Name Sidra Arshad (S2016140024) MS chemistry ( Green chemistry CH 523)

Introduction of Wood glue

Wood adhesive or wood glue are polymeric material that are interacting physically and
chemically between the wood surface and stress is transferred in such a way between the
membranes are bonded without detachment and breaking of the bonds.
Physic chemical phenomenon of adhesion plays an important role not only in wood products but
also in paper products. The largest amount of adhesive is used to manufacture building materials
such as plywood and other laminated veneer products, particle board fiber board, laminated
beam sand timbers, products, windows and their frames, and fiberglass insulations.
Adhesives allow us the manufacture of useful products from residues and waste wood by
minimizing natural defects by reassembly of small wood to from a verity of new composites by
blending wood materials with non wood materials such as plastics and cement.
In future wood glue is becoming a major factor not only utilizing forest as a source of raw
material and recycling wood which is waste
Efficiency in converting trees and waste wood to useful iproducts will help to ensure the
continual conservation of forest resources.

Classification of Wood adhesive:

 Formaldehyde adhesive
 Iso cyanates adhesive
 Poly urethane adhesive
 Poly vinyl adhesive
 Epoxy adhesive
 Bio adhesives
 Synthetic adhesive
Name Sidra Arshad (S2016140024) MS chemistry ( Green chemistry CH 523)

It is basically an adhesive use to tightly bonded pieces of wood together

TYPES
 Bio Adhesive :
Animal glue sometimes especially hide glue was the primary adhesive used in many
types of woodwork including furniture.
It is manufactured from rendered collagen from the skins of animals (hides) .
Chemically it is similar to edible gelatin and is non-toxic if ingested. Hide glue is still
used today in musical instruments .
 Urea-formaldehyde:
Having a low effective cost, low cure temperatures, abrasion and resistance to
microorganisms color of light.
 Resorcinol:
Its purple color is objectionable for some uses as a toxic and formaldehyde resin glue is
very strong and durable (resisting immersion in boiling water, mild acids, salt water,
solvents, mold, fungus, ultraviolet, etc.). It must be mixed liquid resin and powdered
catalyst before use.
Due to fully meets necessary strength and durability requirements for certificated aircraft
the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has stated that
"Resorcinol is such kind of adhesive recommended and approved for use in wooden
aircraft. Most adhesives are much more tolerant to typical construction mistakes (such as
small gaps or misalignments between parts) than resorcinol, which offers virtually no
tolerance for such everyday construction situations
Phenol formaldehyde resin is used for making plywood. It is cured at high temperature
and pressureii
 Polyurethane glue:
trade name: (Gorilla Glue and Excel)
They bond to textile fibers, metals, glass, plastics, sand, ceramics, and rubber, in addition
to wood. Polyurethane wood adhesives are normally prepolymers terminated with
isocyanate groups.In moisture, isocyanates react with water and thus cure the adhesives.
Therefore, one component polyurethane adhesives are also named as moisture-cure
polyurethanes.In addition, interactions between polyurethanes and wood polymers
influenced by bond performance.

 Epoxy resin:
Epoxy resin is two part mix system, cures under elevate temperatures and water content
than other glues does not require high pressure while curing, and having good gap-filling
properties:. Use of epoxy requires careful attention to the mixing ratio of the two parts. It
bonds to most cured wood glues Two part epoxy adhesive is very resistant to salt water
and UV light , epoxy is heat resistant up to 177 °C the formulations containing powdered
metal and rubber or plasticizers are very tough and shock resistant. Epoxy can trigger
long-term sensitivity (allergies) from over exposure, and expensive.
 Cyanoacrylate :
Trade name (Crazy glue, Superglue, CA or CyA)
is used mainly for small repairs like wood turners. It bonds instantly, including to skin.
Cured Cyano Acrylate is essentially a plastic material that are able to wick into tight
 Name Sidra Arshad (S2016140024) MS chemistry ( Green chemistry CH 523)

joints but bond with reduced strength because drips out and soaks into the wood leaving
very little on the surface for the bond or thicker formulation called gel which can fill
very small gaps, do not flow out of the joint, fix it and do not soak so quickly into wood.
Thinner cyanoacrylate glue does not bond more quickly and not form shorter polymer
chains than the gel version when used on wood. The chemical nature of wood
significantly delays polymerization of cyanoacrylate. When it finally polymerizes in a
wood joint, enough gel remains for a better bond than with the thin version. When using
the gel, too much glue will weaken the resulting bond.
Casein is type of glue was used to make a strong joints in early aviation, but fell out of
favor due to its susceptibility to attack by bacteria.

 Polyvinyl acetate (PVA):

 polyvinyl acetate commonly known as "white glue" or "hobby and craft"
 it is non-toxic and very easy to use .
 Elmer's Glue-All is an example of PVA adhesive.
 Aliphatic resin emulsion, commonly known as "yellow glue" or "carpenter's glue", has a
similar use profile and relative strength as PVA.
 PVAs exhibiting more slip during assembly and yellow glue having more initial grip.
 Brands include Titebond and Lepage.
 Contact cement for wood veneers.
 Hot glue for temporary uses.
 Homemade glue for wood, paper and internal uses.

Classification and Estimated of north American consumption of Wood Adhesive

Class Resin Estimated1997consumption Typical adhesive system

type
Synthetic Amino 980 urea–formaldehyde(UF)
thermosetting Melamine–formaldehyde(MF)
Melamine–urea–
formaldehyde(MUF)
Thermoplastic Vinyl 47 Ethyl Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)
Hot- Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) ene
melts vinyl acetate (EVA)

Natural Protein 5 Casein Soybean Blood Animal

Name Sidra Arshad (S2016140024) MS chemistry ( Green chemistry CH 523)

Formation Of phenolic Formaldehyde Resin :

Phenol formaldehyde resin are major adhesive used for bonding wood panels and for the
production of soft ply wood , and wafer board .
The PF resin formed by the reaction of formaldehyde with phenol by changing the reaction
condition such as temperature, time and catalyst to from a hydroxyl methyl group to from methyl
linkage at aromatic ring . High ortho novolac resin form under week acidic condition with
divalent metal salts to from polymeric resin is produced.iii

Phenol resorcinol formaldehyde and resorcinol formaldehyde resin adhesives :

The chemistry of formation of resorcinol formaldehyde resin (PRF) and (RF) formed by low
molar ratio and the stable polymer cure by addition of hardener such as para formaldehyde. PRF
and RF work where fast and room temperature is required. Disadvantage of these resins is the
much higher cost of resorcinol compared with phenol.

 Amino formaldehyde Resin:

Amino formaldehyde resin include urea formaldehyde resin
Urea Formaldehyde Resin :
For the production of hard ply wood, particle board , and medium density fiber board UF resin is
used in forest production industry because of its low cost easy in use under wide range of curing
Name Sidra Arshad (S2016140024) MS chemistry ( Green chemistry CH 523)

condition , like hardening , low temperature , micro organism , water solubility and thermal
resistance.
The major drawback of UF resin is compare with PF resin is to lack of resistance to moist
condition Specially in combination with heat .Synthesis of UE resin takes place in two stages
1. Urea is hydro methylated by addition of formaldehyde hydroxyl methyl urethane. At PH
of 8-9 basic conditions.
2. In second step reaction condition made it acidic (PH 5) and condensation takes place until
the desire viscosity is achieved.

Poly Vinyl Acetate Resin :

Poly vinyl acetate Resin is widely used in emulsion of PVAc polymer in Water and
polymerization takes place which is commonly known as emulsion polymerization familiar with
white glue having white in color which is used in many household projects because of its cost is
low and resist for the attack of micro organism.
This type of glue is work like that it sets on wood by diffusion of water and coalescence of
polymer and time of setting is depend on room temperature and it soften if temperature raise
above room temperature so that it is less resistant to room temperature .
Poly vinyl acetate is polymerized with little amount of vinyl alcohol there are four hydroxyl
group on the polymer also hydroxyl group can formed by hydrolysis of acetate group.
Name Sidra Arshad (S2016140024) MS chemistry ( Green chemistry CH 523)

Wood Adhesive Based on Natural Source:

Some natural adhesive used in food industries but synthetic adhesive used in petrochemical
source
Some proteinaceous adhesives or glue ( animal, soy, casein, and blood adhesives) were used
several other natural materials have been and continue to be investigated as sources of wood
adhesives and Di isocyanate resin adhesives have been made from natural sources and the
chemical bonding of wood. Animal gelatin is obtained from waste and by-products of the meat-
processing and tanning industries The most common starting materials are hides, trimming bones
of cattle and other animals. The adhesive is sold in solid form.This is mixed with sufficient water
to soften the adhesive and the mixture is melted at a temperature under 66.1 degree centigrade .
Some proteinaceous adhesive include
 soybean flour which is usually used as the source of wood adhesives contains about 44–
50% protein
 protein of milk is casein is precipitated from skim milk either by allowing the milk to
sour by adding acids The adhesive is made by mixing casein and a basic component
( hydrated lime or sodium hydroxide) in the proper ratio.
 Adhesives based on blood are made from spray-dried animal blood. As with the other
protein adhesives, blood adhesive is formulated by dissolving the blood in water and
dispersing with an alkaline ingredient, such as hydrated lime and caustic soda.

Non Conventional Bonding of WOOD:

Adhesion between substrate and adhesive involve verity of mechanism may include mechanical
inter locking , specific adhesion and entanglement and electrostatic interaction.Electrostatic
interaction and diffusion molecular entanglement are more controversial mechanisms with
possible binding . covalent bonding plays a vital role that provide a water proof inter locking
surface as strong as a whole wood called non conventional bonding .The reactive chemistry is
basic , acidic or alkaline in nature Theses methods include bonding with spent sulfite liquor,
furfuryl alcohol,and maleic anhydride after oxidative activation of the wood surfaces bonding of
wood flakes with lignin after treatment with sodium hydroxide.Effect on surface activation can
be determined by FTIR spectroscopy , x ray photo electron spectroscopy , IR spectroscopy and
NMR spectroscopy.iv

WOOD bonding :
The bonding of adhesive material on surface of the wood depends on surface properties of wood
and also physical properties such as density , moisture content , and dimensional movement.
Density is a crude indicator of bond ability of wood high density wood is difficult to bond but
low density wood bonded quite easily because of thinner cell wall
Name Sidra Arshad (S2016140024) MS chemistry ( Green chemistry CH 523)

Categorization of Wood adhesives according to their structural performance at varying levels of

environmental exposure is

Structural integrity Service environment Adhesive type

Structural Fully exterior (withstands PF
long-term water soaking and RF
drying) PRF
MF
MUF
Sami structural Limited exterior Cross linked PVAc
nano structural interior Interior PVAc Animal
Soybean Elastomeric
construction Elastomeric
contact Hot-melt Starch

Working and strength properties of wood adhesives

Types Form and Preparation Properties Uses

color
Natural Solid and Liquid resin Strength develops laminating gypsum
origin liquid; containing slowly over board and rigid foam
Animal, brown to isomers and several weeks; imsulating assembly of
protein white bond oligomers of dry strength lower panel system in
line methylene than conventional manufactured homes
diphenyl wood adhesives
diisocyanate resistant to water
reacctive with and moist
water; light atmospheres
Blood, Solid and Resin and High dry and wet lamination of plywood
protein partially hardener strength very to steel metals and
dried whole mixed by resistant to water plastics
blood dark user; reactive and damp
red to black on mixing atmosphere; very
bond line with resistant to
controllable prolonged and
pot-life and repeated wetting
curing time; and drying
cured at room
Name Sidra Arshad (S2016140024) MS chemistry ( Green chemistry CH 523)

and elevated
temperatures
Soybean, Protein Mixed with Moderate to low Softwood plywood for
protein Powder with cold water, dry strength interior use,now
added lime, caustic replaced byphenolic
chemicals; soda, and resin.
white to tan, other
similar color chemicals
in bond line
Epoxy completely reactive with High dry and wet assembly of wood
resins reactive limited pot- strength to wood, components in aircraft.
leaving no life, cured at metal, glass, and lamination of
free solvent, room or plastic. architectural railings
clear to elevated and posts repair of
amber, temperatures, laminated wood beams
colorless and architectural
bond line building components
Hot melts ribbons, Solid form Develops strength Edge banding of panels
rods, or melted for quickly on cooling plastic lamination,
films spreading lower strength patching.
bond formed than conventional
on wood adhesives
solidification moderate
requires resistance to
special moisture.
application
equipment for
controlling
melt and flow.
Isocyanate Liquid resin Resin applied High dry and wet Flakeboards
containing directly by strength; very strandwood products
isomers and spray or resistant to water lamination of
oligomers of coating by and damp components.
methylene user reactive atmosphere
diphenyl with water, adheres to metals
diisocyanate but requires and plastics.
reactive with high
water; light. temperature
and high
pressure for
best bond
development.
Name Sidra Arshad (S2016140024) MS chemistry ( Green chemistry CH 523)

Conclusion :
Adhesive bonding of wood is not only key to the efficient utilization of wood but also it is
an important factor in the development and growth of forests product industries. The demand of
wood and wood products increases as the population of the world increases to overcome this
demand the utilization of wood in fragile ecosystem in which wood grow is maximized.
adhesives will continue to be important to both the consumer and manufacturer of wood and
wood products . Adhesive system is expected to improve because of adhesive to utilization of
wood Future areas for the improvement of adhesive systems will concentrate on increased
durability, faster cure, and cure in the presence of higher moisture contents .These types meet the
needs of the consumer of wood products and the forest products industry very well. It is expected
that these adhesive systems, or new adhesive systems based on the same basic types of chemistry
will continue to be the primary adhesive types used to bond wood for beneficial purpose for
utilization of wood.
Name Sidra Arshad (S2016140024) MS chemistry ( Green chemistry CH 523)
 i
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atneutral conditions .In:Hemingway,R.W.,Conner,A.H..
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