  then the power absorbed
by the 4  resistor is maximum. V RL
24. C
Given, V  240 volts
Internal impedance Z s  3  j 4  For a maximum power transfer when resistive load is
variable and source impedance is a complex in nature
( Pmax )  ? the
ZS
RL  RS2  X L2
I RL  92  122  81  144
V RL  225
ZL
RL  12 
For maximum power transfer, Z L  Z S * 26. B
Z L  (3  j 4)* Given : I  (0.2 V,  2) A
A I
ZL  3  j4
Z S = (3 - j 4) N V
I
B
240 V Z L = (3 + j 4) RTH A I
VTH V
2
Pmax  I rms RL
B
240 240
I   40 KVL, V  IRTH  VTH  0
3  j4  3  j4 6
V  VTH 4
I … (i) I
RTH 1 R
Given, I  (0.2 V,  2) A … (ii) P  l2R
Comparing equation (i) and equation (ii) we get  4 
2
4  1
V
 0.2 V  1 R 
RTH
4
1 2
RTH  5  1 R
0.2 1 R  2
VTH
 2 R 1 
RTH 1W
VTH  2  5
i
VTH  10 V
12 V
 RTH  5  1W
VTH  10 V
Hence, the correct option is (B). 12
I 6 A
27. B 11
Given circuit :
P1  I 2 R  6 2  1
j 50 W 10 W
P1  36 watt
50 Ð00
ZL
29. B
Given, P  300 W when V  30 V DC
For maximum power transfer, Z L  Z S * P  100 watt when V  30 V AC
Z S  10  j50  Case 1 :
Z L  Z S *  10  j50 
Z L  10  j50  R
VS2 (50)2 30 V
Pmax    62.5 W
4 RL 4 10 jX L

28. C For DC inductor is short circuit :
Given, P1  4 watt
R
I
30 V R
4 1W
PR  300 Watt
P
V2
 300 10 W
R
+ Unknown
302 20 W 4V 10 W
 300 – network
R
900
R 3 Q
300
Case 2 : (i) Calculation of RTH :
(when dependent sources are not present)
R Replace all independent source by their
30
jX L
source ( Rin  ) .
Pac  108 P
10 W
V2
2
 3  108 20 W S.C. 10 W Ü RTH
Z
Q
2 900  3
Z   25
108 RTH  10 ||10  5 
Z 5 (ii) Calculation of VTH :
Z  R  jX L 0A
a
P
Z R X
2 2 2
L 10 W +
+
X L2  52  32 20 W 4 V 10 W VTH
-
XL  4  -
Q
Hence, the correct option is (B). Applying KCL at node a,
30. (B)
VTH VTH  4
Given : VOC  3.71  15.90 V  0
10 10
Z n  2.38  j 0.667  2VTH 4

Then, 10 10
VOC 3.71 15.90 VTH  2 V
I sc    1.5 A Ans.
Z n 2.38  j 0.667
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit :
From these data at this frequency the minimal
RTH = 5 W
realization of Thevenin’s impedance will P
have a resister and a capacitor because
Thevenin’s impedance Z n is resistive and VTH = 2 V
capacitive in nature and also VOC is

Q
capacitive in nature.
31. A
32. A 33. C
Given circuit is shown below, Given circuit is shown below,
j 30 W 10 W 10 W
P
10 W
16 Ð00 A 25 W - j 50 W + 5V 1A RL
–
+
– 2V
Q
15 W
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit :
The Norton equivalent current I N across PQ is the RTH
short circuit current across PQ.
j 30 W
+ V RL
P – TH
I =0
16 Ð00 A 25 W - j 50 W IN
In case of resistive network, maximum power will be
transferred to RL , when
Q
15 W
RL  RTH
There is no current in  j 50  , because of short
circuit path PQ.
j 30 W
(when dependent sources are not present)
P Replace all independent source by their internal
resistance, i.e. short circuit all the independent
16 Ð00 A 25 W IN voltage source ( Rin  0) and open circuit all the
independent current source ( Rin  ).
Q
15 W 10 W 10 W
25
I N  1600  [By CDR] 10 W
25  (15  j 30)
400 40 RTH
IN  
40  j 30 4  j 3
RTH  (10 ||10)  10  5  10
40 (4  j 3)
IN   1.6 (4  j 3) RTH  15 
25
I N  (6.4  j 4.8) A RL  RTH  15 
Hence, the correct option is (A). Hence, the correct option is (C).

1. C 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. C
6. A 7. B 8. 0.316 9. 1 10. 8.38
11. – 4.414 12. B 13. 0.025 14. A 15. 3
16. B 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. 3
21. D 22. C 23. A 24. 6.32 25. 15.66
26. B 27. D 28. A 29. C 30. B
31. A 32. B 33. C 34. 1.25 35. D
36. B 37. B 38. D 39. B 40. D
41. C 42. C 43. C 44. – 30 45. C
46. B 47. 7.7 48. B 49. D 50. D
51. A 52. A 53. D 54. C 55. C
56. A 57. D 58. 2 59. B 60. C
61. B 62. D 63. B 64. 1.51 65. 0.66
66. D 67. B 68. B 69. A 70. B
1. C 1 2
Energy E  1 I (t )
Given : V (t )   (t ) 2
s 1
E   1 1
I (t ) I ( s) 2
 (t ) +– 1 +– 1
L.T. E J
2
Hence, correct option is (C)
Fig. (a) Fig. (b) 2. C
1 Given :
I (s) 
s 1
i (t )  u (t ) (i) Current i (t )  e t /2
4
1 t  0 (ii) Unit impulse excitation (voltage)
i (t )  
0 t  0
Transform domain : Voltage across inductor is given by,

diL (t )
VL (t )  L
dt
1
L
iL (t )  VL (t )dt
VL (t )  4[u (t )  u (t  2)]
Applying KVL in above loop,
4
1
1 iL (t )  [u (t )  u (t  2)]dt
I ( s) 
R  Ls
iL (t )  4[tu (t )  (t  2)4(t  2)]
1
I (s)  …(i) iL (t )  4[3 1  (3  2)  1]  8 A
L( s  R / L) t 3
Taking inverse Laplace transform of Hence, the correct option is (D).

equation (i), 4. A
1  Rt / L Given : i (t )  5te 4t
i(t )  e …(ii)
L For maximum value of current,
1 t /2 di (t )
Given i (t )  e …(iii) 0
4 dt
Comparing equation (ii) and (iii), 5(t   4e  4 t  e  4 t )  0
L4
4t  1  0
R 1
 t  0.25sec
L 2
d 2i (t ) d
4  [20  e4t  5e 4t ]
R dt 2 dt
2
R  2 d 2i (t )
2
 80  e 4t  40e 4t
dt
3. D d 2 i (t )
 20e 1  40e 1  20e 1 = -7.357
dt 2 t  0.25
Given :
(i) Voltage d 2i (t )
Since, 0
V (t) dt 2 t  0.25
4 Hence, i (t ) will attain its maximum value at
t  0.25 .
t
0 2 Hence, the correct option is (A).
Given circuit is shown below, 5. C
GATE ACADEMY® 3 Trasient Analysis
10 W 10 W
10 W 20 W x y
Va
z
10 W 20 W
K iL (t ) 2H
5V
10 W
10 W
RTH
(i) At t  0  / t  0 / steady state : Applying delta star transmission

Switch is open initially 10 10 5
X  
10 W 10  20  10 2
10  20
10 W 20 W Y Z 
b0 10  10  20
Y  Z  5
5V iL (0- )
5/ 2 5
5
In steady state, inductor behaves as a
short circuit 10
Applying KCL at node b0 , RTH
05 05 5 
  iL (0 )  0 RTH    5   5
30 10 2 
20 2 5 / 2  15
iL (0 )   A RTH  5
30 3 5 / 2  15
Using property of inductor 75 50
RTH  5  Ω
2 35 7
iL (0 )  iL (0 )  A
3 L

(ii) At t  0 (Transient) : RTH
Switch is closed. 2 14
  sec
10 W 50 50
7
10 W 20 W (iii) At t   /steady state :
2H
In steady state, inductor is replaced by
5V
10 W short circuit.
10 W
For R-L network
Va (¥)
L b
Time constant   10 W 20 W
RTH iL (¥)
5V 10 W
where, RTH  Thevenin resistance across L,
when voltage source is short circuited
RTH calculation : Applying KCL at node Va ( ) ,
Va ()  s Va ()  0 Va () Va (0 )  Vb Va (0 )  5 Va (0 )
  0   0
10 20 10 20 10 10
2Va ( )  10  Va ( )  2Va ( )  0 Va (0  )  Vb  2Va (0  )  10  2Va (0  )  0
2Va ( )  10  Va ( )  2Va ( )  0 …(i) 5Va (0  )  Vb  10  0 …(ii)
Va ( )  5 V Using equation (i) and (ii),
Applying KCL at node b, 3Va (0 )  45Va (0 )  10  90  0
0  Va () 0  5 80
iL ()   0 Va (0 )   1.9047 V
20 10 42
3
iL ()  Amp . Va (t )  Va ( )  [Va (0  )  Va ( )]e  t / 
5
Current through inductor is given by, Va (t )  2  [1.9047  2]e  t14/50
25 t
iL (t )  iL ( )  [i (0 )  i ( )]e  t /  
Va (t )  2  0.09e 7
Put the value of iL (0 ), iL ( ) and  in the Hence, the correct option is (A).
above equation, 7. B
3  2 3 Given : Current excitation is (t )  4u (t ) A
iL (t )      et14/50
5 3 5
50 t
3 1 
iL (t )   e 14
5 15
6. A
(i) At t  0  :
Inductor is replaced by a current source with (i) At t  0 / t  0 / steady state :
initial value Current is (t )  4u (t )  4, t  0
In steady state, inductor behaves as an
short circuit
Applying KCL at node Vb ,

Using current division rule,
Vb  Va (0 ) Vb  5 2
  0 400
20 10 3 iL (0 )  4   2A
400  400
3Vb  3Va (0 )  6Vb  30  40  0 (ii) At t  0 (Transient) :
9Vb  3Va (0  )  10  0 …(i) Source free network
Applying KCL at node Va (0  ) ,

400 W
Switch is open. In steady state, inductor
behaves as a short circuit.
400 W 32 mH 200 W
1V 1W
For R-L network iL (0- )

1W
L
Time constant () 
RTH
where, RTH  Thevenin resistance across
Therefore, iL (0  )  0 A
L, when voltage source is short circuited
RTH calculation : From the property of inductor,
400 iL (0  )  iL (0 )  0 A
(ii) At t  0 (Transient) :
For R-L network,
400 Ü RTH 200
L
Time constant,  
RTH
RTH  800  200 1W
800  200
RTH   160 
1000
L 32 103 1W
   0.2 msec
RTH 160
Req = 1 + 1 = 2 W
Since, source free circuit
Hence, iL ( )  0A 1
  0.5 sec
Current through inductor is given by, 2
iL (t )  iL ( )  [i (0 )  i ( )]e  t /  (iii) At t   / Steady state :
t Switch is closed. In steady state, inductor

iL (t )  0  [2  0]e 0.210 3 behaves as a short circuit.
1V
iL (t )  2e 5000t A 1W

8. 0.316
1W iL (¥)
1V S 1W
Applying KVL in above circuit,

1W i (t ) 1H iL ( )  1  iL ( )  0
1 1
iL ()    0.5 A
11 2
Current through inductor is given by, From equation (i),
iL (t )  iL ()  iL (0 )  iL ()  e
 t / 
iL (t )  0.5(1  e  t /0.5 )
… (i) Value of loop current at t  0.5 sec ,

(i) At t  0 / t  0 / Steady state :
iL (0.5)  0.5 1  e 0.5/0.5   0.5 1  e 1 
iL (0.5)  0.316 A
Hence, the magnitude of the loop current 0.5
second after closing the switch is 0.316 A.
9. 1
(i) At t  0 (transient) :
Switch is closed
Given circuit is shown below 12 1333
iL (0 )  
1W
(100  800 ||1333) 800  1333
1H
iL (0  )  0.012499 A
1V 1W
Using property of inductor,
iL (0 )  i L (0 )  0.012499 A
For R-L network
(ii) At t  0 (Transient) :
L
Time constant   Switch is open
RTH
iL
where, RTH  Thevenin resistance across
L, when voltage source is short circuited
RTH calculation : 800 W 20 mH
1W
1W Since source free network,

Hence, iL (  )  0 A
RTH
For R-L network
RTH  1  L
Time constant,  
1 RTH
   1sec
1 200 103
 sec
Hence, the value of time constant is 1 sec. 800
10. 8.38 Current through inductor is given by,
Given circuit is shown below, 
t
iL (t )  iL ()  [iL (0 )  iL ()]e 
…(i)
Putting iL ()  0 A,i L (0  )  0.012499 A and
 in the equation (i)
iL (t)  0.012499 e 40000t
iL (t ) t 10 sec  0.012499 e 0.4 A
(i) At t  0  / t  0 / steady state : iL (t ) t 10 sec  8.38 mA

In steady state inductor behaves as a Hence, the value of current iL is 8.38 mA.
short circuit. 11. – 4.414
Given : VL (0  )  12 V
2 kW
+
1kW 6 kW 4H VL
-
Applying KVL in loop (1),
Voltage across inductor is given by, 1/ s 2
I ( s) 
VL (t )  VL (0  )e  t /  …(i) 1 s
L 1 1 1
 I (s)    …(i)
RTH s s s 1
2
where, RTH  Thevenin resistance across L, Taking inverse Laplace transform of

equation (i),
i (t )  ( t  1  e  t ) A
RTH calculation :
2 kW
13. 0.025
1 kW 6 kW 30 W
20 W
RTH
20 V K
RTH  (1  2)  6  2 kΩ
1
H
4 2
 i (t)
2 103 10 V
  2  10 3 sec
Putting VL (0  ) and  in the equation (i),
 Key Point
t

VL (t )  12e 2103
Time constant is defined for t0
2103
 (transient)
VL (t ) t  2 m sec  12e 2103
(i) At t  0 (Transient) :
VL (t ) t  2 m sec  12e 1  4.414 V
Switch is closed
Hence, the value of VL is – 4.414 V.
30 W 20 W
12. B 20 V
Given circuit is shown below, 1
H
2
10 V
For R-L network,

L
Transform domain : Time constant  
RTH
where, RTH  Thevenin resistance across L, (ii) At t  0 (Transient) :
when voltage source is short circuited Switch is open
RTH calculation :
12 W 8W
30 W 20 W 5W
2H
RTH
For R-L network
L
RTH  20  Time constant  
RTH
1/ 2 where, RTH  Thevenin resistance across

20 L, when voltage source is short circuited
  0.025sec . RTH calculation :
Hence, the value of time constant is 0.025
sec. 12 W 8W
14. A 5W
Given circuit is shown below, Ý

RTH
RTH  (12  8)  (5)
20  5
RTH   4
20  5
2
Thus,    0.5sec
4
Since, source free network
(i) At t  0  / t  0 / steady state :
Hence, iL ( )  0A
Switch is closed initially
Current through inductor is given by,
In steady state, inductor is behaves as a
iL (t )  iL ( )  [iL (0  )  iL ( )]e  t / 
short circuit
…(i)
Put the values of iL ( ), iL (0 ) and  in the

equation (i),
iL (t )  0  [2  0]e  t /0.5
iL ( t )  2 e  2 t A
Using current division rule 15. 3
58 Given circuit is shown below,
iL (0 )   2A
12  8
iL (0  )  iL (0  )  2 A
(i) At t  0  / t  0 / steady state : Using principal of charge conservation,

Initially switch was closed C1V  C2V  C1V1  C2V2
In steady state, inductor behaves as an C1V1  C2V2
short circuit  V
C1  C2
2  0  4  24
V
1 4
V  16 V
17. A
Using current division rule, Given circuit is shown below,
1
iL (0 )  6 
11
iL (0  )  3 A
(ii) At t  0  :
Switch is open
. Method 1 : Transform analysis :
Inductor is replaced by a current source
with initial value
Applying KCL in above figure,

5
V (s) 
s  V ( s)  V (s)  0
Thus, I  3 A
R1 R2 1/ Cs
Hence, the value of current I is 3 A.
1 1  5
16. B V (s)    Cs  
Given circuit is shown below,  R1 R2  R1s
S 5
V (s) 
1 1 
t=0 sR1    Cs 
+  R1 R2 
2 mF 4 mF 24V 5R1 R2
- V ( s) 
sR1 ( R1  R2  R1 R2Cs )
When switch is closed, let common potential V 5R2

V ( s) 
V s( R1  R2  R1 R2Cs)
V (s)
+ I ( s)  [From figure]
2 mF 4 mF 24V R2
-
5
I ( s) 
s( R1  R2  R1 R2Cs )
Given : R1  1 k, R2  2 k and C  1 F . 2 2
  103 sec  msec
5 3 3
I ( s) 
s(3  2 s) (ii) At t  0  :
5 5 1 1  Capacitor behaves as a voltage source of 0 V
I ( s)    
 3 3 s 3 i.e. short circuit.
2s  s    s 
 2  2
Taking inverse Laplace transform,
3
5  t
i (t )  (1  e 2 )
3
0
. Method 2 : Transient analysis : i (0 )   0A
2
Current through 2  resistor is given by,
(all current flows through the short circuit)
i (t )  i ( )  [i (0  )  i ( )]e  t /  …(i) (iii) At t   /steady state :
Given : Initially capacitor is uncharged. In steady state, capacitor behaves as
Hence, open circuit.
VC (0  )  0 V
From property of capacitor,
VC (0  )  VC (0  )  0 V
(i) At t  0 (Transient) :
5 5
i ( )   mA
1 2 3
Put the values of i (0  ), i ( ) and  in
equation (i),
For a R-C network, 5  5 5
i (t )   0   e t /   (1  e t /  )
Time constant,   RTH C 3  3 3
RTH  Thevenin resistance across C when 2
where,   msec
voltage source is short circuited. 3
R1 = 1 kW Hence, the correct option is (A).
18. A
A series R-C network is shown below,
S.C. R2 = 2 kW
RTH
2 1 2
RTH  2 ||1   k
2 1 3 1
t
Vs  Ri (t )   i (t ) dt
2 C0
  103 1106
3
Taking Laplace transform, Voltage V (t ) is given by,
1 V (t )  u (t )  u (t  1)
V ( s)  RI ( s)  I ( s) …(i)
Cs
Using Laplace transform,
Given : Voltage source is DC voltage.
Assume Vs  Vu (t ) 1 e s 1  e s
V ( s)    …(i)
s s s
V
Vs ( s)  +
s 1W
From equation (i), V(s) 1
I(s)
s
V  1
 I ( s)  R   -
s  Cs 
VC V V ( s) sV ( s)
I ( s)    I ( s)  
( RCs  1)
 1  1  1/ s 1  s
Rs  
 RC  Using equation (i),
Taking inverse Laplace transform,  1  e s 
t s 
s  1  e s
I ( s)  
V RC
i (t )  e 
R 1 s 1 s
i(t)
1 e s
I ( s)  
s 1 s 1
i (t )  e  t u (t )  e  ( t 1)u (t  1)
t
0 i (t ) t 1  e 1  e 0  0.37  1
i (t ) t 1   0.63A
 Key Point
In series R-C network, iC ( )  0 A . Hence, the correct option is (B).
Option (A) represents an exponentially 20. 3
decaying signal. Hence, only option (A) is in Given circuit is shown below,
correct form.
19. B
Given circuit and voltage waveform is
shown below,
V (t )
1.0

t
0 1 Initially switch is open.
1W In steady state, capacitor behaves as an
+ open circuit.
V(t) i(t) 1F
-
. Method 1 :
Transform domain :
Using current division rule,

3
I  8  4A
33
VC (0  )  1 I  1 4  4 V Applying KVL in above loop,
From the property of capacitor, 10 106 106 
 I (s)    106 
VC (0  )  V (0  )  4 V s  2 s 8s 
(ii) At t  0  : 10
Switch is closed. I (s)  6 s
10 106
Capacitor is replaced by a voltage source   106
2 s 8s
with initial value.
80
I ( s)  6
10 (4  1  8s )
80  106
I ( s) 
(8s  5)
106
V1 ( s)   I (s)
8s
106  80  106 
V1 ( s ) 
8s  8s  5 
4
I1   4A
1
10 10 / 8
Applying KVL, V1 ( s )  
s(8s  5) s ( s  5 / 8)
4  1 (8  I )  I  3  0
1 2
4  8  I  3I  0 V1 ( s)  
s s5/8
I  3A Taking inverse Laplace transform,
Hence, the correct option is (A). V1 ( s )   2  2e 5t /8  4(t )
21. D
V1 ( )  2  0  2 V
Given : V2 (0)  10 V and V1 (0)  0 V
10 106  80  10 6 
Given circuit is shown below, V2 ( s )    
s 2 s  8s  5 
V1 (t ) S
10 40
+ - V2 ( s )  
8mF s 8s ( s  5 / 8)
+ 10 5
V2 (t ) 2mF 1 MΩ V2 ( s)  
-
s s ( s  5 / 8)
10 8 8
V2 ( s)   
s s s5/8
Taking inverse Laplace transform, 2
VC ()  1
V2 (t )  (2  e 5/8t )u (t ) 22
V2 ( )  2  0  2 V VC ( )  0.5 V
. Method 2 : Capacitor voltage is given by,

When two initially charged capacitors are VC (t )  VC ( )  [VC (0  )  VC ( )]e  t / 
connected in series, standard formula for VC (t )  0.5  [0.5  0.5]e  t / 
calculation of voltage across capacitors in
steady state is given by, VC (t )  0.5 V
V1 (0 )C1  V2 (0 )C2 Capacitor current is given by,

V1 ()  V2 () 
C1  C2 CdVC (t )
iC (t )   0A
dt
Given V2 (0  )  10 V and V1 (0 )  0 V
0  8 106  10  2 106
V1 ()  V2 ()  23. A
8 106  2 106
V1 ( )  V2 ( )  2 V
22. C
Voltage across capacitor is given by,

VC (t )  VC ( )  [VC (0  )  VC ( )]e  t / 
…(i)
(i) At t  0 / t  0 / Steady state :
In steady state capacitor is replaced by In steady state, capacitor is replaced by
open circuit. an open circuit
2
VC (0 )  VC (0 )  1  0.5 V 2
22 VC (0 )  VC (0 )  1
22
(ii) At t   / Steady state :
VC (0  )  VC (0  )  0.5 V
For R-C network
Time constant,   RTH C
where, RTH  Thevenin resistance across C,
RTH calculation : (i) At t  0.5 sec (transient) :
Switch is open initially
2W 1W
2W
RTH
RTH  (2  2)  1  1  1  2 
  2  1  2 sec VC (0 )  VC (0 )  0V
(iii) At t   / Steady state : For R-C network time constant   RC
In steady state capacitor is replaced an   8  0.05
open circuit   0.04 sec
(ii) At t   / steady state :
In steady state, capacitor behaves as an
open circuit
2
VC ()  2 
22
VC ( )  1V
VC ( )  10 V
From equation (i),
Voltage across capacitor is given by,
VC (t )  1  [0.5  1]e  t /2
VC (t )  VC ( )  [VC (0  )  VC ( )]e  t /  …(i)
VC (t )  1  0.5e 0.5t V
Putting the values of VC (0  ), VC ( ) and 
Capacitor currents ic (t ) is given by, in the equation (i)
CdVC (t ) VC (t )  10  [0  10]e  t /0.4
iC (t ) 
dt VC (t )  10(1  e  t /0.4 )
iC (t )  1 ( 0.5  0.5)e 0.5t VC (t ) t 0.4  10(1  e0.4/0.4 )  6.32 V
iC (t )  0.25e 0.5t A VC (t  0.5)  10  10e 5/4  7.134 V
Hence, the correct option is (A). Hence, the value of VC (t ) at 0.4 sec is 6.32 V.
24. 6.32 25. 15.66
Given circuit is shown below, (i) At t  0.5 sec (Transient) :
Switch is closed at t  0.5sec .
For R-C network, 5
VC ()  20  4 
Time constant   RTH C 6
where, RTH  Thevenin resistance across 50
VC ()  V
3
C, when voltage source is short circuited
RTH calculation : Putting the values of VC ( ), VC (0.5  ) and
 in the equation (i),
8W 4W
 t  0.5 
50  50   
VC (t )   7.134   e  0.4/3 
3  3
RTH Þ  0.8 0.5 
50  50   
VC (t ) t 0.8   7.134   e  0.4/3 
3  3
RTH  8  4 VC (t ) t 0.8  15.66 V
8 4 8 Hence, the value of VC (t ) at 0.8 sec is 15.66 V.

RTH   
84 3 26. B
   0.05
3 2W
0.4
 sec 1F
3 1W
S
Voltage across capacitor is given by, 12 V
i (0+ )
 t  0.5 
 1H 1W

VC (t )  VC ()  [VC (t  0.5)  VC ()]e   
Using property of capacitor, (i) At t  0  / t  0  / steady state :

VC (t  0.5)  VC (t  0.5  ) Initially switch is closed
VC (t  0.5)  7.134 V In steady state, inductor behave as a
short circuit and capacitor behaves as an
(ii) At t   / steady state :
open circuit
In steady state, capacitor is replaced by 2W 0A
an open circuit
+
1W VC (0- )
0A -
12 V (1)
iL (0- ) 1W
Applying KVL in loop (1),

Applying KVL in the above loop, 12  2iL (0  )  iL (0  )  0
20  4 I  8 I  10  0 12
iL (0 )   4A
10 5 3
I  A
12 6 VC (0  )  1 iL (0 )
VC ( )  20  4 I
VC (0  )  1 4  4V
(ii) At t  0  : 1
I ( s) 
Capacitor is replaced by a voltage source 2s  s 2  1
with initial value and inductor is 1
I ( s)  2 …(i)
replaced by a current source with initial s  2s  1
value. 2nd order standard characteristics equation is
given by,
C.E.  s 2  2n s  n2 …(ii)
Comparing dominator of equation (i) with
equation (ii)
2n  1
n  1rad/ sec
2n  2
i (0  )  4  I1  0
 1
4
I1   4 A Since, damping ratio ()  1
1
Thus, the system is critically damped.
i (0  )  4  4  0
i (0  )  0A
28. A
Hence, the correct option is (B). Given circuit is shown below,
27. D 2W
Given circuits is shown below,
1W 1W
2W 2H 1F
12 V
t =0
L C
u (t )
(i) At t  0 / t  0 / steady state :

Transform domain : Switch is open initially
In steady state, capacitor behaves as an open
circuit and inductor behaves an a short
circuit.
2W 0A
1W 1W
0A
12 V
+
Applying KVL in loop (i), -
iL (0 ) VC (0- )
-
1  1
 I ( s)  2  s    0 12
s  s iL (0 )   4A
3
1/ s
I ( s)  12  2  4  Vc (0 )
1
2s
s VC (0  )  VC (0  )  4 V
(ii) At t  0  : Applying KVL in the loop (i),

Capacitor is replaced by a voltage source 20  5I
with initial value and inductor is replace I  4A
by a current source with initial value. Hence, the correct option is (C).
30. B
1W 1H
i (t )
v(t ) = u (t ) 1F
12  2 I  2  1 I  4  0
8 Initial current, iL (0  )  1 A
I A
5
Initial voltage, vC (0  )  1 V

iC (0 )  2 I  4
Transform domain :
8
iC (0 )  2   4
5
iC (0  )  3.2  4   0.8 A
29. C
I S 5W
5W
20 V 20 mF
0.1H
Given : Circuit is at rest initially

Hence, iC (0  )  iL (0 )  0 A
And VC (0  )  VC  0 V
(i) At t  0  :
Switch is closed at t  0
Capacitor is replaced by a voltage source
with initial value and inductor is replaced by Applying KVL in above shown loop,
a current source with initial value. 1  1 1
 I ( s) 1  s    1   0
s  s s
s2
I ( s) 
s  s 1
2

31. A
5
I (0 )  I1 (0 ) 
3
dI 2
Since, VL (t )  L
(i) At t  0  /t  0/steady state : dt
dI 2 VL (0 )
In steady state, inductor behaves as a  … (i)
short circuited and capacitor behaves as an dt t  0 L
open circuited, Applying KVL in loop 1,
 10  VL (0 )  2 I1 (0  )  10  0
VL (0  )  2 I1 (0  )
Put value of I1 (0  ) ,
 5 10
VL (0 )  2       V
 3 3
From equation (i),
10
From figure, dI 2 10
 3  A/s
VC (0 )  10 V , I L (0  )  0 A dt t 0 1 3
From the property of inductor and capacitor, Hence, the correct option is (B).
33. C
VC (0  )  VC (0  )  10 V,
I L (0  )  I L (0  )  0 A 2W 2W 2W
(ii) At t  0  : t =0
2W
2V 1H
1F
(i) At t  0  / t  0 / Steady state :

Switch is closed initially
In steady state, capacitor behaves an an
open circuit and inductor behaves as a short
Applying KVL in the above loop, circuit
5  10 5 2W 2W 2W
I (0 )  I1 (0 )   A
1 2 3
2W
Hence, the correct option is (A). 2V iL (0- )
+
32. B VC (0- )
-
From the previous Q.,
Applying KVL, s2
I ( s)  …(iii)
2  6iL (0  ) 3( s  4s  1)
2
1 2nd order standard C.E. is given by,

iL (0 )  A
3 C.E.  s 2  2n s  n2 …(iv)
Comparing equation (iv) with the dominator
1 of equation (iii),
iL (0 )  iL (0 )  A
3
 
2n  1
VC (0 )  2  4iL (0 )
n  1rad/ sec
 1 2
VC (0 )  2  4   V 2n  4
3 3
(ii) At t  0 (Transient) : 2  1  4
Switch is opened at t  0 2
2W
As damping ratio   1
Thus, the system is over damped
2W
1H
. Method 2 :
1F 4W
Transient domain :
Voltage across capacitor is given by, 1F 1H
1
VC (t )  VC (0 )   iC (t )dt …(i)
C
Taking Laplace transform of equation (i), Here R  4 , L  1H and  1F

VC (0 ) I C ( s ) 2 I C ( s ) For series RLC circuit, damping ratio  is
VC ( s )    
s Cs 3s s given by,
Voltage across inductor is given by, R L
LdiL (t ) 
VL (t )  …(ii) 2 C
dt
4 1
VL ( s )  L[ sI L ( s )  iL (0  )] 
2 1
1
VL ( s )  LsI L ( s )  LiL (0 )  sI ( s )  2
3
Since,   1 , so the circuit is over damped.
34. 1.25
Applying KVL in loop (i),

2 1

I ( s )  3s 3
1
s4
s
(i) At t  0  / t  0 / steady state : Transform domain :

circuit and inductor behaves as a short
circuit. Switch is in open position.
Applying current division rule,

20  5 / s 
I (s)   
s  5s  5 / s 
10 100
iL (0 )   1 mA I ( s) 
5  4 1 s (5s 2  5)
5 20
VC (0 )  10  5 volt I (s) 
55 s ( s 2  1)
From property of capacitor and inductor,
20 20s
 
VC (0 )  VC (0 )  5 V I ( s)   …(i)
s s2  1
iL (0  )  iL (0 )  1 mA Taking inverse Laplace transform of
equation (i),
(ii) At t  0  :
i (t )  20  20 cos t
Inductor is replaced by a current source with
initial value and capacitor is replaced by a i (t )  20(1  cos t )
voltage source with initial value. Hence, the correct option is (D).
 
i.e. VC (0 )  VC (0 )  5 V 36. B
iL (0  )  iL (0 )  1 mA
Applying KVL in the loop shown,

 5  4  i (0  )  0  0 (i) At t  0  / t  0 / steady state :
5 Switch is open initially
i (0 )  1.25 mA
4 In steady state, capacitor behaves as an open
Hence, the magnitude of the current through circuit and inductor behaves as a short
the 4 kΩ resistor at t  0  is 1.25 mA. circuit
35. D
3 5 (i) At t  0  / t  0 / steady state :
iL (0 )   1A
10  5 Switch is open initially
Using property of inductor, In steady state, capacitor behaves as an
open circuit and inductor behaves as a short
iL (0  )  iL (0  )  1A
circuit
VC (0  )  0 V  VC (0  )
Switch is closed at t  0
Transform domain :
Applying KVL in the above loop,

24
iL (0 )   2A
12
Applying KCL at node VL ( s ) , iL (0  )  iL (0  )  2 A
VL ( s) VL ( s)  1 VL ( s ) 3 VC (0 )  2  iL (0 )  2  2
   0
100 / s s s s VC (0  )  4 V
 s 1 1 3 1 Using property of capacitor,
VL ( s)     
100 s 5  s s VC (0  )  VC (0  )  4 V
 s 2  100  20 s  2 Hence, the correct option is (B).
VL ( s ) 
100 s  s
  38. D
Voltage across inductor is given by,
200
VL ( s )  Ldi(t )
s  20s  100
2
VL (t ) 
dt
200
VL ( s )  …(i) di (0 ) VL (0 )
( s  10) 2  …(i)
dt L
Taking inverse Laplace transform of Current flowing in capacitor is given by,
equation (i), CdVC (t )
iC (t ) 
VL (t )  200te 10 t dt
Hence, the correct option is (B). dVC (0 ) iC (0 )
 …(ii)
37. B dt C
Given circuit is shown below, (i) At t  0  :
Capacitor is replaced by a voltage source
with initial value and inductor is replaced by
a current source with initial value
Applying KVL in loop (i), (i) At t  0  / t  0 / steady state :
4  2I Switch is closed initially capacitor
I  2A behaves as an open circuit and inductor
Applying KCL at node a, behaves as a short circuit
I  iC (0  )  2  0
2  iC (0 )  2  0
iC (0  )  0A …(iii)
Applying KVL in loop (ii),
24  VL (0  )  4  0
From above figure,

VL (0 )  20 V …(iv) iL (0  )  2 A  iL (0  )
Using equation (i) and (iv),
VC (0  )  0 V  VC (0  )

diL (0 ) 20
  50 A/sec (ii) For t  0 (Transient) :
dt 0.4
Switch is open
Using equation (ii) and (iii),
Transform analysis :
dVC (0 ) 0
  0 V/sec
dt 1/ 20
39. B
(i) At t   /steady state :
In steady state, capacitor behaves as an open Applying KCL at node V ( s ) ,
circuit and inductor behaves an an short
V ( s ) V ( s )  20 V ( s )
circuit.   0
20 10 s 250
s
1 1 s  20
V ( s)    
 20 10s 250  10s
 25s  50  2 s 2  2
V ( s)    s
 500 s 
24
i ( )   12 A 1000
2 V ( s) 
2s  25s  50
2
V ( )  12  2  24 V
500
Hence, the correct option is (B). V ( s) 
( s  10)( s  2.5)
40. D
Given circuit is shown below, 66.67 66.67
V ( s)   …(i)
s  10 s  2.5
Taking inverse Laplace transform of
equation (i),
V (t )  66.67[e 10t  e 2.5t ]
41. C 5s
I (s) 
Given circuit is shown below, s  (103 ) 2
2
t =0
2W Taking inverse Laplace transform
K i (t )  5 cos(1000t ) A
10 V 1H 1mF
42. C

(i) At t  0 / t  0 / Steady State : S
t=0
Initially switch is closed
2W 20 W 2.5 A
5H
+
10 V iL (0- ) VC (0- ) 20 W
-
- +
Vx
10 (i) At t  0 / t  0 / steady state :

iL (0 )   5A
2 In steady state, inductor behaves as a short

VC (0 )  0 V circuit.
(ii) At t  0 (transient) : S
Switch is open
20 W 2.5 A
iL (0- )
1H 1mF
S.C.
20 W
Transform Analysis :
iL (0  )  2.5 A [From figure]
From property of inductor,
iL (0  )  iL (0 )  2.5 A

(ii) At t  0 :
Putting L  1H, C  1F, iL (0 )  5 A and
Inductor is replaced by current source with
VC (0  )  0 V initial value i.e.
iL (0  )  iL (0 )  2.5 A
20 W 2.5 A
2.5 A
Applying KVL in the loop 1, a I

5 20 W
I (s) 
106 - +
s Vx
s
2.5 A current will flow through 20  resistor. 1
At t    sec ,
Hence, I  2.5 A 2
From ohm’s law, i (t )  0.5 1  e 1   0.31 A

Vx   2.5  20   50 volt At t   ,
Hence, the correct option is (C). i (t )  0.5 1  e 2   0.5 A
43. C i(t)
i (t ) 1H 0.5
0.31
vi (t ) 2W t (sec)
1/2
vi (t ) = u (t ) . Method 2 : Transient analysis :
Current through inductor is given by,
1
i (t )  i (  )  i (0 )  i ( )  e  t /  …(i)
t (sec) (i) At t  0 / t  0 / steady state :
. Method 1 : Transform analysis : In steady state, inductor behaves as a short

circuit.
s
S.C.
I (s)
Vi ( s ) 2W i (0- )
Vi (0- ) = 0 V 2W
Applying KVL in loop shown,

Vi (0 )  0 V [ u(t )  0 , for t  0 ]
Vi ( s )  sI ( s)  2 I ( s )
i (0 )  0 A [Source free circuit
Vi ( s )  I ( s )  s  2 
So, current will be zero]
Input = vi (t )  u (t ) [Given]
From property of inductor,
1 i (0 )  i (0 )  0 A
Vi ( s ) 
s
1
 I ( s )  s  2 i (t ) 1H
s
1 1 1 1 
I ( s)    
s( s  2) 2  s ( s  2)  vi (t ) 2W

1 For a R-L network,
i (t )  (1  e 2 t ) u (t )
2 L 1
Time constant,    sec
1 R 2
Time constant,   sec
2
(iii) At t   / steady state : (ii) At t  0 :
In steady state, inductor behaves as a short 2W
circuit.
+
S.C. 10 W V 3A
–
i (¥ )
Vi (¥) = 1 V 2W
V  3 10  30 V
Hence, the voltage across the 10  resistor at time
1
i ( )  A t  0 is – 30 V.
2
45. C
Put the values of i (0 ), i () and  in equation (i),
Given, circuit is
1 t 0
i (t )  (1  e 2t ) A
2
1
At t    sec , 5
2 i(t)
i (t )  0.5 1  e   0.31 A
1
15 V +– 5 10 H
At t   ,
5
i (t )  0.5 1  e 2   0.5 A
i (t )  ?
For t  0 switch is closed and circuit is reached in
44. – 30
steady state, in a steady state condition inductor is
Given circuit is shown below, act as a short circuit, figure is given below.
2W iL (0  )
A 0A
i L (0  )
+ 
10 W V B 5H 15 V +– 0V 5
t =0 
- 5
6V
Fig. ( t  0 )

(i) At t  0 / t  0 / steady state : KVL; 15  5 iL (0 )
In steady state inductor behaves as a short
15
circuit, iL (0 )  3 A
5
2W
A iL (0 )  iL (0 )  3 
S.C. iL (0- )
B Property of inductor;
10 W V
S.C. For t  0 switch is open circuit, the a very long
6V
time circuit is reached steady state again.
5
6
iL (0 ) 
3 A 0A
iL ( )
2 
15 V +– 0V 5
From the property of inductor 
iL (0  )  iL (0 )  3 A 5
Fig. ( t   )
15 9
iL ()   1.5 A I L (0 )   4.5 mA
10 2
Calculation of time constant: I * (0 )  0 A
L
Time constant   Case 2: For t  0 switch is closed; at t  0
Req
inductor is replaced by current source;
Req: Equivalent resistance across inductor when 1k 1k
(fig t  0) I
5 I * (0  )
9V +
– 4.5 mA
5
5 Re q
Fig. t  0
I  9 mA
Req  10 || 5
50 I * (0 )  9  4.5  4.5 mA
Req 
15 After a very long time; circuit is reached steady
L  10 state again and inductor is short circuit; as shown in
L 10 below figure.
  15  3 1k
R 50  1k 
We know that I 0V 0A
I ()
*
I L ( )  0 A
t
9V +
–
iL (t )  iL ()  (iL (0 )  iL ()) e 
t
iL (t )  1.5  (3  1.5) e 3
I  9 mA
 
t
iL (t )  1.5  1  e  A
3 I * ()  9 mA
 
I L ( )  0 A
46. B L
Calculation of time constant:  
Given : circuit is Req
1k 1k 1k 1k
I* IL
9V +
– t0
4 mH
Req
Case1: t  0 ; switch is open, very long time the Req  1 k

circuit is reached steady state, at a steady state
L  4 mH
inductor act as a short circuit. Shown below figure.
1k 1k L 4
   sec
R 1
I* I L (0  )
We know that; Transient equation
9V +
– t
I L (t )  I L ( )  [ I L (0 )  I L ()] e 
t Voltage across capacitor is given by,
4  sec
I L (t )  0  [ 4.5  0 ] e
VC (t )  VC (  )  VC (0 )  VC ( )  e  t / 
t
4
I L (t )  4.5 e …(i)
5 (i) At t  0 / t  0 / steady state :
I L (t  5 )  4.5 e 4
Switch is at position a. In steady state,
I L (t  5  sec) 1.289 mA capacitor behaves as an open circuit.
Hence, the correct option is (B) The circuit will become as shown below,
47. 7.7 10 kW a
iC (0- ) = 0 A
Since, I * (0 )  4.5 mA
I * ()  9 mA 100 V VC (0- )
t
I * (t )  I * ()  [ I * (0  )  I * ( )] e 
t VC (0 )  100 V
I (t )  9  4.5 e
* 4
5
I * (t  5 s)  9  4.5 e 4 VC (0 )  VC (0  )  100 V
I * (t  5 s)  7.710 mA (ii) At t  0 (Transient) :

Hence, the correct answer is 7.710 mA Switch is at position b,
b
48. B
Given circuit is shown below, iC (t ) i (t )
10 kW a b 0.16 mF 5 kW = R
i(t)
100 V 0.2 mF 5 kW From figure,

0.5 mF 0.3 mF i (t )  iC (t ) …(ii)
. Method 1 : For a R-C network, time constant,

Capacitor network can be simplified as,   RC  5  103  0.16  106
4 1
0.2 mF 0.2 mF   103  0.8  10 3 sec  sec
5 1250
0.16 mF
0.5 mF 0.3 mF (iii) At t   / steady state :
0.8 mF
circuit.
The given network can be simplified as,
The circuit will become as shown below,
10 kW a b b
t=0 0A
i (t )
iC (t )
100 V VC (¥) = 0 V 5 kW
0.16 mF 5 kW
Put the values of VC (0  ), VC (  ) and  in equation b
(i), i (t )
VC (t )  0  100  0 e t/
 100e t /
0.16 mF 5 kW
Capacitor current is given by,
d
iC (t )  C VC (t ) For a R-C network, Time constant,
dt
d   RC  5  103  0.16  106
iC (t )  C 100 e  t /  
dt   0.8  103 sec
C C
iC (t )   100 e  t /    100e  t /  (iii) At t  0 :
 RC
Switch is at position ‘b’. Capacitors is
100  t / 
iC (t )   e …(iii) replaced by a voltage source with initial
R
value. i.e. VC (0 )  VC (0  )  100 Volt
Put the values of R and  in equation (iii),
 t 5
The circuit will become as shown below,
100 4103
iC (t )  e b
5000
iC (t )  20e 1250 t u (t ) mA i (0+ )
From equation (ii), VC (0+ ) = 100 V 5 kW

i (t )   iC (t )  20 e 1250 t u (t ) mA
Hence, the correct option is (B). Applying KVL in the loop,
. Method 2 : 100  5 i (0 )  0
Current through capacitor is given by, i (0 )  20 mA
i (t )  i (  )  i (0 )  i ( )  e  t /  …(i) (iv) At t   / steady state :
(i) At t  0 / t  0 / steady state : In steady state, capacitor behaves as an open
Switch is at position a, circuit will be in circuit.
steady state and capacitor behaves as an The circuit will become as shown below,
open circuit. i (¥ ) = 0 A
The circuit will become as shown below, 0A
5 kW
10 kW a VC (¥)
0A
100 V Put the values of i (0 ), i () and  in equation (i),

VC (0- ) = 100 V
t
iC (t )  i (t )  0   20  10  0 e
3 0.8103
From property of capacitor, i (t )  20 e 1250t u(t ) mA

VC (0 )  VC (0  )  100 Volt Hence, the correct option is (B).
(ii) At t  0 (Transient) : . Method 3 : Direct calculation :
Switch is at position ‘b’. The given network can be simplified as,
Circuit will become as shown below,
10 kW a b Voltage across capacitor is given by,
t=0
i (t )
VC (t )  VC (  )  VC (0 )  VC ( )  e  t / RC
iC (t )
100 V …(i)
0.16 mF 5 kW 
(i) At t  0 / t  0 / steady state :
(i) At t  0 / t  0 / steady state : circuit. Switch is at position ‘1’
Switch is at position a, circuit will be in 3W 0A
steady state and capacitor behaves as an
open circuit. 10 V 2
2W VC (0- ) = ´ 10 = 4 Volt
The circuit will become as shown below, 2+3
10 kW a
iC (0- ) = 0 A From property of capacitor,
VC (0- )
VC (0  )  VC (0  )  4 Volt
100 V
(ii) At t  0 (transient) :
Switch is at position ‘2’.
VC (0 )  100 V 2 4W 2W
VC (0 )  VC (0  )  100 V 2W 5A
0.1 F VC
Switch is moving to position b.
For a R-C network,
i (t ) Time constant,   RTH C
0.16 mF where, RTH  Thevenin resistance across C
5 kW
when current source is open circuited.
For R-C network, time constant 4W 2W
1
  RC  0.16  5  103  sec
1250 2W
Hence, only option (B) or (C) is correct.
(iii) At t  0 :
RTH
i (0+ ) RTH  (4  2)   6 
VC (0+ ) = 100 V R = 5 kW
  6  0.1  0.6 sec
(iii) At t   / steady state :
i (0 )  20 mA
In steady state, capacitor behaves as open
Hence, the correct option is (B). circuit.
49. D 4W 2W
0A
3W 1 2 4W 2W 5A
t=0 VC (¥) 2W 5A
10 V 2W 2W 5A
0.1 F VC
VC ()  2  5  10 Volt iL ( )
1
2
Put the values of VC (0  ), VC (  ) and  in equation 1 0A


(i), 1V +
– VC ()

t
VC (t )  10   4  10 e 60.1
t
VC (t )  10  6 e 0.6 KVL, 1  1iL1 ()  2 i L1 ()
Hence, the correct option is (D). 1

iL ()  A
50. D 3
Given : figure; KVL, VC ()  2  iL1 ()
Switch is closed at t  0 ; 2
VC ()  V
S R1 L1 R2 3
1 1H iL 1 2  iL1 (0  )  0 VC (0 )  0
1V + 1F 2H 1 2
– C L2 iL1 ()  A VC () 
3 3
Case 1: For t  0 switch s is open, then the figure 51. A
shown below Given circuit;
R1 L1 R2 iR 5
1 1H iL 1 2 iC  V  iL

R
 1 
1V +
– 1F V L2 2H 2u (t) V VL 2H 3A
C 5  C 
Fig. t  0 iL (0 )  ?
iL1 (0  )  0 A VC (0 )  ?
VC (0 )  0 V VR (0 )  ?
iL1 (0  )  iL1 (0  )  0 A 2 ; t  0
u (t )  
VC (0 )  VC (0 )  0 V 0 ; t  0
Case 2: For t  0 switch is closed, after a very For t  0 ; circuit is reached steady state: at a
long time circuit is reached steady state ( t   ) at steady state inductor act as short circuit and
steady state capacitor act as a open circuit and capacitor act as a open circuit shown in below
inductor act as a short circuit; show in below figure. figure.
5
R1 L1 R2
1 1H 2
1
2H 3A
1V + 1F C 2H L2 5
–
Fig. (t  0)
Fig. ( t  0 )
0A 5 d VC (t ) (V (t )  VL (t ))
 V 
C  2  IR  2  C
R i L (0  ) dt 5

VC 3A d VC (0 ) V (0 )  VL (0 )
 C  2 C
dt 5
d VC (0 ) 00
Fig. (t   )  C  2 2
dt 5
iL (0 )  3 A d VC (0 ) 2
C   10 V
dt C
VC (0 )  0 V
L d iL (t )
VR (0 )  0 V VL (t ) 
dt
At t  0 inductor is replaced its current source and  L d iL (0 )
VL (0 ) 
capacitor is replaced in voltage source; as shown in dt
below figure. d iL (0 ) VL (0 ) 0
 
5 I dt L L
 V 
d iL (0 )
  0 A/S
R
VC (0 )  0 V +
– 3A VL 3A dt

VR (0 )  0 V
d VR (0 )
Fig. (t  0 ) 0 V
dt
Apply KCL, I  3 A  3 A Hence, the correct option is (A)
I 0 A 53. D
VR  5 I At steady state ( t   )
i R  10 V 
VR  0 V
0A 5 iL ( )
  
VR (0 )  0 V and VL (0 )  0 2 VC ( ) 3A

iL (0 )  3 A
VC (0 )  0 V Fig. ( t   )
iR ()  2 A
VR (0 )  0 V
iL ()  1 A
Hence, correct option is A
VC ()  10 V
52. A
For t  0 ; circuit show in below, VR ()  10 V
A iR 5 Hence, the correct option is (D)

iC  V  iL 54. C

R
1  VC (0)  2 V
2 F V VL 2H 3A
5 C 
t 0
3 1 
KCL, at node A; 1H VC
4 3 
2  IC  I R
Taking Laplace transforms because it is a second D1 , D2  1  2 j
order circuit in a second order circuit transient C.F.  e  t C1 cos 2t  C2 sin 2t 
equation is not valid.
1 10
A P.I.  10   2
 D  2D  5
2
5
1
i (t )  C1 e cos 2t  C2 et sin 2t  2
t
3 Cs
s
4
VC  i (0 )  C1  0  2
+– VC (0 )
 s 2  C1  0  2
C1  0
Apply KCL, at node A
di(t )
VC (0 )  C2 e  t 2 cos 2t  C2 e  t sin 2t
VC  dt
VC VC s
  0 4  2 C2  0
3 s 1
4 Cs C2  2
i (t )  2 e  t sin 2t  2
4 V
VC  C  CsVC  CVC (0 )  0 i (t )  2  2 e  t sin 2t
3 s
56. A
4 1 
VC    Cs   CVC (0 ) Given : circuit, switch is closed at t  0
3 s 
i (t )  iL (t )  ?
 2 1 6 3
 4s  3  3s  1
VC 
3
 VC (0 )
3s 3 t 0
2s 2s 18 V + i( t) 12 H
–
VC  2 
s  4s  3 ( s  1)( s  3) 2 ix +
–
1 3 1 3 1
VC     ix
s  1 s  3 ( s  3) ( s  1)
Case1: t  0 switch is open, after a very long time
VC (t )  et  3 e3t V
circuit is reached steady state,a t steady state
VC (t )   et  3 e3t  V inductor act as a short circuit;
6 3
Hence, correct option is (C)
55. C
18 V + i( t) 12 H
Given : initial condition: –
i (0 )  2
di (0 ) Fig. ( t  0 )
4
dt
i (t )  ? 6 3
Differential equation;
i (t )
d 2i (t ) di (t ) 18 V +
2  5 i (t )  10 –
dt dt
i (t )  C.F.+P.I.
C.F.  D 2  2D  5  0 Fig. ( t   )
18 VR  2ix
iL (0 )  2 A
9
6 i x  2 ix
iL (0 )  i (0 )  2 A
ix  0
Because it is a inductor current
Case 2 : For t  0 switch is closed, after a very KVL, loop 1; Vdc  3 I dc  0  0
long time circuit is reached steady state condition, Vdc
figure shown below. 3 
I dc
6 3
RTH  3 
i( )
L  12 H
18 V +
– 2 ix +
–
L 12
  4
R 3
t
ix
I L (t )  iL ()  [iL (0 )  iL ()] e 
Fig. ( t   ) t
Apply KCL, at node A; I L (t )  3  [2  (3)] e 4
6 3
I L (t )   3  5 e0.25t  A
i( )
Hence, correct option is (A)
18 V +
– 1 2 ix +
–
57. D
Given : Network shown in bellows
ix V2 (t )  ?
Fig. ( t   ) 1 a b
2i K 
i ( )  x
3 1
1V +
–  2H V2 (t )
KVL , loop 1; 1H 2
2 ix  6 ix  18  0

4 ix  18
Case 1: When switch k is connected in position a,
3 for a very long time then the circuit is reached
4  i ()  18
2 steady state, at steady state inductor act as a short
18  2 circuit; as shown in the figure.
i ( )   3 A
43 1 a 1 iL (0  )
Calculation of time constant:
L
 1V +  1V +–
Req – 1H
6 3
 V 
I dc Fig. ( t  0 ) Fig. ( t  0 )
R
2ix +
– 1 + Vdc
– iL (0 )  1 A
iL (0 )  iL (0 )  1 A
ix its inductor property
Case 2: When switch is moved in position a to 58. 2
position s, as shown at (t  0 ) inductor is replaced S1 1W S2

at a current source ( iL (0 ) )
  2W

1H
1 1
1H  2H V2 ( t )  1A  V2 (t)
2 2  3V
 
Fig. ( t  0 ) Fig. ( t  0 ) At time t  0  , network is in steady state

1 with switch S1 open and S 2 closed
V2 (0 )   V
2 1W
After a very long time circuit is reached steady state
condition at steady state inductor act as a short iL (0- ) 2W
3V
circuit element, as shown in below. 3V
0A 
 1 3
0V  V2 ( ) So, iL (0 )   1.5 A
 2 2
 At time t  0 
1W
Fig. ( t   ) A
V2 ()  0 V
2W
3V 1H
Calculation of time constant;
3V
L

R KCL at node A.
VA  3 3 VA  3
  0
1 1 2 2
1H  2H
2 2(VA  3)  3  (V A  3)  0
RTH
3VA  6
1
RTH  VA  6
2
VA  2
2
Leq 
3 di (0 )
VA  L 2
L 2/3 4 dt
  
R V2 3 di (0 ) 2 2
    2 A/sec Ans.
We know that; dt L 1
t 59. B
V (t )  V ( )  [V (0  )  V ()] e 
Given : iL  6 A
t 3
 1 
V (t )  0    0 e 4
iR 
di
 6 A/S
2  dt
V (t )  0.5 e  0.75 t V And switch is closed at t  0
S t0 1 6 6
I ( s)   …(2)
( s  2) ( s  3)
 From equation (i) and (ii) we get
18 V L
 6 6

( s  2)( s  R ) ( s  2)( s  3)
L? s  R  s 3
At t  0 Switch is closed R3 
iR (t ) 1 Hence, the correct option is (C)
61. B
 Given : circuit shown below.
18 V L
 1H
1
L diR (t )
KVL; 18  iR (t )1  2H 3A
dt 3V +–
18  6  L  6
6 L  12 At steady state I L1 ()  ?
L2 H
At a steady state inductor will act as a short circuit:
Hence, the correct option is (B) shown in below.
60. C I L1 ( )
Given :
Voltage V (t )  6 e 2t and 1
3A
L 1 H 3V +–
R?
i (t )  6 e2t  e3t  KVL, in side loop
i ( t) R i(t ) R
3V  I L ()  0  0
3
V (t) +– 1H  2 t +– 1H
I L ()  3 A
6e 1
Taking Laplace transform: 62. D
I (s ) R Given : switch is open at t  0 :
36  24 
6 +
– s
s2 t0
24 V +–
2H
6
I ( s)  …(1)
( s  2)( R  s ) 12 V +– i (t )
2 t 3 t
Given : i (t )  6 (e e )
Case 1: For t  0 switch is closed, after a very long KVL; in side loop, we can get;
time circuit can be reached steady state condition in 12  24  36 iL ()  24 iL ()  0
a steady state inductor is act as a short circuit: 36 3
shown in below. iL ()    0.6
60 5
36  24 
Calculation of time constant
i L (0  ) L
24 V +–  for (t  0)
Req
36 24 
12 V +–
Fig. ( t  0 ) Req
KVL, inside loop 1; we get: Req  60 

12V  24 iL (0 )  0 L2 H
L 2 1
 1    sec
iL (0 )  A R 60 30
2
i (t )  iL (t )
1
iL (0 )  iL (0 )  A From the figure
2
t
[Property of inductor] iL (t )  iL ()  (iL (0 )  iL ()) e 
Case 2: t  0 switch is open, a after a very long iL (t )  0.6  (0.5  0.6) e30 t
time circuit is reached steady state condition, in
iL (t )  (0.6  0.1e30 t ) A
steady state inductor is short circuit; as shown
below. Hence, the correct option is (D)
36  24  63. B
Given figure is shown below,
24 V +– 1W
t=0
2H +
5V 1 mF 4W
-
12 V +–
(i) At t  0 / t  0 / steady state :

Fig. (t  0) Initially switch was closed.
36  24  circuit.
1W
iL ()
24 V +–
+ +
5V VC (0- ) O.C. 4W
- -
12 V +–
4
VC (0 )  5   4V [By VDR]
Fig. (t  ) 4 1
(ii) At t  0 : Switch is open. (ii) At t  0 :

Capacitor is replaced by a voltage source 2 kW S.C.
with initial value.
I C (0+ )
If there is no information of direction of
5V 2 kW S.C.
current then we take discharging
conventional current.
1W

iC (0+ ) 2 kW
+
5V Discharging 4W I C (0+ )
-
conventional 4V
current 5V S.C.
Applying KVL in above figure,

 4  4iC (0  )  0 5
iC (0 )   2.5 mA
2 k
4
iC (0 ) 
 1A (iii) At t  0 (transient) :
4
Hence, the correct option is (B). 2 kW
64. 1.51
Given circuit is shown below, 5V 2 kW 4 mF
S
2 kW
t=0 iC (t ) For an RC network,

5V 2 kW
4 mF Time constant ()  RTH C
where,
Current through capacitor is given by, RTH  Thevenin’s resistance across C ,
 t /
iC (t )  iC ( )  [iC (0 )  iC ( )]e when current source is open circuited
…(i) and voltage source are short circuited.
2 kW
(i) At t  0 /t  0/steady state :
In steady state capacitor behaves as an open
circuit. S.C. 2 kW
2 kW O.C.
RTH
RTH  2 || 2  1 kΩ
5V 2 kW O.C. VC (0- )
Time constant ()  RC
  1103  4 106
From figure,
  4 msec
VC (0  )  0 V
(iv) At t  /steady state : At steady state
From the property of capacitor,
capacitor behaves as an open circuited,
VC (0 )  VC (0  )  0 V
2 kW S.C. Case 2: t  0 switch is open, and t  0 capacitor
iC (t ) is replace by it voltage source, as show in figure.
5V 2 kW O.C.
1
2
+ 2V
–
iC ()  0 Amp i (0  )
Put the value of iC ( ), iC (0  ) and  in equation (i), 2

i (0 ) 
t 3
iC (t )  2.5 e 4103
mA i (0 )  0.67 A
At t  2 msec, Hence, correct answer is 0.67 A
2103 After a very long time circuit is reached steady
iC (t  2 msec)  2.5 103 e 410 mA
3
state, again in a steady state capacitor act as a open

iC (t  2 msec)  1.516 mA circuit show below figure.
2A 4 2A
Hence, the current through the capacitor (at t  2
msec) is 1.516 mA. 0A

65. 0.66 2A 4 V  Vf

Given : switch is open at t  0
i (t )  ? at t  0
Fig. (t  0)
S
2
Vf  2  4  8 V

1 Vf  8 V
4V 2
 V0  4 V
C
i (t )
Vf  8 V
Case 1: t  0 switch is closed very long time, after
a very long time circuit is reached steady state, in a
67. B
steady state capacitor act as a open circuit show
below figure Given : R  2  ,
2 0A L  1 H and C  1 F
 
I i (t ) response  ?
0 V 1
4 V +– Vx 2 
 R L C
 VC (0  )
i (0 ) 
 u (t ) +–
2 4 i (t)
Vx   2 V using (VDR)
22
Taking Laplace transform
Vx  0V  V0C (0 )
I (s )
VC (0 )  2 V R Ls 1
 
VC (0 )  VC (0 )  2 V 1 + Cs
s –
property of capacitor
1  1  Ls  R  RCL s 2
  R  Ls   I ( s) y (s) 
s  Cs  RL s
1 ( RC s  CL s 2  1)  1 1 
 I (s) RCL  s 2  s
s Cs 
y (s)   RC LC 
C RLs
I ( s) 
CLs  RC s  1
2
s
z (s) 
C/L  1 1 
I ( s)  C  s2   
 R 1   RC LC 
C  s2  s  
 L LC 
Comparing s 2  2 n s  n 2
1
1 1
I ( s)  L n 2  
R 1 LC 7  1
s2  s
L LC 42
Comparing s 2  2n s  n2 n  6
1 1
n2  2n 
LC RC
1 1 42
n  R 
LC 2nC 2 1 6
R
2m  R  8.573 
L
R Hence, the correct option is (B)
2  LC 70. B
L
R Given : Circuits:
2  LC
L S
3
R L

2 C  1H
5V 0.5F i (t )

2 1

2 1
  1 is referred as critically damped response, Taking Laplace transforms
since; Transient current response is a critically 3
damped response; 2
Hence, correct option is (B) s
I(s ) s
68. B 5 +
Given critically damped   1 s –
R?
5 2
KVL,  I ( s )  3I ( s )  s I ( s )  0
s s
1
R 7
42 2  5
I ( s)   3  s  
s  s
1 1 I ( s) ( s 2  3s)  5
y ( s)    Cs
R Ls
5 5 Root is real, negative, and district then the nature of
I ( s)  
s  3s  2 ( s  2)( s  1)
2
current response i(t ) is over damping
5 Hence, the correct option is (B)
I (s) 
( s  2)( s  1)
Roots s1  2

s2  1
1. A 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C
6. A 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. D
11. A 12. C 13. A 14. 0.434 15. 130.6
16. D 17. A
1. A 1 kW
Given : Input voltage = (3  4 sin100t ) V 0A
Circuit is shown below, 3V O.C. V1

1 kW
Applying KVL in above figure,

Input 10 mF Output 3  0  1  V1  0
V1  3 V
(ii) Consider only AC source :
Here, both AC and DC voltage source are present.
For AC source, 4sin100t (   100 rad/sec)
Hence, apply superposition theorem
circuit will become as shown below,
(i) Consider only DC source : R
1 kW
1
4sin100t V2
j wC
3V 10 mF V1
1
In above circuit, DC voltage is applied. jC
V2   4sin100t [By VDR]
Hence, in steady state inductor behaves as a 1
R
short circuit and capacitor behaves as an open jC
circuit.  1 
V2     4 sin100t
Circuit will become as shown below,  1  jRC 
Given : R  1 k and C  10 F
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 1  X L  L  1000  1 103  1 
V2   6 
 4sin100t
1  j  100  10  10  10 
3
1 1
XC  
 1   1  C 1000 1000 106
V2     4sin100t     450   4sin100t
1  j   2  XC  1 
4
V2  sin(100t  450 )  1 
2 Z eq  1   jL || 
 j C 
4  
V2  sin  100t   j  ( j )
2  4 Z eq  1  ( j ||  j )  1 
According to superposition theorem, total output j  ( j )
voltage is given by, Z eq  
V0 (t )  V1 (t )  V2 (t )
The equivalent circuit becomes,
4  
V0 (t )  3  sin  100t   I
2  4
2. A v(t ) = 5 2 e -5t
O.C. ( Z eq ® ¥)
Given circuit is shown below, cos(1000) V
I
1W
-5t
From figure, I  0 A
v(t ) = 5 2 e
cos(1000)t V
1mH 1000 mF . Method 2 .
I
Here,   1000 rad/sec
1W
. Method 1 . -5t
v(t ) = 5 2 e
I
cos(1000)t V
1mH 1000 mF
1W
v(t ) = 5 2 e -5t
cos(1000) V At steady state the voltage,
1mH 1000 mF
lim v(t )  lim5 2e5t cos(1000)  0 V
t  t 
At steady state inductor behaves as a short circuit and

Z eq capacitor behaves as an open circuit.
Calculation of Z eq : The equivalent circuit at steady state is shown below,
I
1W 1W
S.C.
1mH 1000 mF S.C. O.C.
From figure, I  0 A
Z eq
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GATE ACADEMY® 3 Sinusoidal Steady State Response
3. D t0  2.34 msec
Given : Hence, the correct option is (B).
(i) Supply voltage  cos  t 5. C
(ii) R  10 , L  20 mH Given circuit is shown below,
(iii) f  50 Hz t =0 2.5W
Given circuit is shown below, S i (t )
5V 200 mF 0.5 H
(i) At t  0 / t  0 / Steady State:

Initially switch is closed
In steady state inductor behaves as a short
 Key Point circuit and capacitor behaves as an open
When supply voltage is A cos(t  ) then circuit
condition for transient free response is given 2.5W
by, iL (0- )
L  +
t0    tan 1  … (i) 5V Vc (0- )
R 2 -
Put   100 rad/sec, L  20 mH, R  10  and
  00 in the equation (i), 5
iL (0 )   2A
2.5
100  20  10 3 
1
100t0  0  tan
0
 Vc (0  )  0 V
10 2
0.678 (ii) At t  0 (transient) :
t0  sec  6.78 msec
100 i (t )
4. B 200 mF 0.5 H
Given : Supply voltage  sin(t  10 ) 0
 Key Point Transform Analysis :

When supply voltage is A sin(t  ) then
the condition for transient free response is
given by,
L
t0    tan 1 0
R
Comparing sin(t  100 ) with sin(t  ) ,
  100 Putting VC (0  )  0 V, iL (0  )  2 A, L  0.5 H
100  20  10 3 and C  200 F
100t0  100  tan 1 0
10
100t0  0.234
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Given : R1  R2  100k , Vi (t )  5sin (5t )

Network can be further simplified by taking
the equivalent of two series resistance as
shown below,
200 kW
Applying KVL in the loop (1),

5sin 5t ~ VC (t ) 1mF
 5000 
I ( s )  0.5s  1
 s 
2s  s 
I (s)   2 2 2
Voltage across capacitor is,
( s  10000)
2
 s  100 
 Z 
Taking inverse Laplace transform VC (t )   C  Vi (t ) [By VDR]
i (t )  2 cos(100t ) A  R  ZC 
1
Hence, the correct option is (C). where ZC  and R  200 k
jC
6. A
Given i (t )  2 cos 5000t  1 
 j C 
Given circuit is shown below, VC (t )  Vi (t )  
R 1 
 jC 
 1 
VC (t )  Vi (t )  
1  jRC 
From the given input, Vi (t )  5sin(5t ) ,
  5 rad/sec
Voltage V (t ) is given by,
 1 
 j  VC (t )  5sin 5t  6 
1  j  5  200  10  110 
3
V (t )  2 cos(5000t ) 10 
 20  10  5000 
6
 1 
V (t )  2 cos (5000t )[10  j10] VC (t )  5sin 5t  
1  j1 
V (t )  2 cos (5000t )  10 2  450
 1 
V (t )  28.28cos(5000t  45 ) V 0 VC (t )  5sin 5t  
 2 /4 
5  
7. (C) VC (t )  sin  5t    2.5 2 sin (5t  0.25 )
2  4
R1 = 100 kW
8. A
Given, circuit :
60
Vi (t ) ~ VC (t ) C = 1mF

0
20cos (4  15 ) 10 mF V0 5 H
R2 = 100 kW 
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  4 rad/sec V (t )  Vin V (t ) V (t )
  0
X L  jL  j 20  1 1 j  j
 j  j1000 V (t )
XC     j 25  V (t )  Vin   jV (t )  0
C 10  4 1 j
60 a V (t )[1  j  1  j (1  j )  (1  j )Vin
 (1  j ) Vin (1  j ) Vin
V (t )  
20cos (4  150 ) Vin  j 25  V0 j 20  (2  j  j (1  j )) 2  j  j  1

(1  j )10cos t
V (t ) 
1 2 j
Apply nodal at node a
210 cos (t  450 )
V0  Vin V V V (t ) 
 0  0 0 5 63.4340
60  j 25 j 20
V0  Vin jV0 jV0 V (t )  6.325cos (t  18.430 ) V
  0
60 25 20 Hence; correct option is (B).
5V0  5Vin  j12V0  j15V0 10. D
0
300 Given, Circuit i(t )  ?
V0 (5  j 3)  5Vin i ( t) 5 mF
10 
5  20cos (4t  15 ) 0
V0 
(5  j 3)
100cos (4t  150 ) 50 cos 200 t Vin 20 mH
V0 
5.830  38.96
V0  17.152 cos (4t  23.960 )
  200 rad/sec
9. B
Given, circuit V (t )  ? X L  jL  j 200  20  10 3  j 4 Ω
1 j j
XC   j
C 200  5 103
1
 10  j 4 j
10 cos V 1F V ( t)
1H 
50 cos 200 t
I ( t)
  1 rad/sec
X L  j L  j Ω
j KVL
XC  j
C 50cos 200t  10I (t )  j 4I (t )  jI (t )  0
1 a
50 cos 200t
I (t ) 
1 
10  j 3
10 cos t j V (t ) 50 cos 200t
I (t ) 
j  10.440 16.6990
I (t )  4.789cos (200t  16.7 0 ) A
Apply nodal at node a
Hence, correct option is (D).
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11. A 8
Given circuit : V0  ? 
V0
8 j
 j10 2cos10 t
2

 
30sin 5t V0 0.2 F 1H 2cos10 t
 KCL;
V0 V V
 0  0  2cos10t
1  5 rad/sec 8  j /2 j10
2  10 rad/sec V0 2 jV0 jV0

   2cos10t
8 1 10
Given circuit, two different operating frequency be
used to superposition theorems; 5V0  80 jV0  4 jV0
 2cos10t
Case 1 : When voltage is active; 40
8 A V0 (5  j 76)  80cos10t
80 cos10t 80 cos10t
 V0  
(5  j 76) 76.16 86.23
30sin 5t V0 j 5j
 V0  1.05cos (10t  86.23)
Since; Total voltage
1  5 rad/sec V0  V01  V02
X L  j L  j 5  1  j 5
V0  1.05cos (10t  86.23)
j j
XC   j 4.631sin (5t  81.190 )
C 5  0.2
Apply KCL, at node A 12. C
V0  30sin 5t jV Given, Vs  2cos5000t
 jV0  0
8 5 V0  ? and i0  ?
5V0  150sin 5t  j 40V0  j8V0
0
40 10 nF
(5  j 32)V0  150sin 5t 10 k 20 k
+
150sin 5t 150sin 5t V0
V01   – i0
5  j 32 32.388  81.19
VS 20 nF
150sin 5t
V01   4.631sin (5t  81.19)
5  j 32
Case 2 : When only current source is active;   5000 rad/sec
  10 rad/sec j j
X C1     j10 kΩ
j j j C 5000  20 109
XC    Ω
C 10  0.2 2 j j
X C2     j 20 kΩ
X L  jL  j  10  1  j10 Ω C 5000 10 109
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I
V  V 
i0    x 0 
 j 20k    j10 
A B OA V V
+ OA i0  x 0
10 k V x 20 k V0 j10
– i0
VS  j 10 k  (1  2 j )V0  V0 V
OA i0   0
j10 kΩ j0 K
1
Apply KCL. at Vx ; i0  V0
10 K
Vx  Vs Vx  V0 Vx  V0 1
  0 i0   0.667sin 5000t mA
10 20  j 20
10
Vx  Vs Vx  V0 jVx  jV0 i0  66.67sin 5000t A
  0
10 20 20
2Vx  2Vs  Vx  V0  jVx  jV0 14. 0.434
0
20 Given circuit shown below;
3Vx  jVx  (1  j )V0  2Vs   200 rad/sec
(3  j )Vx  (1  j )V0  2Vs … (i) V0
?
KCL; at node B; Vs
1 F
V0  Vx V
 0 0
20  j10
V0  Vx  2 jV0
0 10 k
20
–
V0 (1  2 j )  Vx … (ii) 10 k 2 F + V0
Put the value Vx in equation (i) we get; VC
(3  j ) (1  2 j )V0  (1  j )V0  2Vs
(1  7 j )V0  (1  j )V0  2Vs
V0 [1  7 j  1  j ]  2Vs Z
2  2cos5000t
V0 
6j
Z1
4 –
V0  cos (5000t  900 ) Vx
6 +
V0
V0  0.667 cos (5000t  900 ) VS

V0  0.667sin 5000t V
Hence; correct option is (C).
13. A Vx  0 Due to virtual ground concept
KCL, at output node; apply nodal at node Vx ;
I  i0  0 Vx  Vs Vx  V0
 0
i0   I Z1 Z2
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Vs V0 Voltage source is contain two different frequency.
 Vx  0 
Z1 Z 2 Then be can used to superption theorems.
V0  Z 2 Case 1 : VS 1  6 cos 2t

Vs Z1   2 rad/sec
1 j j j
Z1  10   j  10  XC    2 j
C 200  2 106 C 2  0.25
Z1  (10  j 2.5) kΩ
2 j
1
10 
j C 10 V S1 2 V0
Z2  
1 j10C  1
10 
j C
10 2VS V 6 cos 2t
Z2  V01   S 
1  j10  200  1106  103 2  2 j 1 j 2  450
10 V01  4.24 cos(2  450 )
Z2 
1 j2 Case 2 : VS 2  4sin 4t
10 K   4 rad/sec
Z2  Ω
1+2j j j
XC   j
 10  C 4  0.25
 kΩ 
V0 Z2 (1  2 j )
   
Vs Z1  (10  j 2.5) kΩ  j
 
VS 2 2 V0
V0 10
 180  tan 1 2
Vs (1  2) 10  (2)
2 2 2
 tan 0.25 2VS 2 2 4sin 4t

V02   
10  130.60 10 130.60 2 j 5   26.56
0
 
5 104 22.803 8sin 4t
V02 
 0.434 130.60 5   26.560
Hence; correct answer is 0.434 V02  3.57 sin (4t  26.560 ) V
15. 130.6 Therefore, total voltage V0  V01  V02
Phase shift   130.60 V0  4.24 cos (2t  450 )
Hence; correct answer is 130.60
3.57 sin (4t  25.560 ) V
16. D
Hence, correct option is (D).
Given : Source voltage
17. A
VS  6 cos 2t  4sin 4t
Given, Circuit i0  ?
V0  ?
4 2H
0.25 F iS
VS 2 V0 10 cos 2t 6sin 2t
0.25F
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Given; Circuit   2 rad/sec
both source containing same frequency, be can take
cos 2t is a reference voltage then;
4 j4 
i0
10 cos 2t  j2  cos 2t
j j
XC     j2 Ω
C 0.25  2
X L  j L  j 2  2  j 4 Ω
Apply KCL, at node Vx
Vx  10cos 2t Vx Vx  6cos (2t  900 )

 
4  j2 j4
Vx  10 cos 2t jVx j (Vx  6 cos (2t  900 )
  0
4 2 4
V0  10 cos 2t  jV0  j 6 cos (2t  900 )  2 jV0  0
V0  10 cos 2t  jV0  j 2V0  6 cos (2t  900  900 )  0
V0 (1  j )  4cos (2t )
4cos 2t
V0 
(1  j )
V0 V 4cos 2t
i0   0
2 j 2 j 2 j (1  j )
i0  2 2 90  450
2 cos (2t  1800 )

i0 
11350
i0  2 cos (2t  450 ) A


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1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. A
6. D 7. 5 8. B 9. D 10. C
11. B 12. A 13. 80.55 14. A
1. B Open circuit
Given : vi (t )  2 cos(200t )  4sin(500t )
As different frequency are operating hence 2W
j 200 W - j 200 W
we have to use superposition theorem. vi (t ) v0 (t )
For   200 rad/sec ,
X L  L  (200) (0.25)  50 
XC 
1

1
 50 
Hence, v0 (t )  vi (t )
 C 200  100  10 6
Therefore,
j 50 - j 50 Short circuit v0 (t )  2 cos(200t )  4sin(500t )
2W 2. C
vi (t ) v0 (t ) Given circuit is shown below,
Hence, v0 (t )  vi (t )
For   500 rad/sec ,
X L  L  500  0.4  200 
1 1
XC    200  Given :
C 500 10 106
(i) i (t )  2 sin(t  300 ) A
Load angle,   300
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L From figure,
   tan 1
R 30  j 40
I AB  I  [By CDR]
1 30  j 40  30  j 40
300   tan 1  
R 30  j 40
1 I 
1 1 30  30

R 3 I  1.2  53.130
R  3 Applying KVL in above loop,
Vin  1(30  j 40)  1.2  53.130  (5  j 0)
3. D Vin  56  53.130
Given : Vin  56 V
(i) Rms voltage across the resistor  120 V
5. A
The voltage, v  100 2 cos100t as
reference
 
The current i  10 2 sin 100t  
 4
Using voltage division rule, voltage across As sin   cos(900  )  cos(  900 )
resistor is given by, So current
150 2 R  
VR   i  10 2 sin 100t  
2 ( R )  ( L ) 2
2
 4
103    
120  150  i  10 2 cos 100t    
(10 )  (500 L)
3 2 2
 4  2
25  
106  (500 L) 2   106 i  10 2 cos 100t  
16  4
9 
(500 L ) 2   106 In phasor form, i  10 2  
16 4
9 6. D
L2 
4 . Method 1 :
L  1.5 H Given :
I +
4. C VR VR1
Given circuit is shown below, -
VS VC +
(30 + j 40) VL1
-
I
I AB = 1A
I 5 + j0
A B
(30 - j 40) Vs VL1
Vc
Vin VR VR1 I
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GATE ACADEMY® 3 Phasor & Locus Diagram
Vc  VR 1  jVL1 Then by using phasor diagram we can
write
Since resistance and the coil is connected in
series Vs2  (VR  VR1 ) 2  (VL1 ) 2
Applying KVL Hence option (C) cannot be the right
Thus, Vs  VR  jVc answer.
 Vs  VR2  VC2
7. 5
Using hit and trial method from given Given that,
options, we have
i1  300
Vs  602  802  100 V
i2  4  900
i3  I 3
. Objective Approach :
cos wt
I +
VR VR1
- q
VS VC +
VL1 sin wt
-
Applying KCL at node,
Vs VL1 i3  i1 i2
Vc
i3  300  4  900
VR VR1 I
i3  5  53.130
1. For option (A) : I3  5 A Ans.
Vs  V V
2 2
8. B
R C
Vs  65  35  73.82 V
2 2
Given :
Hence option (A) cannot be the right (i) Vs  200 V
answer.
(ii) V1  100 V
2. For option (B) :
Vs  V R2  V C2 (iii) I  20 A
Vs  50 2  50 2  70.71 V
Hence option (B) cannot be the right

answer.
3. For option (C) :
Vs  V R2  V C2
Vs  60 2  90 2  108.16 V Vs  I  Z
This could be the right answer let
analyze it 200  20 ( R  R1 ) 2  (2 R ) 2
Let VR1  10 10  (5  R)2  (2 R) 2
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100  (5  R ) 2  4 R 2 11. (B)

25  R 2  10 R  4 R 2  100
R 2  2 R  15  0 S i (t )
( R  5) ( R  3)  0 t=0 L = 1H
R  5  , 3  +
5V + i (t ) C =1 F v (t )
– -
Since R can’t be negative
Hence R  3 
Total impedance of the circuit is Given : i (0)  0  v (0)  0
 ( R  R1 )  jX L
Transform domain :
 (5  3)  ( j 2  3)   (8  j 6)  s
9. D 5 + 1
I ( s)
Magnitude of voltage V2 is given by, s – s
V2  I  Z 2  I  ( R ) 2  (2 R ) 2
5
V2  20  32  62 5
I ( s)  s 
V2  134 V 1
s s 1
2
s
i (t )  5sin t
10. C
Given circuit is shown below, 1 t 1 t
v(t )  
C 0
i(t ) dt   5sin t
1 0
v (t )  5(1  cos t )
. Method 1 :
i (t ) = 5sin t
B
5
Applying KVL in the loop, 1800 3600 t

0 0
A 90 C 270 E
 I  3000  ( I  20)  1  ( I  20)  ( j1)
 I  30  I  20  jI  20 j  0 -5
D
I (2  j )  50  20 j
(50  20 j ) (2  j )
I 5cos t
(2  j ) (2  j )
A E
I  (10  4 j )  (2  j ) 5
I  20  10 j  8 j  4 B
t
I  24  j 2 D
V  ( I  20)  (  j1)
-5
V  (24  j 2  20)  (  j1) C
V  2  j4 V
© Copyright
GATE ACADEMY® 5 Phasor & Locus Diagram
v (t ) = 5(1 - cos t ) i(t)
C
10
5
5
B D v(t)
t
A 90 180 E
The circular loci of i (t ) is given by, Hence, the correct option is (B).
i(t) 12. (A)
Given : circuit
B 0.2 H
5 
A C v(t)
E 2 mF
3
D Zin 8
10 mF

Note : v (t )  5(1  cos t ) consist only
  50 rad/ sec
positive values. From options only
X L  jL  j 50  0.2  j 10 
option (B) is satisfying.
j j
. Method 2 : X C1    10 j 
C 50  2  103
i (t )  5sin t … (i) j j
X C2     j 2
v (t )  5(1  cos t )  C 50  10 103
v (t )  5   5 cos t … (ii) X C   j10 
1
X L  j10 
Squaring equation (i) and (ii),
3
i 2 (t )  52 sin 2 t … (iii)
Zin 8
v(t )  5
2
 52 cos 2 t … (iv)
XC   j 2 
2
Adding equation (iii) and (iv),

i 2 (t )   v(t )  5  52 sin 2 t  52 cos 2 t
2
(8  j10) (3  j 2)
Z in   j 10 
(8  j10)  (3  j 2)
i 2 (t )   v(t )  5  52 sin 2 t  cos 2 t 
2
24  j 14  20
Z in   j 10 
i 2 (t )   v(t )  5  52
2
… (v) 11  j 8
44  j 14 (11  j 8)
Comparing above equation with standard Z in   j 10  
11  j 8 (11  j 8)
equation of circle,
484  j 198  112
( x  h) 2  ( y  k ) 2  r 2 Z in   j 10 
185
h  0, k  5, r  5
596  j 198
Z in   j 10 
The above equation (v) i.e. equation of 185
circle can be drawn as, Z in   j 10  3.22  j 1.070
Z in  (3.22  j 11.070) 
Hence, the correct option is (A)
© Copyright
13. 80.55 | Z in |  80.508 
Given : circuit shown below figure Hence, the correct answer is 80.508 
  10 rad/ sec
14. A
20  2H
Given : circuit shown in below figure,
2 mF j2  10 
4 mF    
V0
Zin
0.2 V0 j 40 
X L  jL  j 10  2  j 20 
j j
X C1     j 50  Z0  ?
C 10  2 103
j j j2 
10 
X C2     j 25 
 C 10  4  103  
I V0 I dc
X L  j 20
20
0.2 V0 Vdc
j 40 
X C   j 50
1
XC 2
 j 25   
I  0.2 V0  I dc
 V0   ( j 2 I dc )
20  j 50
KVL, inside loop;
Z1 Vdc  10 I dc  j 2 I dc  j 40 (0.2 V0  I dc )  0
Zin Z2  j 25  Z3  (50  j 20)  Vdc  10 I dc  j 2 I dc  j 40 ( j 0.2  2 I dc  I dc )

Vdc  10 I dc  j 2 I dc  j 40 (1  j 0.4) I dc
Vdc
(50  j 20) ( j 25)  10  j 2  j 40  16
Z in  20  j 50  I dc
50  j 20  j 25
Vdc
500  j 1250 50  j 5  (6  j 38) 
Z in  20  j 50   I dc
50  j 5 50  j 5
Z 0  (6  j 38) 
(500  j 1250) (50  j 5)
Z in  20  j 50  Hence, the correct option is (A)
2525
125 (4  j 10) 5(10  j )
Z in  20  j 50  
2525
Z in  20  j 50  0.247 (40  j 96  10)
Z in  20  j 50  12.376  j 23.712
Z in  32.376  j 73.712
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1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C
6. B 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. A
11. D 12. 2 13. 1.87
1. C 3. A
In series RLC circuit, at resonance
impedance is minimum hence current is
maximum
In parallel RLC circuit, at resonance
admittance is minimum hence impedance is
maximum.
2. D
For series RLC resonant circuit,
(i) At the lower half power frequency,
Case 1 : At low frequency
V
I 450 From above figure,
2R 1
At low frequency,  L
V

V
450 C
ZL 2R Hence, X C  X L
Z L  2 R  450 Thus, for a series resonant circuit low
(ii) At the upper half power frequency, frequency impedance will be capacitance.
Case 2 : At high frequency
V
I   450 From above figure,
2R
1
V V At high frequency, L 
   450 C
ZH 2R Hence, X L  XC
Z H  2 R450 Ω Thus, for a series resonant circuit high
Hence, the correct option is (D). frequency impedance will be inductive
Thus, option (A) will be correct.
© Copyright
4. B 5. C
Given : Given :
(i) L  0.2 H, R  1  and C  1 F (i) Supply voltage, V  25V
L (ii) I max  0.5A
(iii) Frequency, f  400 Hz
C R (iv) Voltage across capacitor, VC  150V
 Key Point
In series R-L-C circuit current is maximum
Z
at resonance
Impedance Z is given by,
V
 1  I max 
Z R   jL R
 j C 
25
1 0.5 
R R
j C
Z  jL R  50 
1
R In resonance voltage across capacitor is
j C
given by,
R
Z  j L Vc  QV
jRC  1
150  Q  25
R(1  jRC ) Q6
Z  jL
(1  jRC ) (1  jRC ) 0 L
6
R
R   R 2C 
Z  j   L   400  2 L
1  R 22C 2  1  R 22C 2  6
50
At resonance
L  0.119 H
Img[ Z ]  0
 R 2C 6. A
L 
1  R 22C 2 For a parallel resonant two branch circuit,
L  R 22C 2 L  R 2C L
2
RL  RC  to make circuit
RC L C
  2 2  2 2
2
RC L RC L frequency independent
1 1 L
  2 2 rad / sec …..(i)   RC C
LC R C RL
Putting, R  1 , L  0.2 H , C  1F in the L 1 1
C  2 F
equation (i), RL  RC 4 16
1 1 Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.

  7. B
0.2 1 11
For unity power factor, imaginary part of
  2 rad / sec
impedance should be zero.
© Copyright
GATE ACADEMY® 3 Resonance
 Impedance of the circuit is given by, 21.5 1000  L
2
 j  100
jL  R  
 C  0.2
Z ( j)  L H
R  jL 
j 3
C Hence, the correct option is (A).
 j  j  9. C
j L  R   R  jL  
 C  C 
Z ( j) 
 j  j 
 R  j L   R  jL  
 C  C  R
Vs C
Making imaginary part equal to zero
L
L 1
R   2 2 0
2
C C 1
Yin  jC 
1 L L  CR 2
R  jL
  R2 
C 22
C C R  jL
Yin  jC 
1 R 2  2 L2
2 
LC  R 2C 2 For resonance, Im Yin   0
1
 0 L
LC  R 2C 2 0C  0
R  02 L2
2
Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.

L
8. A R 2  02 L2  ……. (i)
C
Given :
L
(i) Resonant frequency, f  1.5kHz  R2
0  C
(ii) Supply voltage, V  100 V L2
(iii) Bandwidth  0.75 kHz R
Re Yin  
(iv) Power consumer at resonance = 100 W R  02 L2
2
Resonancefrequency R 2  02 L2
Quality factor, Q  Z in 
Bandwidth R
1.5 100 From equation (i),
Q
0.75 1000 L/C
Re  Zin  
Q2 R
Power at resonance is given by, L
Re  Zin  
V2 RC
P
R 10. B
According to the question,
1002
100  R L C
R
R  100 
0 L
Quality factor, Q 
R
Given : R  50 , L  100 H, C  1 F
© Copyright
. Method 1: From equation (iv) and equation (v),

For series RLC circuit, L  0.19  105 rad/sec
1
L   R L 0.19  105
C  fL   3.023kHz
At lower cut off frequency L , 2 2
1
L L   R …(i) . Method 2:
LC
By using direct formula we can calculate lower 3
At upper cut off frequency H ,
dB frequency and higher 3 dB frequency.
1
H L  R …(ii) L  Lower 3 dB frequency
H C
Adding equation (i) and equation (ii), L  Lower half power frequency
1 1 1  2
L(L  H )    0 R  R  1
C  L H  L      rad/sec
2L  2 L  LC
1  L  H 
L(L  H )  [ L , H and 0 are positive real frequency]
C  LH 
50
1 L  
L H   02 …(iii) 2  100  10  6
LC
Therefore, f L f H  f 02 (50) 2 1
 
(2  100  10 ) 100  10  6  10  6
6 2
where, f 0  Resonant frequency.
1 L   25  104  6.25  1010  1010
f0  Hz
2 LC L  19.258 krad/sec
1 105
f0   Hz L 19.258  10
6
2  100  10  1  10 6 2  fL   3.065kHz
2 2
0  105 rad/sec
Bandwidth is given by,
11. A
f
BW  f H  f L  0 Given :
Q
For series RLC resonance circuit,
Quality factor is given by,
Z min  R  100 , 0  107 rad/sec
0 L 105  100  10 6
Q   0.2 Q  100
R 50
105 105  5 Impedance characteristics for series RLC circuit is
BW   Hz
2  0.2 2 given by,
Capacitive Inductive
BW  5  105 rad/sec Z XC > X L X L > XC
From equation (iii),
Impedance
L H  02 1
wL
L H  (10 )  10
5 2 10 wC
H  L  5  105 …(iv)
L  H  ( H  L )2  4H L Z min = R
L  H  (5  105 )2  4  1010 0 w0 Frequency, w

Dynamic Series resonance
L  H  5.38  105 …(v) impedance X L = XC
© Copyright
GATE ACADEMY® 5 Resonance
For series RLC resonance circuit, Q factor in terms 1 1 j 0.5
ZN   j  1|| j 0.5   j 
of L is given by,   1  j 0.5
0 L 1 j 0.5(1  j 0.5)
Q ZN   j 
R  1  (0.5) 2
107  L 0.252  0.5 1
100  ZN   j  
100 1  (0.5) 1  (0.5)  
2 2
1
L H  1 mH For Z N  pure resistance
1000
Hence, the correct option is (A). 0.5 1
Im  Z    0
1  (0.5) 
2
12. D
For series RLC resonance circuit, Q-factor in terms 0.52  1(0.5) 2  0
of resonance frequency and bandwidth is given by, 0.252  1
Resonance frequency   2 rad/sec
Q
Bandwidth
14. 1.87
 f 100 Given circuit is shown below,
Q 0  0   20
 f 5 A
At resonance,
4W
VL  VC  Q V 60 V
50 Hz
VL  20  10  200 V j1 W

B
13. 2
Capacitor is connected in parallel across terminal
1 1 1
Zc   j AB to get unity power factor.
jC j 1 
The equivalent circuit can be represented as,
Z L  jL  j 0.5  j 0.5
1 4W
-j
w 60 V
1W C
50 Hz
j1 W
Vs j 0.5w
Yeq
Norton’s impedance Z N if Vs  0 (short For unity power factor,

circuit) Imaginary (Yeq )  0
1  1 
-j Img   jC   0
w
1W  4  j1 
 4  j1 
j 0.5w Img  2  jC   0
 4  ( j1)
2

1
C  0
ZN 17
© Copyright
1
2 50C 
17
C  187.24 F
Hence, the value of the capacitance required is
187.24 μF .

© Copyright
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. B
6. B 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. C
11. A 12. C 13. D 14. C 15. D
16. B 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. A
21. A 22. 32 23. 1.866 24. B 25. A
26. 12.75
1. A (iii) Reactive power, Q  800 VAR

Given :
Apparent Power, S  VI *
(i) Input supply voltage = 200 V rms
(ii) Active power, P  1200 W S  Vrms  I rms
(iii) Reactive power, Q  1600 VAR 6002  8002  200  I rms
Power factor is given by,
1000
P I rms  5A
cos   200
S
P
cos   3. D
P  Q2
2

1200
cos  
12002  16002
cos   0.6
Active power, P  Vrms I rms cos 
1200  200  I rms  0.6
I rms  10 A
Hence, the correct option is (A). Total reactance, X Total  j10  j10  0 
2. B Since total reactance of the circuit is equal to
Given : zero hence the reactive power drawn from
(i) Input supply voltage, V  200 V rms the source is also zero.
(ii) Active power, P  600 W Hence, the correct option is (D).
© Copyright
4. A 3. Apparent Power, S  P 2  Q 2
R
S  12002  16002
I
240 V L S  2000 VA
50 Hz Thus the power triangle is given by
The relevant circuit is shown in figure.

0 VA
P  300 W, VR  100 V, I  3 A 200 1600 VAR
VL  LI  240 2  1002  218.2

218.2 1200 W
L 
3
When capacitor is connected in series,
6. B
1
 L for unity PF Given :
C
(i) v(t )  160sin(t  100 ) V
1 218.2

C 3 (ii) i (t )  5sin(t  200 ) A
3 The reactive power absorbed is given by,
C  106 F  43.7 F
218.2  2 50 Q  Vrms I rms sin(v  i )
5. B 160 5
Given : Q  sin(10  200 )
2 2
(i) Voltage, V  100300 V 160  5 1
(ii) Impedance, z  (3  j 4)  Q 
2 2
Current, irms 
Vrms Q  200 VAR
z Hence, the correct option is (B).
100 7. C
irms 
3 4
2 2
Given : P5   I rms
2
(5)  10
irms  20 A  I rms  2 A
 Key Point L 5W 10 W
In case of load impedance,
(i) Power delivered is consumed only by
50 cos wt
resistance i.e. by real part of load
impedance.
(ii) Reactive power is absorbed only in the Total real power loss,
imaginary part of impedance P  P5   P10   ( 2) 2 (5  10)
1. Active power, P  irms
2
 Real[ z ]  P  30 W
P  202  3 But, total complex power,
P  1200 W 50
S  Vs I s   2  50 VA
Reactive power, Q  irms 2
2. 2
 Img[ z ]
P 30
Q  202  4  Power factor, cos     0.6 lag
S 50
Q  1600 VAR Hence, the correct option is (C).
© Copyright
GATE ACADEMY® 3 Complex Power
8. D  Key Point
Given : In case of load impedance,
(i) V  200 V (i) Power delivered is consumed only by
(ii) Active power, P  300 W resistance i.e. by real part of load
impedance.
(iii) Current i  2.5 A
(ii) Reactive power is absorbed only in the
Active power, P  Vrms  I rms  cos  imaginary part of impedance
300  200  2.5cos 
1. Active power, P  I rms
2
 Real[Z]
cos   0.6
Vrms
I rms 
Hence sin   1  cos  2
Z
sin   1  0.62  0.8 I rms  20 A
Reactive power, Q  Vrms  I rms  sin  P  (20) 2  3
Q  200  2.5  0.8 P  1200 W
Q  400 VAR 2. Reactive power, Q  I rms
2
 Img[Z]
Q  (20) 2  4
Hence, the correct option is (D). Q  1600 VAR
9. B
Given : P = 300 W when source is 30 V dc 3. Volt –Amperes, S  P 2  Q 2
V2 S  12002  16002
 I 2 R or  300
R S  2000 VA
2
(30) Hence, the correct option is (C).
 300
R 11. A
R3  Given :
and P = 108 W when source is 30 V ac (i) Voltage, V  100150 V
2
I rms R  108 (ii) Current, I  20  450 A
2
I rms (3)  108 1. Active power,
P  Vrms I rms  cos( V  I )
I rms  6 A
and V  IZ P  100  20  cos(150  (450 ))
V 30 1
Z  Z 5  P  2000 
I 6 2
P  1000 W
 X  Z 2  R 2  52  32  4 
2. Reactive power,
Q  Vrms I rms  sin( V  I )
10. C
Given : Q  100  20 sin(15  450 )
(i) Voltage, V  100V Q  2000  0.866
(ii) Impedance, Z  (3  j 4)  Q  1732 VAR
Hence real [Z]  3  & Img [Z]  4  Hence, the correct option is (A).
© Copyright
12. C 50
Given : 2 2
(i) Resistor, R  10  (5  10) 2  X 2
(ii) Current, 225  X 2  625
i (t)  3  4sin(100 t  450 ) 4sin(300t  600 ) A X 2  400
RMS value of current is given by, X  20 
2 2
 4   4  Power factor, cos  
R
irms  3 
2
  
 2  2 z
irms  5 A 15
cos  
Power dissipated, P  irms
2
R 152  202
15
P  52 10 cos  
25
P  250 W
cos   0.6
13. D
15. (D)
Given : Coil
(i) Voltage, v(t )  173sin(314 t  10 ) 0
L R
C
(ii) Current, i (t )  14.14sin (314t  200 )
10 2 cos1000t
Average power delivered is given by,
P  Vrms  I rms  cos(v  i )
173 14.14 Given :
P  cos(10  200 )
2 2 L  10 mH, C  100 F
P  1060 W v  10 2 cos(1000 t )
10 2
14. C Vrms   10 V
2
Given :
X L  jL  j  1000  10 2  j10 
(i) Voltage source, v(t )  50cos t V
1 1
(ii) Power consumed in 5  resistor  10 W XC    j10 
jC j  1000  10 4
Total impedance of the circuit
ZT  R  j10  j10  R
V
Current, I 
R
Power drawn  I 2 R
I 2
 5  10
 I R  20
rms 2
I rms  2 A V2
  20
Vrms R
I rms 
z 10 2
  20  R  5 
R
© Copyright
16. (B) 1
Z eq  2   2  j2
0 L 1000  10  10 3 j  5  0.1
Q-factor   2
R 5
Z eq  2 2  450
17. (A)
Given circuit is shown below, From figure,
2 2 sin(5t  450 )
i (t ) 
Z eq
2 2 sin(5t  450 )
i (t ) 
2 2  450
. Method 1 : Source transformation theorem i(t )  (sin 5t ) A
Applying source transformation in the given figure,
. Method 2 : Nodal Analysis .
Simplified circuit is shown below,
Applying source transformation in the above figure,
Applying KCL at node A,

V A  2   90 0
(V A )( j 5  0.1)  1 0 0  0
2
 1
VA  j 0.5    1  900  100
 2
Calculation of Z eq :  j 1
VA   2180 0
0.5  j 0.5
From figure,
i (t )  (VA )( j 5  0.1)
i (t )  21800  0.5900
i (t )  12700 or 1  900  (sin 5t ) A

Z eq
© Copyright
. Method 3 : Superposition Theorem . 1 1

i (t )  sin(5t  450 )  cos(5t  450 )
2 2
i(t )  cos 450 sin(5t  450 )  sin 450 cos(5t  450 )
i (t )  sin(5t  450  450 )
i (t )  sin(5t ) A
1. Consider voltage source alone is active 18. (A)
Replace current source by its internal From previous question,
resistance i.e. R   (O.C.)
Current through capacitor is i1 (t ) .
1 1
XC   2
C 5  0.1
i(t )  sin 5t
1
I rms 
A
2
Total power delivered by two sources 
From figure, Power dissipated in 2 resistor
2
2sin(5t ) 2 sin 5t  1 
i1 (t )   P I R 2
 2 1 W
1 2  j2 rms
 2
2
j 5  0.1 Hence, the correct option is (A).
sin 5t 1 19. B
i1 (t )   sin(5t  450 ) A
1 j 2 According to the question,
2. Consider current source alone is active
Replace voltage source by their internal
resistance i.e. R  0 (S.C.)
Current through capacitor is i2 (t ) .
1 Z  4  j3 
XC  2
5  0.1
where,
RL  4 , X L   3 
i (t )  5 cos(100t  1000 ) A
5
I rms  A
2
Average power delivered to load
2
i2 (t )   cos 5t  impedance=Power dissipated in resistance
2  j2 2
 5 
i2 (t )  
1
cos (5t  450 ) A
PI 2
rms RL    4
2  2
According to superposition theorem, current 25
P  4  50 W
through capacitor C is given by, 2
i (t )  i1 (t )  i2 (t ) Hence, the correct option is (B).
© Copyright
20. A Applying KCL at node a,
Given circuit is shown below 6  0 0  I1  I 2 … (i)
V0 I1  0.9  16 1000
16  1000
I1    cos 1 0.9
V0  0.9
V0 I 2  0.8  20  1000
Since voltage drop in 10  resistor is Vx then 20  1000

I2    cos 1 0.8
V0  0.8
voltage drop in 100  resistor is
 10  Vx  10Vx Putting I1 and I 2 in the equation (i),
Modified circuit diagram is shown below, 17777.77 25000
6 0 0    25.84    36.860
V0 V0
V0  2962.9  25.840  4166.66  36.860
V0  2666.5  j1291.40  3333.33  j 2500
V0  5999.89  j 3791.4
V0  7.1  32.289 kV
Applying KVL in the loop
20000  Vx  10Vx  9Vx  0 Hence, the correct option is (A).
Vx  1000 22. 32
According to the question,
Vx  I x  10
10  I x  10
Ix  1 A
1. Power supplied by independent source
 200  I x Given : Z L  (4  j 2) 
 200 1  200 W where, RL  4 , X L   2 
Thus, statement S1 is true.
i (t )  4sin(t  200 )
2. Power supplied by dependent
 9Vx  I x  9 10 1  90 4
I rms  A
2
Thus, statement S 2 is false.
Average power delivered to load impedance is
given by,
21. A
2
Given circuit is shown below,  4 
PI 2
rms RL    4
 2
P  32 W
Hence, the average real power delivered to load
impedance is 32 W.
23. 1.866
© Copyright
240
I [0.898  j 0.561  0.621  j 0.362  1.66]
100
I  2.4 [3.185  j 0.199]
I  (7.644  j 0.4776) A
I   (7.644  j 0.4776) A
Since ; total complex power
S V I
The complex power delivered by the source to load S  240 [7.644  j 0.4776]
is given by,
S  (1.8345  j 0.1146) kVA
S  Vrms I *
rms  200( I1  I 2 ) *
Hence, the correct options (B)
S  2000 (50  530 )
0 0 0 *
25. A
P.F .  cos 
S  20000 [5cos 00  j 5sin 00 ]  [4.33  j 2.5]
 0.4776 
S  20000 [5  4.33  j 2.5]    I  tan 1  
 7.644 
S  200[9.33  j 2.5]
  3.57520
S  1866.025  500i … (i) P.F .  cos 3.575
Also, S  P  jQ … (ii) P.F .  0.998 (leading)
From equations (i) and (ii), Note ; If current is lead 0 by voltage then power
Pavg  1866.025 W  1.866 kW factor is leading if complex power is lagging in
Hence, the real power delivered by the source to nature then power factor loading in nature.
load is 1.866 kW. Hence, the correct option is A
24. B 26. 12.75
Given : circuit Given :
I Part impedance of the circuit is
 R
I1 I2 I3 Z ab    tan 1 RC
1  R C
2 2 2
240 Vrm s, 50 Hz 80  j 50 120  j 40  60  j 0 

R  10 k
C  200 nF

i  2sin (377t  200 ) mA
S ?
Pavg  ?
S V I
i
I  I1  I 2  I 3 a
Linear
240 240 240
I   network
80  j50 120  j 70 60  j 0 L
 80  j 50 120  j 70 1    377 rad/s ec
I  240    
 8900 19300 60 
10k
Z ab 
240  80  j 50 120  j 70 10  1| 377 2  100  106  4  104  10 18
I   
100  89 193 6
  tan 1 377 10 103  200 108
© Copyright
10
Z ab    37.0160
1  0.568
Z ab  (7.98   37.016) k V  I Z
V  2sin (377 t  202 )  7.98  103
103   37.016
V  15.969 sin (377t  17.016)
Pavg  Vrms I rms cos 
  V   I
  17.016  20
  37.0160
Vm
Vrms 
2
Im
I rms 
2
Vm I
Pavg   m cos (37.0160 )
2 2
Vm I m
Pavg  cos 37.0160
2
15.960  2 103
Pavg   0.798
2
Pavg  12.75 mW
Hence, the correct answer is 15.96

© Copyright
9 Magnetic Coupling
Q.1 Consider network shown in below figure. For maximum power transfer to 5  .
The value of n is ________.

Ans. 3
Sol.
For maximum power transfer, RL '  RS  45 
5n2  45  n3
Q.2 Consider the network shown in below figure.
The value of I1 and I 2 are respectively
(A) 2600 A, 1600 A

(B) 2600 A, 2600 A
(A) 1600 A, 1600 A
(B) 1600 A, 2600 A
Gate Academy Shop Address : Street 04, Narsingh Vihar, Katulbod, Bhilai 490022 (C.G.), Contact : 97131-13156 Online Test Series
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GATE ACADEMY® 79 Magnetic Coupling
Ans. A
Sol.
I1 2
 [From figure]
I2 1
1
Given : n :1  1: 2  n
2
10600 10600
I1    2600 A Ans.
Rin 5
I1
I2 
 1600 A Ans.
2
Q.3 The power being dissipated in 400  resistor is
(A) 3 W (B) 6 W (C) 9 W (D) 12 W

Ans. (C)
Sol.
P400   I rms
2
R or P400  Vrms
2
/R
From current (Method 1) :
10
I1  2 A
5
I1 2
  I2  1 A
I2 1
I 2 (48)
I3   0.75 A
48  16
I3 5
  I 4  0.15 A  I rms
I4 1
 P  I rms
2
 400
P  152  400  9 W
From voltage (Method 2) :
10  4 V 2
V1   8 V and 2   V2  16 V
4 1 V1 1
V2 12 16 12
V3    12 V
12  4 12  4
V2 1
  V4  60 V  Vrms
V4 5
2
Vrms 602
 P   9W
R 400
Q.4 Determine the voltage V0 from the given below figure.
(A) 0.6900 V (B) 0.6600 V (C) 0.3900 V (D) 0.3300 V

Ans. A
Sol. Converting magnetic coupled network into T-network
j 6  (4  j 7) I1  j1( I1  I 3 )
(4  j 7  j1) I1  jI 3  j 6
(4  j8) I1  jI 3  j 6 …. (i)
j1( I3  I1 )  j 4I3  10I3  0
 jI1  ( j1  j 4  10) I 3  0
 jI1  (10  5 j ) I 3  0 … (ii)
(10  5 j ) I 3
From (ii), I1 
j
(4  j8) (10  5 j ) I 3  jI 3
  j6
j
(40  20 j  80 j  40  1) I3   6
6
I3   0.06 j
1  100 j
 V0  10 I 3  0.6 j  0.6900
Q.5 The value of Z eq for a given below figure is
(A) 11.2  j11.2  (B) 11.2  j11.2  (C) 15.5  j15.5  (D) 15.5  j15.5 
Ans. B
Zeq  (2  10 j  j 6) || j14  10  j8

(2  4 j )14 j
Z eq   10  j8  11.2  j11.2 
2  18 j
. Common Data Questions for 6 and 7 .
A coupled network is shown in the figure.
Q.6 For maximum power transfer, the load impedance Z L should be
(A) 9.69  51.10  (B) 9.69   51.10 

(C) (6.09  j 7.54)  (D) Either (B) or (C)
Ans. D
Q.7 Maximum Power transferred will be
(A) 10 W (B) 20 W
(C) 63.5 W (D) 40 W
Ans. C
ZTH :
ZTH  (7 || j3)  5  j5  6.08  7.53 j

ZTH  9.6851.06
VTH :
j3
VTH  10000 
7  j3
300900
VTH   39.4266.810
7  j3
 Network is replaced by
For maximum power transfer,
Z L  ZTH
*
 6.08  7.53 j or 9.68  51.06
 VTH2 
 max
P   40 W  Not applicable case of complex circuit
 4ZTH 
39.4266.810
I  I  3.2466.81
12.16
2
 Pmax  I Z L  3.242  6.08  63.8 W
Q.8 The inductance matrix of a system of two mutually coupled inductors shown in figure (a) is given by
 5  4
L  [ESE EE 2002]
 4 7 
figure (a) figure (b)

When the inductors are connected as shown in figure (b), the equivalent inductance of the system is
given by
(A) 20 H (B) 4 H (C) 16 H (D)8 H
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
figure (a)
 5  4
Inductance matrix, L    ….. (i)
 4 7 
Inductance matrix for figure (a) is given by,
L L  L M
L   11 12    1  ….. (ii)
 L21 L22   M L2 
Comparing equation (i) and (ii), L1  5, L2  7, M   4
Given :
figure (b)
Equivalent inductance of figure (b) is given by,
Leq  L1  L2  2M (due to opposite sign)
Leq  5  7  2( 4)  20 H
Energy of Coupled Coil :
1 2 1 1 2 1
W L1 I1  L2 I 22  MI1I 2 W L1 I1  L2 I 22  MI1 I 2
2 2 2 2
Dot Convention in Transformer
V1 N
  1   n (independent from direction of current)
V2 N2
I2 N
  1   n (independent from polarity of voltage)
I1 N2
Transformation ratio or turn ratio is given by,
N1
n
N2
 If V1 and V2 both are positive or both are negative at dotted terminal then use + n otherwise – n.
 If I1 and I 2 both flow into the dotted terminal or both flow out of the dotted terminal then use – n
otherwise + n.
Case 1 : Case 2 :
V1 N1 V1 N1
 n  n
V2 N 2 V2 N 2
I 2 N1 I2 N
 n   1  n
I1 N 2 I1 N2
Case 3 : Case 4 :
V1 N V1 N
  1  n   1  n
V2 N2 V2 N2
I2 N I 2 N1
  1  n  n
I1 N2 I1 N 2
Q.9 The output voltage of the ideal transformer with the polarities and dots shown in the figure is given by
[GATE IN 2015, IIT Kanpur]
1 1
(A) NVi sin t (B)  NVi sin t (C) Vi sin t (D)  Vi sin t
N N
Ans. (B)
Sol. We know that for a transformer
V1 N 1
 1  [Case 4]
V2 N2 N
Vi sin (t ) 1

V0 N
V0   N Vi sin t
Q.10 Find the reflected impedance for the coupled circuit shown in figure.
Sol. The s-plane impedance of L1 , L2 , M are sL1 , sL2 and sM respectively. The loop equations are
V1 (s)  I1 (s)  sL1   I 2 (s)  Ms 
O  I1 (s)  Ms   I 2 (s)  sL2  R2 
Eliminating I1 ( s ) from above equations
V1 ( s) M 2s2
 Z1 ( s)  sL1 
I1 ( s) R2  sL2
For steady state ac, replace s by j
M 22
Z1  jL1 
R2  jL2
The reflected impedance is
M 2 2
Reflected impedance 
R2  jL2
Q.11 A linear transformer and its T  equivalent circuit are shown in figure 1 and figure 2 respectively. The
values of inductance La , Lb and L c are respectively [ESE EE 2000]
(A) 1 H,  2 H and 2 H (B) 1 H , 2 H and 2 H

(C) 3 H , 6 H and  2 H (D) 3 H , 6 H and 2 H
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : circuit shown below.
La  ?
Lb  ?
Lc  ?
2H
La Lb
1H 4H Lc
L1  1H
L2  4 H
M12  2 H
We know that La  L1  M12  1  2  1 H
Lb  L2  M12  4  2  2 H
1c  M12  2 H
Q.12 The resonant frequency of the series circuit shown in figure is
[GATE EC 1990, IISc Bangalore]
1 1 1 1
(A) Hz (B) Hz (C) Hz (D) Hz
4 3 4 2 10 4 2
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given circuit is shown below,
Given : L1  2 H, L2  2 H, M  1 H, C  2 F
As per dot convention,
Leq  L1  L2  2 M
Leq  (2  2  2) H  2 H
Resonant frequency for LC circuit is given by,
1 1 1
f    Hz
2  LeqC 2 2  2 4
Q.13 For the circuit shown in figure, the equivalent inductance between the terminals A & B is
[GATE EE 1992, IIT Delhi]
(A) 6 H (B) 7 H (C) 8 H (D) 10 H

Ans. (C)
Sol. Leq  4  4  4  2(2)  2(1)  2(1)
Leq  4  4  4  4  2  2  8 H
Q.14 In the series circuit shown in figure, for series resonance, the value of the coupling coefficient k will be
[GATE EC 1993, IIT Bombay]
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.999 (D) 1.0
Ans. (A)
For series RLC circuit, condition of resonance,

X L  XC
Mutual inductance, M  k L1L2

Mutual reactance is given by,
X M  k X L1 X L2
X M  k ( j 2)  ( j8)  j 4k
As per dot convention,
Equivalent reactance is given by,
X L  X L1  X L2  2 X M
X L  j 2  j8  j8k
Since, X L  XC
j10  j8k  j12 [Given : X C   j12  ]

j8k  j 2
k  0.25
Q.15 Two coupled coils connected in series have an equivalent inductance of 16 mH or 8mH depending on
the interconnection. Then the mutual inductance M between the coils is
[GATE EE 1994, IIT Kharagpur]
(A) 12 mH (B) 8 2 mH (C) 4 mH (D) 2 mH
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given : equivalent inductance Leq  16 mH or 8 mH
M ?
Case 1 : If the inter connection of coils is, this
L1 L2
Leq  L1  L2  2 M …(i)
16 mH  L1  L2  2 M …(ii)
Case 2 : If the inter connection of coils is 1 this
L1 L2
Leq  L1  L2  2 M …(i)
8 mH  L1  L2  2 M …(ii)
L1  L2  8 mH  2 M
Put the value of ( L1  L2 ) in equation (ii) we get:
16 mH  8 mH  2 M  2 M
4 M  8 mH
M  2 mH
Q.16 The effective inductance of the circuit across the terminals A, B in the figure shown below is
[GATE EE 1998, IIT Delhi]
(A) 9 H (B) 21 H (C) 11 H (D) 6 H

Ans. (C)
Given : L1  4 H, L2  5H, L3  6 H
M12  1H, M13  3H, M 23  2 H

Effective inductance is,
Leff  L1  L2  L3  2 M 12  2 M 23  2 M 13
Leff  4  5  6  2(1)  2(2)  2(3)
Leff  11 H
Q.17 In the circuit shown in figure, it is found that the input ac voltage (v1 ) and current i are in phase. The
M
coupling coefficient is k  , where M is the mutual inductance between the two coils. The value
L1 L2
of k and the dot polarity of the coil P-Q are :
[GATE EE 2002, IISc Bangalore]
(A) k = 0.25 and dot at P (B) k = 0.5 and dot at P

(C) k = 0.25 and dot at Q (D) k = 0.5 and dot at Q
Ans. (C)
Sol.  It is case of resonance (as v and i in same phase)
 X L  X C (Resonance)
From figure, X C  12   X L  X C  12 
 12  L1  L2  2M
12  8  8  2 K 8  8
12  16  2 K 64  16  16 K
 4  16 K
4
16 K   4  K  0.25
16
 dot at Q.
Q.18 The equivalent inductance measured between the terminals 1 and 2 for the circuit shown in the figure is
[GATE EC 2004, IIT Delhi]
(A) L1  L2  M (B) L1  L2  M (C) L1  L2  2M (D) L1  L2  2M

Ans. (D)
Applying KVL in the loop,
V  ( jL1 ) I  ( jM ) I  ( jL2 ) I ( jM ) I
V  j( L1  L2  2 M ) I
V
 j( L1  L2  2 M )  jLeq
I
Leq  L1  L2  2 M
Q.19 Impedance Z as shown in the given figure is
[GATE EC 2005, IIT Bombay]
(A) j 29  (B) j 9  (C) j19  (D) j 39 

Ans. (B)
Sol. Leq  j 5  j 2  2M 12  M 23  2M 13
Leq  j 9  0  2( j10)  2( j10)
Leq  j 9 
Q.20 Consider the coupled circuit shown below : [GATE IN 2007, IIT Kanpur]
At angular frequency  , this circuit can be represented by the equivalent T-network, shown below :
Indicate the correct set of expressions for the impedances of the T-network.
(A) Z1  jω(L1  M12 ) (B) Z1  j (L1  M12 )
Z2  j (L 2  M12 ) Z2  jω(L 2  M12 )
Z3  j M12 Z3  j  M12
(C) Z1  j  L1 (D) Z1  j  (L1  M12 )
Z2  j  L 2 Z2  j  (L 2  M12 )
Z3   j  M12 Z3   j  (L1  L 2  M12 )
Ans. (A)
The equivalent T network is given by,
The equivalent Z parameter is given by,

 L s M12 s 
[Z ]   1 
 M12 s L2 s 
By putting s  j ,
Z1  j( L1  M12 ) , Z3  jM12 ,
Z 2  j( L2  M12 )
Q.21 Two magnetically uncoupled inductive coils have Q factors q1 and q2 at the chosen operating
frequency. Their respective resistance are R1 and R2 . When connected in series, their effective Q factor
at the same operating frequency is [GATE EC/EE/IN 2013, IIT-Bombay]
(A) q1  q2 (B) (1/ q1 )  (1/ q2 )
(C) (q1R1  q2 R2 ) / ( R1  R2 ) (D) (q1R2  q2 R1 ) / ( R1  R2 )
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : Two coils have Q factor q1 and q2 .
Q factor is given by,
L
Q
R
Coil 1 :
L1
q1  ….. (i)
R1
Coil 2 :
L2
q2  ….. (ii)
R2
Coils are connected in series,
Coil 3 :
Leq  L1  L2
Req  R1  R2
Leq ( L1  L2 )
Qeffective  
Req R1  R2
L1  L2
Qeffective 
R1  R2
From equation (i) and (ii),
q1 R1  q2 R2
Qeffective 
R1  R2
Q.22 If an ideal transformer has an inductive load element at port 2 as shown in the figure below, the
equivalent inductance at port 1 is [GATE EE 2016 (Set - 01), IISc Bangalore]
n n2
(A) nL (B) n 2 L (C) (D)
L L
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given :
Referring port 2 inductive L to port 1 i.e. high voltage side,

2
The equivalent inductive at port 1 is n L

10 Graph Theory
Q.1 A network having n nodes and b branches (A) ab, bc, ad (B) ab, bc, ca
will have [ESE EC 1991]
(C) ab, bd, cd (D) ac, bd, ad
(A) (b + n) links
Ans. (A)
(B) (b – n + 1) links
Sol. Graph of above network is
(C) (b + n – 1) links
(D) (b + n + 1) links a
b
c
Ans. (B)
Sol. No. of tree branches = (n – 1)
∴ Number of co-tree branches = No. of
links/chords = b – (n – 1) = b – n + 1 d
Q.2 A network has 10 nodes and 17 branches. Option (C) and (D) will be eliminated
The number of node pair voltages would be because bd is not part of the graph.
[ESE EC 1991, 2000] Option (B) gives a structure
(A) 7 (B) 9 b
a c which is forming close
(C) 10 (D) 45
loop, so can not be a tree.
Ans. (D)
Hence, option (A) is correct.
Sol. Total number of node pair voltage
n( n − 1) 10(10 − 1) 10 × 9 Q.4 Identify which of the following is NOT a
= = = = 45 tree of the graph shown in figure.
2 2 2
Q.3 Figure shows a d.c. resistive network and its [GATE EC 1999, IIT Bombay]
a
graph is drawn aside. A ‘proper tree’ chosen
for analyzing the network will contain the b 2 c 3
1
edges. [GATE EE 1994, IIT Kharagpur]
d e f g
b b h
a c a c 4 5
(A) begh (B) defg
++
- -
(C) adhg (D) aegh
Ans. (C)
d d Sol. Taking adhg from given graph
a
Ans. (B)
2
3
Sol. Since option (B) is forming a close loop.
1
Hence this can not be a tree.
d g
Q.6 Consider the following graph. Which one of
4 h 5 the following is not a tree of the below
Forming a close loop, hence not a tree. graph ? [ESE EC 2004]
Valid 6
Op. Branch Sub-Graph
tree
b 2 1 2
1 3
(A) begh e g  3
5
h 4
4 5
2 3
1
(A) (B)
(B) defg d e f g 
4 5
a
2
1 3
(C) adhg 
d g
(C) (D)
4 h 5
a
2 3
1
(D) aegh 
e g
h
4 5
Ans. (C)
Q.5 Consider the network graph shown in figure.
Which one of the following is NOT a tree of Sol. Twigs = n – 1 = 3 (tree branches)
this graph? [GATE EC 2004, IIT Delhi] The given graph has 4 nodes.
∴ Any tree of this graph should have 4
nodes and 3 branches, a path between any
pair of nodes and no closed path. But the
subgraph given in (C) has only 2
branches.
Q.7 What is the total number of trees for the
graph shown below? [ESE EC 2006]
(A) (B)
(A) 4 (B) 8
(D) (C) 12 (D) 16
GATE ACADEMY® 93 Graph Theory
Ans. (D) 1 2
Sol. The graph is a complete graph
4
Number of trees = n n −2
[where n = number of nodes]
= 44−2 = 16 (D) 1 2
Q.8 For the network graph shown in the figure
given below, which one of the following is 3
not a tree? [ESE EC 2006] 6
Ans. (D)
Sol. According to definition of tree it must not
form close loop.
Q.10 The number of chords in the graph of the
given circuit will be
(A) (B) [GATE EE 2008, IISc Bangalore]
+
-
(C) (D)
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 5
Ans. (A)
Ans. (D) Sol. Graph of above network is
Sol. According to definition of tree it must not
form close loop.
Q.9 The graph of a network is shown in figure
below. Which one of the figures shown
below is not a tree of the graph?
[ESE EC 2007]
1 2 Voltage source = Short circuit
5 4
3
Current source = Open circuit
6
As we know number of chord/links = b – n
(A) + 1= 5 – 4 + 1 = 2 Ans.
Q.11 The graph associated with an electrical
5 4
3 network has 7 branches and 5 nodes. The
number of independent KCL equations and
(B) the number of independent KVL equations,
respectively, are
4 [GATE EE 2016 (Set - 02), IISc Bangalore]
3
6 (A) 2 and 5 (B) 5 and 2
(C) 3 and 4 (D) 4 and 3
Ans. (D) Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : Number of branch, B=7 Sol. Minimum number of equations = No. of tree
Number of nodes, N = 5 branches (twigs) T = n – 1, or No. of co-tree
branches (links) L = b – n + 1 whichever is
Number of independent KCL equation
less.
= N −1 = 5 −1 = 4
Here, both are same, equal to 3.
Number of independent KVL equation Q.14 In the graph shown in the figure one
= B − N +1 = 7 − 5 +1 = 3 possible tree is formed by the branches 4, 5,
Hence the correct option is (D) 6, 7. Then one possible fundamental cutset
Q.12 In graph shown in the figure, for the tree is [ESE EC 1997]
8
with branches b, d and f, the fundamental
loops would include. [ESE EC 1996] 6 7
c
1 2 3 4
b 2 d
1 3 1, 2, 3, 4 : nodes
a, b, c, d, e, f : branches 5
a f (A) 1, 2, 3, 8 (B) 1, 2, 5, 6
e
(C) 1, 5, 6, 8 (D) 1, 2, 3, 7, 8
Ans. (D)
4
Sol. A fundamental cutset is defined by only one
(A) abc, def, bdea (B) cea, bdea, abc
tree branch and one or more links.
(C) cdb, def, bfa (D) abde, def, cdb (1, 2, 3, 7, 8) is the fundamental cutset
Ans. (C) defined by tree branch 7.
Sol. Q.15 A network has 7 nodes and 5 independent
c loops. The number of branches in the
network is [GATE EC 1998, IIT Delhi]
b 2 d
1 3 (A) 13 (B) 12
(C) 11 (D) 10
a f e Ans. (C)
Sol. No. of independent loops = b – n + 1
4 Here, No. of independent loops = 5, n = 7
The links are c, e and a Hence, 5 = b – 7 + 1
Fundamental loops b = 11 Ans.
Q.16 Match List X with List Y for the co-tree
c d b with link c
branches 1, 2, 3 and 8 of the graph shown in
d e f with link e
the given figure and select the correct
b f a with link a answer using the codes given below the lists
Q.13 The graph of a network has six branches [ESE EC 2001]
with three tree branches. The MINIMUM List X List Y
number of equations required for the A. Twigs I. 4, 5, 6, 7
solution of the network is [ESE EC 1997] B. Links II. 1, 2, 3, 8
(A) 2 (B) 3 C. Fundamental cutset III. 1, 2, 3, 4
(C) 4 (D) 5 D. Fundamental loop IV. 6, 7, 8
8 (A) 1, 4, 5 (B) 2, 3, 5
6 7 (C) 3, 4, 8 (D) 6, 7, 8
Ans. (D)
1 2
3
4 Sol. If the Tree is T (4, 5, 6, 7), then the links are
1, 2, 3 and 8.
5 Any f - loop is defined by only one link and
Codes : A B C D should form a closed path.
(A) I II III IV ∴ Possible f - loop here is (6, 7, 8) defined
(B) III II I IV by 8. Note that edge sets (1, 4, 5) and (3, 4,
(C) I IV III II
8) are not loops and edge set (2, 3, 5) is a
(D) III IV I II
loop but not f - loop as it has two links 2 and
Ans. (A)
3.
Sol. Taking tree shown below.
8 Q.19 The minimum number of equations required
6 7 6 7 to analyze the circuit shown in the figure is
4 2
3
4
[GATE EC 2003, IIT Madras]
1
C C
5 5
Note : We have given an un-directed graph

in question, so in solution direction is not R R
used.
V R R
If 1, 2, 3 and 8 are the co-tree branches or C
chords or links, and then 4, 5, 6 and 7 should
be Tree branches or twigs, f- cutset (1, 2, 3,
4) is defined by 4 and f-loop (6, 7, 8) is (A) 3 (B) 4
defined by 8. (C) 6 (D) 7
Q.17 An electric circuit with 10 branches and 7 Ans. (B)
nodes will have [ESE EE 2001] Sol. Number of Nodal equation = n – 1
(A) 3 loop equations (B) 4 loop equations
Number of loops in KVL = b – n + 1
(C) 7 loop equations (D) 10 loop equations
The minimum number of equation to solve
Ans. (B)
Sol. b = 10, n = 7 above circuit will be either (n – 1) or (b – n
Number of loop equations = Number of + 1) depending upon smaller value among
links = L = b – (number of tree branches) these two.
= b – (n – 1) = 4 Let’s make graph of given circuit
Q.18 In the graph shown in the figure, one 4
possible tree is formed by the branches 4, 5, a b
d
6, 7. Then one possible fundamental loop is
[ESE EC 2002] 2 c
1 3
8 e
g
f h
6 7
5
1 2 4 From above graph we can see that,

3
n = 5 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
5 b = 8 (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h)
Number of Nodal equation = 5 – 1 = 4 (1)
Number of loops in KVL = 8 – 5 + 1 = 4

(2) (3)
Since both are equal, hence 4 is required
answer.
(4)
Q.20 Consider a spanning tree of the connected
(A) P = 2, Q = 2 (B) P = 2, Q = 6
graph. What is the number of fundamental
(C)P = 4, Q = 6 (D)P = 4, Q = 10
cut-sets? [ESE EC 2004]
Ans. (C)
Sol. . Method 1 :
Here n = 4, B = 4
Number of twigs = n – 1 = 3
Number of links = B – n + 1 = 1
(1)
(A) 15 (B) 16 C2
(C) 8 (D) 7 (2)
C3
Ans. (D)
(3)
Sol.  Number of fundamental cut-sets =
Number of twigs / Number of tree branches C1
(4)
=n–1 Fig. (a)
Hence, Number of fundamental cut-sets = 8 From figure (a), C1 (2, 4), C2 (1, 2), C3 (2, 3)
–1=7 C4
Q.21 For a network of 11 branches and 6 nodes, (1)
what is the number of independent loops?
(2)
[ESE EC 2005] C3
(A) 4 (B) 5 (3)
(C) 6 (D) 11 (4)

C5
Ans. (C) Fig. (b)
Sol. No. of tree branches = 6 –1 = 5 From figure (b), C4 (1, 3), C3 (2, 3), C5 (3, 4)
No. of independent loops = No. of links = 11 C2
C6
C4
–5=6 (1) (1)
Q.22 A network has 4 nodes and 3 independent (2) Modified figure (2) (3)
loops. What is the number of branches in the
network? [ESE EC 2007] (3)
(A) 5 (B)6 (4) (4)

(C)7 (D)8 Fig. (c)
Ans. (B) From figure (c),
Sol. Number of independent loops C4 (1, 3), C2 (1, 2), C6 (1, 4)
=b–n+1 [n = 4] (1) (1)
Number of independent loops = 3 (2) Modified figure

b=3+4 –1=6 (2) (3)
(3)
Q.23 In the following graph, the number of trees C1
(P) and the number of cut-sets (Q) are (4) (4)
C5
[GATE EC 2008, IISc Bangalore] Fig. (d) C6
From figure (d), C4
1
C1 (2, 4), C5 (3, 4), C6 (1, 4)
∴ C1 = (2, 4) C4 = (1, 3) 2 3
C3
C2 = (1, 2) C5 = (3, 4)
C3 = (2, 3) C6 = (1, 4) 4 C5
Hence, the correct option is (C). Fig. (d)
From figure (c),
. Method 2 :
C3 (2, 3), C4 (1, 3), C5 (3, 4)
We can re-draw this graph
1 ∴ C1 = (2, 4) C4 = (1, 3)
C2 = (1, 2) C5 = (3, 4)
2 3
C3 = (2, 3) C6 = (1, 4)
4
Q.24 In a network with twelve circuit elements
C2 C6 C4 and five nodes, what is the minimum
1
number of mesh equations? [ESE EC 2009]
(A) 24 (B) 12
2 3 (C)10 (D) 8
Ans. (D)
4 Sol. No. of tree branches = 5 – 1 = 4
Fig. (a) Minimum no. of mesh equations = 12 – 4 =
From figure (a), 8b
C2 (1, 2), C4 (1, 3), C6 (1, 4) Q.25 For a given connected network and for a
C2
fixed tree, the fundamental loop matrix is
1 given by [ESE EC 2012]
 
2 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 
C3  
B =  0 1 0 0 0 −1
 0 0 1 1 −1 −1
C1 4    
Fig. (b)  Links/chords Twigs 
From figure (b), The fundamental cut-set matrix Q
corresponding to the same tree is given by
C1 (2, 4), C2 (1, 2), C3 (2, 3)
 −1 0 −1 1 0 0 
1 (A) Q =  0 0 1 0 1 0 
 
 0 1 1 0 0 1 
2 3
 −1 0 1 1 0 0
(B) Q =  0 0 
C1 C5
 0 −1 0 1
4  0
C6 1 1 0 0 1 
Fig. (c) 1 0 1 1 0 0
From figure (c), (C) Q =  0 0 −1 0 1 0 

C1 (2, 4), C5 (3, 4), C6 (1, 4)  0 1 1 0 0 −1
0 0 0 1 0 0  1 −1 0 −1 1 0 
(D) Q =  0 1 0 0 0 −1 (C)  1 0 0 0 −1 1 
  
 1 0 1 1 −1 −1  0 0 1 1 0 −1
Ans. (A)  −1 0 0 −1 0 0 
Sol. B = [ I : BT ] (D)  0 −1 0 0 0 1 
 
Q = [Ql : I ]  0 0 0 1 0 −1
Ans. (B)
Ql = − [ BT ]
T
Sol.
1 0 0 
BT = 0 0 −1 5
BRANCHES
1 2 L
1 −1 −1 O
L1
L2 Tie set = O
1 0 1 P
= 0 0 −1
S
[ BT ]
T
4 L3 6
0 −1 −1 3
1 2 3 4 5 6
 −1 0 −1 L1 1 0 0 1 –1 0
− [ BT ]
T
=  0 0 1
[T ]I´B = L2 0 1 0 0 1 –1
L3 0 0 1 –1 0 1
 0 1 1 Q.27 If Qt and Ql be the sub-matrices of Q f
 Q = [Ql : I ] (fundamental cut-set matrix) corresponding
to twigs and links of a connected graph
 −1 0 −1 1 0 0
respectively, then : [ESE EC 2014]
Q =  0 0 1 0 1 0  1. Qt is an identity matrix.
 0 1 1 0 0 1 
2. Ql is a rectangular matrix.
Q.26 For the oriented graph as given below, 3. Q f is of rank (n – 1).
taking 4, 5, 6 as tree branches the tie set
Which of the above are correct?
matrix is [ESE EC 2013]
(A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only
(C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2 and 3
Ans. (D)
Sol. ‘ Q f ’ fundamental cut set matrix
[Qf ] = [Q t | Ql ]
Q t = identity matrix,
Q l = rectangular matrix
And rank of Q f is (n – 1)
 −1 0 0 −1 1 0  Example :
(A)  0 −1 0 0 −1 1  a 2 b
  1 3
 0 0 −1 1 0 −1 e2 a b c d e
d e1 1 0 0 –1 –1
1 0 0 1 −1 0  c e
(B)  0 1 0 0 1 −1
[Qf] = e2 0 1 0 0 –1
  e1
e3 0 0 1 1 1
 0 0 1 −1 0 1 
e3 4 Identity Rectangular
Q.28 The graph of a network has 8 nodes and 5
independent loops. The number of branches
of the graph is
[GATE EE 2018, IIT Guwahati]
(A) 11 (B) 12
(C) 13 (D) 14
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given :
(i) Number of nodes = 8
(ii) Number of independent loop = 5
In graph theory, number of independent loop
represents number of links = b − n + 1
Hence,
b − n +1 = 5
b − 8 +1 = 5
b = 12
Number of branches = 12
Q.29 If a network of n number of principle nodes
and b number of branches then mesh
analysis becomes simpler than nodal
analysis if n greater than [ISRO EE 2018]
(A) b − 1 (B) b + 1
b b
(C) −1 (D) +1
2 2
Ans. (D)

1. C 2. 0.25 3. D 4. 3.3 5. 1.4
6. B 7. 588.88 8. 0.46 9. B 10. 4
11. 5 12. 1000 13. 1.90 14. 20000
1. (C)
. Method 1 :
1 V 2
5V R 1A
Fig. (a)
1 V 2
? R 5V
Fig. (b)
In figure (a) and figure (b), positions of source (excitation) and response are interchanges. As the given
network is a linear, bilateral, single source network, so using reciprocity theorem, current ‘i’ in figure (b)
will remain same.
i  1A
. Method 2 :
Applying KCL at node V in figure (a)
V 5 V
 1  0 … (i)
1 R
V
i2   1   V 2 V
2
Substituting value of V in equation (i),
2
3 1  0
R
Therefore, R  1 
Now, applying KCL in figure (b),
V 0 V V 5
   0  V 1 V
1 1 2
Therefore, current through 1  resistor
V 0
 1 A
1
2. 0.25
 t
Given : R (t )  R0  1  
 T
where, R0  1 , C  1 F, T  3R0C  3 sec
 t
 R (t )   1  
 3
dR (t ) 1

dt 3
R (t )
vs C
i (t )
Applying KVL in the given circuit for t  0 ,

1
vs  i (t )  R (t )   i (t ) dt
C
Differentiating both sides,
d i (t )
0  i (t ) R ( t )  
dt C
d d
0  R (t ) i (t )  i (t ) R (t )  i (t )
dt dt
 td  1   dR (t ) 1
0   1   i (t )  i (t )    i (t )  dt   3 
 3  dt  3 
 3  t  di (t ) 2i (t )
0  
 3  dt 3
di (t )
(t  3)  2i (t )
dt
di (t ) dt
 i (t )  2  t  3
GATE ACADEMY® 101 GATE 2019 Questions
ln i (t )  2 ln(t  3)  2 ln c
ln i (t )  2  ln(t  3)  c   ln  c(t  3) 
2
Taking antilogarithm both sides,

i (t )   c(t  3)
2
…(i)
Given i (t ) at t  0 is 1 A.
1   c(0  3)   9c 2
2
1 1
 c 
9 3
From equation (i),
2
1 
i (t )   (t  3) 
3 
T 3
Hence, i (t ) at  sec is,
2 2
2
 3   1 3  1
i         0.25 Amp
 2  3 2  4
T
Hence, the current I (t ) at t  is 0.25 Amp.
2
3. (D)
. Method 1 :
Converting the star connection of capacitor in circuit to delta connection we get, circuit shown in below
figure.
i
i1 i2
R C /3
C /3 R
R
i2
C /3
  1000 rad/sec
1
Z eq 
C
Y 

C
C 

3
Modified figure of figure (a),
i
i1 i2
R C /3
2sin1000t R C /3
R C /3
R 3R 3R
Z eq1   
jRC 3  jRC 3  j
1
3
3R 3R 6R
Z eq 2   
3 j 3 j 3 j
where, RC  1000  103  106  1
2sin1000t 2sin1000t
Therefore, i1   (3  j )
3R 3R
3 j
2sin1000t 2sin1000t 2sin1000t 2sin1000t
i2   (3  j ) i  (3  j )  (3  j )
6R 6R 3R 6R
3 j
2sin1000t  1
i (3  j ) 1  
3R  2
2 3
i sin1000t   (3  j ) [putting R  1 k ]
3R 2
i  sin1000t (3  j ) mA
i  3sin1000t  j sin1000t
i  3sin1000t  1900 sin1000t 
i  3sin1000t  cos1000t
. Method 2 :
i( t) A
C

V ( t) R R
 C C
D
B C
R
The circuit can also be redrawn as shown below,
i(t ) A A
1
R
j C
V ( t) R D C
1
R
j C
B B
C

V ( t) R R
 C
O.C. due to bridge
balance/equipotential
R point
The capacitor between points D and C will behave as open circuit as the bridge formed is balanced.
i(t )
C R
V ( t) R
C R
2R2 2
Req  2 R || R   R
3R 3
1 1 1 2 C
    Ceq 
Ceq C C C 2
i(t )
i1 (t ) i2 ( t)
2 C
V ( t) R
3 2
i (t )  i1  i2
2sin(1000t ) 2sin(1000t )
i (t )  
2 1
R
3 jC
2
i (t )  3sin(1000t ) mA  sin(1000t ) ( jC )
C  1000  106  103
i (t )  3sin(1000t ) mA   j  sin(1000t ) mA
i (t )  (3sin1000t )  1  900 sin(1000t )  mA
i (t )  3sin1000t  sin(1000t  900 ) mA
i (t )   3sin1000t  cos1000t  mA
4. 3.3
Given : R  500 , C  10 F
Initial charge of capacitor, VC (0 )  0 V
T
For 0  t  , Vs  10 V and D  ON
2
Therefore, circuit can be drawn as,
R ON
Vs  10 V C VC
Fig. (i)

Given VC (0 )  0
At t   , circuit can be drawn as,
R ON
Vs  10 V VC ()
Fig. (ii)
 VC ( )  10 Volt
From capacitor’s transient equation,
t

VC (t )  VC ()  [VC (0 )  VC ()]e 
Here,   RC  500 10 106  5 ms

t

 VC (t )  10  [0  10] e 
t

VC (t )  10[1  e  ]
T 4m
At t    2 ms ,
2 2
2

VC (t )  10 [1  e 5 ]
T 
VC    3.29 Volt
2
T
Now for t T
2
VS  10 Volt
Hence, diode will be reverse biased and hence open circuit.
So, equivalent circuit can be drawn as,
R OFF
+
VS +
– C VC (t )
Fig. (iii)
T 
Here, VC    VC (0 )  3.29 V
2
VC ()  0
From transient equation,
t

VC (t )  VC ()  [VC (0 )  VC ()] e 
Here,   RC   [ Req   ]
VC (t )  VC (0  )  3.29 Volt
Hence, for complete duration 3.29 V will be maintained across capacitor, as there is no discharge path
available for the capacitor.
So, VC (3 m sec)  3.29 V  3.3 V
Hence, the voltage across the capacitor ( Vc ) at 3 ms is equal to 3.3 V.
5. 1.4
Given circuit is shown in figure,
I 2W 3W
20 V 2A 5I
2A
Applying KVL in the loop shown,

 20  2 I  3( I  2 A)  5I  0
 10 I  14
I  1.4 A
6. (B)
Given :
(i) Supply voltage, v(t )  150sin (377t  )
(ii) Resistance, R  3.77 
(iii) Inductance, L  10 mH
Vm V
i (t )  sin(t     z )  m sin( z  )e t / 
z z
 
Steady state part DC offset current
Vm
iDC  sin(  )e t / 
z
Vm
At t  0 , iDC  sin( z  )
z
sin( z  )  1

z    …(i)
2

  z 
2
L
Where,  z  tan 1
R
377 10 103
1
 z  tan 1
3.77
 z  tan 1 1  450
From equation (i),
 
 
4 2
 
 
4 2

   or  450
4
7. 588.88
Given :
 
(i) Voltage, v(t )  170sin  377t  
 6
 
(ii) Current, i (t )  8 cos  377t  
 6
sin(180  )   sin 
sin(90  )  cos 
 
So, v (t )  170 sin    377t  
 6
v(t )  170sin  377t  1500 
 
i (t )  8sin   377t  
2 6
i (t )  8sin  377t  1200 
Average power consumed by load
 Vrms I rms  cos 
where,   angle between V and I
170 8
  cos 300
2 2
170  8 3
   588.88 W
2 2
Hence, the average power consumed by the load is 588.88 W.
8. 0.46
Given :
(i) Capacitor voltage, V0  100 V
(ii) Capacitance, C  0.1μF
(iii)Resistance, R  1k
(iv) Time constant, RC  0.1 ms
Discharging equation of capacitor is given as
  RCt 
V (t )  V0  e 
To find time when voltage is dropped to 1 V
t
1  100.e 0.1103
t
1
 e 0.1103

 0.01
100
Taking natural logarithm on both sides
t
 4.605
0.1103
 t  4.605  0.1103
 t  0.4605 m sec
Hence, the time required for the voltage across capacitor to drop to 1 V is 0.4605 m sec.
9. (B)
Quality factor for a series LCR is given as
1 L
Qs  … (i)
R C
 Quality factor of actual series LCR circuit is represented by
1 L1
Qs1  … (ii)
R1 C1
If each of them is doubled
 R2  2 R1 , L2  2 L1 , C2  2C1
1 2 L1
Q2  
2 R1 2C1
1 L
Q2   … (iii)
2 R1 C
Taking ratio of (1) and (2)
1 L
 1
Q1 R1 C1
 
Q2 1 L
 1
2 R1 C1
Q1
2
Q2
Q1
Q2 
2
 Reduces by a factor 2
10. (4)
S1
1 k
C1  1F C2  2 F
Given,
Q1  6 C , Q2  0 C
C1  1F
C2  2 F
Voltage across each capacitor in steady state,
In steady state, VC1  VC2
V1C1  V2C2
VC1  VC2  ….(i)
C1  C2
From given,
Initial charge on C1
Q1  6C
Q1  C1V1
6  1 V1
V1  6 V …(ii)
Q2  0
Q2  C2V2
V2  0 …(iii)
Putting (ii) and (iii) in equation (i),
6 1  2  0 6
VC2  VC1  
1 2 3
VC2  VC1  2 V
 Q2  steady state  = C2  V2 steady state   2  2
Q2  4C
Hence, the charge on C2 in steady state is 4 coulomb.
Method 2 :
S1
1 k
C1  1F C2  2 F
By law of conservation of charge

qT  q1  q2
CeqVeq  C1V1  C2V2
C1  1F, V1  6 V and q1  6 C
C2  2 F, V2  0 and q2  0 C
As, C1 and C2 are in parallel
Ceq  C1  C2
 Ceq  1  2  3 F
 CeqVeq  C1VI  C2V2
3Veq  1 6  2  0
Veq  2
q2  C2Veq
q2  2  2
q2  4C
Hence, the charge on C2 in steady state is 4 coulomb.
12. (1000)
From given
Circuit consists of constant resistance and ideal independent DC voltage sources.
V R
V2
Pabs1 
R
 If all resistances are scaled down by a factor 10 and voltage sources are scaled up by a factor 10
10V R
10
V22 (10V ) 2 V2
 Pabs2    1000
R2 R R
10
Pabs2  1000 Pabs1
Hence, the power dissipated in the circuit scales up by a factor of 1000.
13. (1.87 to 1.91)
5V
2 kW 3kW
5nF
0V
t =0
Given :
(i) Step input  5 V
(ii) Vc (0  )  0 V
(iii) V( t  6 μsec)  ?
t
 Vc (t )  V ( )  [V (0  )  V ( )]  e 
Vc (0  )  0 V
3
Vc ()  Vc (t )  5   3 V
5
Vc ()  3 V
From figure 2
2 kW 3kW
5v
6
Req  2 || 3  kΩ
5
6
  RC  k  5 109  6 μsec
5
t
Vc (t )  Vc ()  Vc (0 )  Vc ()  e
 
t t
 3  (0  3)e 
 3(1  e 610 6
)
At t  6 μsec
 
6
610
Vc (t )  3  1  e 610 
6
 
 
Vc (t )  3  (1  e 1 )
Vc (t ) t 6 μsec  1.90 V
Hence, the voltage at node P at t  6 s is 1.90 V.

14. (20000 to 20000)
I 0 sin wt
5 mH 50 W 500 nF
1 1 j 1
YT    jC   jC 
jL R L R
At resonance, Img[YT ]  0
j
   jC  0
L
1
 C
L
1
 2
LC
1 1
 
LC 5  500  1012
  20 k rad/sec
Hence, the angular frequency  at which the current is in phase with the voltage is 20000 rad/s.

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Practice Answer & Solutions :

1. (B) Power consumed by the voltage source is

Applying KVL in the given loop,

E (upto )  ER (upto )  EC (upto ) Re

I  7A Hence, the correct option is (B)

Applying KCL at node V

Given circuit is shown below,

Applying KCL at node a, Given circuit is shown below,

From the circuit, V1  5V

(ii) From 2  t  4 current flowing in the Vx  0.2Vx  V1  0

Applying super node at nodes Vx and V1

Applying source transformation, modified

Applying KCL at node V

7V1  6V2  300 ….. (ii) Modified circuit is given by

Z2 The given circuit is a balanced bridge as

2502 Given : All resistances are of 1  .

Equivalent resistance is,

6VA   54 49. 9.23

Req Apply nodal at node A,

V0  VR  6.5V Req 100  30  20   Req 100 30 60

Apply nodal at node Vx , 1 F

1. A From the figure V2  10 I 2

V1  V2  2 I 2 … (i) Standard ABCD parameter equation :

From output port, Z

From equation (i) and (iii), + +

Applying KVL in input loop, V2 z z

 Key Point For single series element ABCD parameter

Applying KVL in loop 1,

 1 0 Comparing equation (i) and (iii),

Redrawing the network with V2  0 equation (i) and (ii),

V2  z21I1  z22 I 2 ….(iv)  V1  0.5I1  I 2 … (iv)

Comparing equation (i) and (iii), So, V1  0.5I1  I 2

Applying KVL in loop 2, Applying KVL in loop 2,

Using star- delta transformation,

Redrawing circuit with I1  0

y11  0.04; y12  0.04; y21  0.04; y22  0.03

Hence; correct option is (B).

We know that, ABCD parameter equation 1

1 1 1   2 1 For T-type of 2-port network, Z-parameter

when input is open circuited.   N2  

KVL, in first loop; KVL, in loop 2;

Given network is parallel connection

1. B open circuit all the independent current

 Key Point Hence, the Thevenin’s equivalent voltage across

If Rs  0 , then current I delivered from Hence, the correct option is (A).

Hence, the correct option is (B). . Method 1:

Again applying source transformation,

Modified circuit is shown below,

Applying KVL in the above shown loop,

Vdc  5  103 10 4Vx  I dc   5  103 I dc ZTH

Current I is given by,

Applying KVL in loop 1, R =? when circuit to deliver maximum power to the

Vth  (10iX )  (3)

A C Case 1 : Calculation of VTH

Hence, the correct option is (B).

capacitive in nature and also VOC is

Transform domain : Voltage across inductor is given by,

Taking inverse Laplace transform of Hence, the correct option is (D).

(i) At t  0  / t  0 / steady state : Applying delta star transmission