THERMOSETTING

ADHESIVES AND PLASTICS

THERMOSETTING PLASTICS
 A thermosetting plastic is a polymer that irreversibly becomes rigid when heated. Such a
material is also known as a thermoset or thermosetting polymer. Initially, the polymer is a
liquid or soft solid. Heat provides energy for chemical reactions that increase the cross-
linking between polymer chains, curing the plastic.

Types of plastics

 Vulcanized rubber
 Fiberglass (a fiber-reinforced polymer composite)
 Polyester resin
 Polyurethane
 Melamine
 Bakelite
 Silicone resin
 Epoxy resin
THERMOSETTING PLASTICS
INTRODUCTION
 An adhesive is used for holding two surfaces together .

 The process of adhere on the surface is called adhesive.

 According to Adhesive Sealant Council in America defined the adhesives as : “ A

material used for bonding that exhibits flow at the time of application.

REQUIREMENTS FOR ADHESIVE :

 Must wet the surface.

 Must adhere to the surface

 Must develop strength

 Remain stable
UREA FORMALDEHYDE
 urea-formaldehyde (UF), also known as urea-methanal, so named
for its common synthesis pathway and overall structure,
 is a non-transparent thermosetting resin or polymer.
 These resins are used in adhesives, finishes, particle board, medium-
density fibreboard (MDF), and molded objects.
MANUFACTURING
 APPLICATIONS
 Electrical Casings Tableware Decorative worktop laminates Plug &
switches Buttons Paints Surface coating
  Urea formaldehyde powder glue is used in many wood practices and
its shell life is only 1 month but it can be longer in liquid glues.
 PROPERTIES
 It has a very high tensile strength.
 Has the property of heat distortion temperature.
 It has the property of mould shrinkage.
 Has a property of high surface hardness.
 Scratch free
 Effected by sunlight
 High curing rate
 Low cost
 ADVANTAGES
 Higher maximum operating temperature.
 Good electrical insulator
 including low cost.
 ease of use under a wide variety of curing conditions, low cure temperatures, water solubility.
 resistance to microorganisms and to abrasion,
 hardness
 Freedom of colour, good clarity and adhesive quality.

DISADVANTAGES
 Lower High Density Temperature(HDT).
 Higher water absorption and mould shrinkage.
 Lower surface hardness.
 Can have toxic effects breathing difficulties.
 Elongation at break
 Emission of formaldehyde
USES
 It is use to make display cabinet, wall panels, storage units.
 Used in fireboard, particle board, plywood and carpeting,
MDF.
 Paints
 Surface coatings
 Textiles
 paper
PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE
 Phenol formaldehyde (PF) is the most commonly used adhesive in
the production of exterior grade wood products like plywood, oriented
strand board (OSB), laminated veneer lumber (LVL), and other
engineered wood products.
PROPERTIES OF PHENOL
FORMALDEHYDE
 Phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin is widely used as coating, adhesive,
and foam material due to its many advantages, such as the good
mechanical and electrical insulation property, durability, and heat
and flame resistance, producing low amounts of smoke during burning

CHARARCTERISTICS
PF is highly cross-linked and this makes the cured resin, hard,
thermally stable and highly chemically resistant and waterproof.
Once the resin has set, it can no longer be reshaped except by
mechanical methods such as drilling or machining. Phenol
Formaldehyde is also sometimes called phenolic resin.
 USES
Phenol Formaldehyde resins make superior wood
adhesives and are widely used glues for construction
grade wood panels such as plywood and oriented strand
boards which need to be waterproof.
Part of the success of these adhesive resins is due to the
formation of bonds between the glue and the phenol-like
lignin which is a natural component of wood.
Phenol Resins are also used for moulding objects which
can be insulating and heat-resistant.
handles, distributor caps and brake linings. Snooker balls
and circuit boards are other phenolic resin products
 ADVANTAGES
Type I moisture resistance is a stellar quality. This means that
the glue resists to the boiling test where a sample is subjected
to several cycles of boiling and drying. This superior water
resistance makes the adhesive BS 1088, BS 6566 and AS/NZS
2272 compliant. Other factors come in play, such as the
quality of the veneers, but the glue is acceptable for marine
and exterior use.
Sets hard and rigid.
Phenol Formaldehyde has been around for long enough to
have proved itself over the long term.
Phenol Formaldehyde reacts with natural phenol-like lignin
found in wood to improve glue to wood bond.
 DISADVANTAGES
It requires heat and pressure to cure.
It is not readily available for amateur or small woodworkers because of
the machinery required to provide heat and pressure.
Phenol Formaldehyde must be used in a well ventilated area because
uncured resin is irritating and can be toxic. Once cured it outgasses
formaldehyde. Outgassing is less than in urea formaldehyde adhesives
though, and diminishes considerably with time.
It is darkly coloured and can be seen in the seam of marine and
exterior plywood.
It needs good contact and pressure to make a solid bond and it is not a
very good gap filling material.
It is more expensive than Urea Formaldehyde glue which explains why
it is not used for all plywood.
MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE
 The principal use of melamine resin is as the main
constituent of high-pressure laminates, such
as Formica and Arborite, and of laminate flooring.
Melamine-res tile wall panels can also be used
as whiteboards . Melamine formaldehyde is used in plastic
laminate and overlay materials. Formaldehyde is more
tightly bound in melamine-formaldehyde than it is in urea-
formaldehyde, reducing emissions.
 USES
  Melamine formaldehyde resins are used as particleboard and plywood
adhesives.
  Melamine formaldehyde laminates are used to surface walls, cabinets and
counters, and to make decorative laminated.

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
 Melamine formaldehyde is stain-resistant and resistant to strong solvents and
water.
  Melamine formaldehyde is affected by alkalis and concentrated acids--such
as sulphuric acid and oxalic acid .
  Melamine formaldehyde utensils are not microwave safe
 APPLICATION
 Construction material
 The principal use of melamine resin is as the main constituent of high-
pressure laminates, such as Formica and Arborite, and of laminate flooring.
Melamine-res tile wall panels can also be used as whiteboards. Melamine
formaldehyde is used in plastic laminate and overlay materials
 In the kitchen
 A melamine-resin ladle
 Melamine resin is often used in kitchen utensils and plates (such as Melmac).
Melamine resin utensils and bowls are not microwave safe.
 Cabinet and furniture making
 Melamine resin is often used to saturate decorative paper that is laminated
under heat and pressure and then pasted onto particle board; the resulting
panel, often called melamine, is commonly used in ready-to-assemble
furniture and kitchen cabinets.
 Melamine is available in diverse sizes and thicknesses, as well as a large
number of colors and patterns. The sheets are heavy; the resin is prone to
chipping when being cut with conventional table saws.
RESORCINOL FORMALEDEHYDE
 Resorcinol glue, also known as resorcinol-formaldehyde, is
an adhesive combination of resin and hardener that withstands long-
term water immersion and has high resistance to ultraviolet light.
The adhesive, introduced in 1943, has been popular in aircraft and
boat construction
ADVANTAGES
 It is Waterproof .
 Chemically stable after it has set.
 It is strong.
 Resorcinol can withstand a wide range of useful temperatures when
cured. It is safe for outside temperature anywhere on this planet.
 After curing it can be used in a wide range of humidity condition
including varying conditions.
 Resorcinol can be used as an adhesive for oak and oily woods.
 Pot life after mixing can be several hours. This is dependant on
ambient temperature.
 Metal surfaces can be bonded with appropriate preparation and
primers.
DISADVANTAGES
 It has very poor gap filling capacity.
 It comes in 2 parts, a powder and a resin which must be measured
either by volume or by weight. These must be carefully mixed.
  Setting taks some time.
  Irritating to the skin and eyes
USES
 Phenol-Resorcinol resins are mostly
used in laminated beam production,
but the PRF adhesives can be used in
many other application areas where
high glue line strength and water
resistance is needed.
 Examples are boat building and
furniture intended for outdoor use.
EPOXOIDE RESINS
 Epoxy resins are used in the manufacture of adhesives, plastics,
paints, coatings, primers and sealers, flooring and other products and
materials that are used in building and construction
applications. Epoxies are thermoset plastics made by the reaction of
two or more industrial chemical compounds.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
 Epoxy resins – Manufacturing
process of Epoxy resins : Most
common epoxy resins are
produced from a reaction between
epichlorohydrin (ECH) and
bisphenol-A (BPA), though the
latter may be replaced by other
raw materials (such as aliphatic
glycols, phenol and o-cresol
novolacs) to produce
specialty resins
PROPERTIES
 High resistance to chemical and
physical agents.
 High resistance to temperature.
 Tendency to absorb moisture.
 Good adhesion to aluminum, steel and
many plastics.
ADVANTAGES
 The major advantage of two component epoxy adhesives is that they
are suitable for bonding nearly all substrates - metal, plastic, glass and
ceramic, wood and wood products, and many types of rubber.
 the resin can just be used as an adhesive and it has very good gap-filling
properties

DISADVANTAGES
 In price epoxy resins average a little more expensive.
 Another problem involving bubbles occurs when using epoxy for coating
a porous surface such as foam or wood.
USES
epoxy resin is used in the construction of
Vehicles
Snowboards
Aircrafts
Bicycles.
RUBBER ADHESIVE
An adhesive made with rubber as a base material by using
natural or synthetic rubber in an evaporative solvent .
It is a tacky mixture of rubber and a filler material that can be
used to make permanent or removable labels.
TYPES OF RUBBER
•NITRILE RUBBER is a common rubber that’s often found in
applications including hoses, o-rings, gaskets, conveyor belts, cable
jacketing, and print rollers.

•BUTYL RUBBER is very flexible and is used in items such as linings,

inner tubes, seals and stoppers, and valve seating.

•POLYURETHANE RUBBER  is used in molds and modeling.

•NATURAL RUBBER can be used for mountings, carpet backing,

gaskets, and seals.

•SILICON RUBBER is very resistant to high heat, so it’s a popular

choice for o-rings, gaskets, cookware, ovenware, medical devices, and
prosthetics.

•EPDM RUBBER may be found in automotive hoses, seals, etc

ADVANTAGES
 Used in tape applications because of its good peel adhesion.
 Also works well on surfaces having low surface tension
 Binding time period is very short.
 Adhesive tape with natural rubber adhesion can be removed easily and
does not leave any trace.
 They are weatherproof watertight and flexible.

DISADVANTAGES
•Has a limited amount of adhesion and cohesion at temperatures above
70° C.
• Not very resistant to chemicals and solvents.
 USES
• Used in medical applications such as dressings , tapes, and drapes etc.
• also used in cosmetic products.
• Also used for joining and filling gaps in almost any material such as glass,
paper, plastic etc.
• It can bind materials even in water and protects them from corrosion.
• Used for surface protection sealing color coding etc.
MARKET SURVEY
LAMINATE ADHESIVE

Price: Rs 360/Kg

HEATPROOF ADHESIVE

Price: Rs 245/500ml
SYNTHETIC RESIN ADHESIVE

Price: Rs 475/2kg

SYNTHETIC RUBBER ADHESIVE

Price: Rs 475/kg
SYNTHETIC RESIN
ADHESIVE

PRICE : Rs 260/kg

WATERPROOF ADHESIVE

PRICE : Rs 295/kg
 JOINT ADHESIVE

PRICE : Rs 800/50ml

SPRAY CONTACT ADHESIVE

PRICE : Rs 612/500ml
FAMOUS ADHESIVE BRANDS
•FEVICOL
•JIVANJOR
•ARALDITE
•RAYBESTOS
THANK YOU