gƒj eBGqi AwZwiÚ Ask

weævb  gGWj ˆUÕ¡ Dîi 1

gGWj ˆUGÕ¡i Dîi

gGWj 1
ŠbeÆÅwÚK Ask 8. mƒhÆ AbÅ bÞGòi Zzjbvq AvgvG`i AGbK KvQvKvwQ| AbÅ
eüwbeÆvPwb cÉGk²i Dîi: bÞòàGjv ‰ZB `ƒGi ˆh ˆmLvb ˆ^GK AvGjv ‰Gm ˆcuŒQGZ evi
1. N. wbDUb; 2. L. nwi avb; 3. N. ˆ`vjbvi iwki Š`NÆÅ cwieZÆb evi evav cvq| ZvB AbÅvbÅ bÞGòi AvGjvUv wÕ©i bv ˆ`GL
KiGZ nGe; 4. M. e†wÓ¡; 5. K. i I ii; 6. K. ‰KelÆx; 7. K. i I Avgiv wgUwgU KGi R¾jGZ ˆ`wL| AcicGÞ mƒGhÆi AvGjv ‰Z
ii; 8. L. cÉvq 2000 eQi; 9. N. wbDUb; 10. M. kƒbÅ; 11. M. evav cvq bv| ZvB mƒhÆ wgUwgU KGi R¾Gj bv|
IGRvbÕ¦Gii Þq; 12. N. i, ii I iii; 13. M. CO2; 14. M. 9. weævb wP¯¦vi ‰KwU c«¬wZ wnGmGe KvR KGi ˆhLvGb Avgiv
MfÆgyGí; 15. L. cÉvq 750| mewKQy wbGq cÉk² Kwi ‰es ˆmB cÉGk²i Dîi hvPvB Kwi|
ˆKvGbv Zî½ ev aviYv hv-B ˆnvK bv ˆKb, ˆmwU mZÅ wKbv, Avgiv
‰K K^vq Dîi: Zv chÆGeÞY, hywÚ ‰es cixÞvi gvaÅGg wbYÆq Kwi| c†w^exi
16. AvcwZZ ˆKvGYi cv^ÆKÅ I Zvi gvSLvGbi `ƒiZ½ ˆ^GK; 17. meÆGkÉÓ¤ weævbxi Zî½I Avgiv cixÞv KGi ˆ`LGZ cvwi|
mƒGhÆi mv`v AvGjv mvZwU iGOi AvGjvi mswgkÉY; 18. MwZ; 19. 10. DcGi euvKvfvGe QyuGo gviv eÕ§ ˆmvRvcG^ PGj bv| A^Ævr eÕ§i
AvenvIqv; 20. ivmvqwbK cwieZÆGb; 21. KÌvÕ¡vwmqvb; 22. 12; Dci cÉwZ gynƒGZÆ gvaÅvKlÆY ej KvR KGi ‰es ‰B eÕ§i w`K
23. e†nÕ·wZ; 24. ŠRe imvqb; 25. 29 w`Gb| wbGPi w`GK| dGj MwZc^ cÉwZgynƒGZÆ cwiewZÆZ nq ‰es eÕ§wU
‰KwU eKÌc^ AwZKÌg KGi gvwUGZ ˆbGg AvGm|
mswÞµ¦ Dîi Ask
1. wLËÓ¡cƒeÆ 240 eQi AvGM wMÉK MwYZwe` ‰ivGUvGÕ©wbm jÞ iPbvgƒjK cÉk² (`†kÅcUwenxb)
KGib ˆh AvGjÝvw±`ÊqvGZ hLb mƒhÆ wVK gv^vi Dci-ˆmLvb 1. c†w^exGKw±`ÊK gGWj ˆ^GK mƒhÆGKw±`ÊK gGWGji aviYvq
ˆ^GK 800 wKGjvwgUvi `ƒGi mƒhÆiwkÄ 7.2 wWwMÉGZ AvcwZZ weeZÆGbi cGÞ ˆhme hywÚ wQj Zv nGjv@
nGœQ| c†w^ex mgZj nGj me RvqMvGZB mƒhÆ iwkÄ jÁ¼fvGe  hw` c†w^ex ˆmŒiRMGZi ˆK±`Ê nq ZGe eQGii wewf®²
AvcwZZ nGZv| ˆmLvb ˆ^GK wZwb wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbb c†w^ex wbøqB mgGq wewf®² FZz ˆ`Lv ˆhZ bv|
ˆMvjvKvi|  ˆKb wVK ‰K eQi ci ci ‰KB FZz wdGi AvGm? mƒhÆ
2. weævbx nGjb ‰gb ‰KRb eÅwÚ whwb c«¬wZMZfvGe MGelYv c†w^exGK ˆK±`Ê KGi NyiGj ‰iKgUv nIqvi K^v bq|
KGib ‰es Zv ˆ^GK cvIqv Z^Å-cÉgvY ev cixÞv-wbixÞvi c†w^ex mƒhÆGK ˆK±`Ê KGi NyiGj ‰Uv nIqv mÁ¿e|
AwRÆZ ævb «¼viv mgvR I cÉK‡wZGZ Ae`vb ivGLb| weævbxiv  c†w^ex ‰es AbÅvbÅ MÉnàGjv mƒhÆGK ˆK±`Ê KGi NyGi eGjB
Abym®¬vbx gGbi, cwikÉgx ‰es wbtÕ¼v^Æ nb| ˆKvGbv ‰KwU MÉn AvKvGk c†w^exGK cÉ`wÞY KiGZ KiGZ
3. gvwU I mvBGKGji PvKvi gaÅKvi NlÆY ejGK DGcÞv KGi ˆ^Gg hvq| Zvici MÉnwU DΟvw`GK ˆhGZ ÷i‚ KGi gvS
mvBGKjGK MwZkxj ivLvi RbÅ evBGi ˆ^GK ‰KUv ej cÉGqvM cG^ ˆ^Gg wMGq Avevi mwVK w`GK cÉ`wÞY ÷i‚ KGi|
KiGZ nq| mvBGKGji cÅvGWGji gvaÅGg ‰B evwnÅK ej 2. ˆKvwfW-19 ˆgvKvGejvq ˆhme cÉhywÚi mvnvhÅ wbGqwQ@
cÉGqvM Kiv nq eGj mvBGKj PvjvGbvi mgq cÅvGWj PvcGZ  gvÕ•: ˆKvwfW-19 ˆgvKvGejvq me ˆ^GK cÉGqvRbxq
nq| cÉhywÚwU wQj gvÕ•| mƒß fvBivm ˆhb AvgvG`i bvK I
4. AvenvIqv chÆGeÞGYi mvG^ weævb I cÉhywÚi cÉGqvM NwUGq gyGLi gGaÅ w`Gq cÉGek bv KiGZ cvGi ‰RbÅ gvÕ•
ˆKvGbv wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGbi ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgq ci AvenvIqvi ŠZwiGZ imvqb weævGbi ævb KvGR jvMvGbv nGqGQ|
AeÕ©v Kxi…c nGZ cvGi Zv Abygvb KivGK AvenvIqvi  AwÝGRb wmwj´£vi: ˆKvwfW-19 ‰ AvKÌv¯¦ ài‚Zi ˆivMxG`i
cƒeÆvfvm eGj| AwÝGRb mieivn KiGZ AwÝGRb wmwj´£vGii f„wgKv
5. Pvj ˆewk fGii eÕ§ eGj ‰i fi ˆKwRGZ wnmve Kiv nq, Avi AcwinvhÆ| ‰ cÉhywÚ ŠZwiGZ c`v^ÆweævGbi ævb KvGR
àuovgkjv Kg fGii eÕ§ eGj MÉvGg wnmve Kiv nq| ˆKwR I jvMvGbv nGqGQ|
MÉvGgi mÁ·KÆ nGjv: 1 ˆKwR (kg) ev 1 wKGjvMÉvg = 1000 MÉvg  fÅvwÝb: ˆKvwfW-19 ˆgvKvGejvq meGPGq ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ
(g)| cÉhywÚwU wQj fÅvwÝb| ‰wU ŠZwiGZ ŠRe imvqb I
6. KeyZGii nvjKv AwÕ©hyÚ Kâvj I Dovi RbÅ Wvbv iGqGQ hv RxeweævGbi wgwjZ ævb KvGR jvMvGbv nGqGQ|
KœQGci ˆbB| Avevi KœQc Pvi cvGq eyGK fi w`Gq PGj| 3. c†w^ex mKj eÕ§GK Zvi w`GK ˆh eGj AvKlÆY KGi ZvB
‰RbÅ KeyZi I KœQc wf®² ˆkÉwYi A¯¦fzÆÚ| gvaÅvKlÆY ej|
7. Kzqv ˆ^GK cvwb ˆZvjvi mgq KwcKj eÅenvi Kiv nq| ‰ ˆKvGbv wKQyi ˆeM evovGZ wKsev KgvGZ nGj wKsev ˆeGMi w`GKi
Qvov ˆijjvBGbi avGi ˆjGfj KÌwmsGq ˆh ˆcvGÕ¡i mvnvGhÅ cwieZÆb KiGZ nGj ej cÉGqvM KiGZ nGe| ˆKvGbv wKQyGK
jvBGbi Ici w`Gq gvbyl ev AbÅ hvbevnGbi PjvPj wbq¯¨Y wPGòi gGZv QyGo gviv nGj ˆ`Lv hvGe ‰wU ˆmvRv cG^ bv wMGq
Kiv nq ˆmwUGK IVv-bvgv KivGbvi KvGRI KwcKGji eÅenvi ‰KwU euvKv cG^ wbGP cGo hvGœQ| A^Ævr ‰LvGb eKÌMwZGZ eÕ§wU
ˆ`Lv hvq| wbGP coGQ| hLb ˆKvGbv wKQy QyGo ˆ`Iqv nq ZLb Zvi Dci
 2 cvGéix ˆkl gynGƒ ZÆi cÉÕ§wZ: evwlÆK cixÞv 2024  lÓ¤ ˆkÉwY

gvaÅvKlÆY ej KvR KGi hv eÕ§wUi ˆeGMi cwieZÆb NUvq| L. DóxcGKi 1g wPGòi gGWj nGjv UGjwgi c†w^exGKw±`ÊK
gvaÅvKlÆY ej wbGPi w`GK KvR KGi eGj Zv ˆmvRv mij cG^ bv gnvweGk¼i gGWj hv AbymvGi c†w^ex nGjv mewKQyi ˆK±`Êwe±`y
wMGq euvKv cG^ wbGPi w`GK cGo| ‰es mKj MÉn, bÞò, P±`Ê, mƒhÆ ‰B c†w^exGK wNGi ˆNvGi|
4. ˆhme evqygíjxq MÅvm Zvc ˆkvlY KGi evqyi Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ Avevi, 2q wPGòi gGWj nGjv ˆmŒiGKw±`ÊK gnvweGk¼i gGWj|
KGi ˆmàGjvB wMÉbnvDm MÅvm| Rjxq evÓ·, KveÆb WvBAÝvBW ‰wU AbymvGi, c†w^ex wek¼eËþvGíi ˆK±`Ê bq| c†w^exmn AbÅ
(CO2), wgG^b (CH4), bvBUÇvm AÝvBW (N2O), f„c†Ó¤ msj™² me MÉn mƒhÆGK ˆK±`Ê KGi NyiGQ| 1g wPGòi gGWj ˆ^GK 2q
IGRvb MÅvm (O3), ˆKÑvGivGdÑvGiv KveÆb (CFC) cÉf‡wZ wMÉbnvDm wPGòi gGWGji aviYvq weeZÆGbi cGÞ hywÚàGjv wbGÁ² ˆ`Iqv
MÅvm| c†w^exi evqygíGj wMÉbnvDm MÅvmàGjvi gGaÅ KveÆb nGjv:
WvBAÝvBW-‰i cwigvY meGPGq ˆewk|
wMÉbnvDm MÅvm Zvcgvòv aGi ˆiGL evqy Z^v c†w^exi Zvcgvòv ˆhme weævbmÁÃZ gvbyl AvKvGki MÉn bÞò wbqwgZfvGe
e†w«¬ KGi| wK¯§ gGb ivLGZ nGe evqygíGji MÅvmàGjv chÆGeÞY KiGZb Zviv 1g wPGòi gGWj AbymvGi wKQy welq
AvgvG`i RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq| Õ¼vfvweK cwigvGYi ˆPGq eÅvLÅv KiGZ cviGZb bv| ˆhgb@ gvGS gvGS Zviv ‰KwU
MÅvmàGjvi cwigvY ˆeGo ˆMGjB ˆKej Zv ÞwZKi| MÉnGK AvKvGk c†w^exGK cÉ`wÞY KiGZ KiGZ ˆ^Gg ˆhGZ
RjxqevÓ·, wgG^b, KveÆb WvBAÝvBW MÅvmàGjv evqygíGj bv ˆ`LGZb; Zvici MÉnwU DGΟvw`GK ˆhGZ ÷i‚ KGi gvScG^
^vKGj ev KGg ˆMGj evZvm Zvc aGi ivLGZ cviZ bv| ‰GZ ˆ^Gg wMGq Avevi mwVK w`K w`Gq cÉ`wÞY ÷i‚ KiZ| ‰KwU
cÉPí kxGZ ˆKej Avgiv bq mgMÉ cÉvwYRMZB Kvey nGq ˆhZ| wPò hw` c†w^exGK cÉ`wÞY KGi A^Ævr 1g wPGòi gGWj w`Gq
‰Qvov Avgiv Rvwb KveÆb WvBAÝvBGWi mvnvGhÅ MvQ Lv`Å ˆmUv ˆKvGbvfvGeB eÅvLÅv Kiv hvq bv| wK¯§ c†w^ex ‰es AbÅ
ŠZwi KGi ‰es ‰ Lv`ÅB mgMÉ cÉvwYRMGZ Lv`Å k†›LGji MÉnàGjv hw` mƒhÆGK cÉ`wÞY KGi A^Ævr 2q wPGòi gGWj
gvaÅGg mieivn nq| RjxqevÓ· m†wÓ¡ bv nGj e†wÓ¡I nGZv bv| AbymvGi Lye mnGRB ‰B wewPò MwZ eÅvLÅv Kiv mÁ¿e|
e†wÓ¡i AfvGe mgMÉ c†w^ex gi‚gq nGq ˆhZ, ^vKZ bv ˆKvGbv
MvQcvjv| myZivs mwVK gvòvq wMÉbnvDm MÅvmàGjv ÞwZKi 2. K. DóxcGKi AvGjvwPZ `ywU cÉhywÚ nGœQ@ ivmvqwbK mvi I
bq eis ‰àGjv evqygíGj gvòvwZwiÚ e†w«¬ ˆcGjB Zv Rxe I Lv`Å msiÞK|
cwiGeGki RbÅ ügwKÕ¼i…c| gvwUGZ wewf®² LwbR jeY I cywÓ¡i NvUwZ cƒiY KiGZ
5. ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, cv^Gii fi, m = 400 g mvaviYZ mvi eÅenvi Kiv nq| cwiwgZ ivmvqwbK mvGii
cvwbi AvqZb, V1 = 300 cm3 eÅenvi dmjGK wewf®² ˆivM I ˆcvKvi AvKÌgY ˆ^GK iÞv
cv^imn cvwbi AvqZb, V2 = 500 cm3 KGi| wK¯§ mvGii eÅenvi mGPZbfvGe bv KiGj Zv RjvkGq
 cv^Gii AvqZb, V = V2  V1 wMGq RjR cwiGeGki fvimvgÅ bÓ¡ KGi| mvGii AwZwiÚ
= (500  300) cm3 eÅenvi dmj, gvwU I cwiGeGki RbÅ ÞwZKi|
= 200 cm3
Lv`Å msiÞGKi gvaÅGg wewf®² AYyRxGei AvKÌgY nGZ Lv`ÅGK
m 400
 cv^Gii NbZ½,  = = = 2 g/cm3 iÞv Kiv hvq| ‰àGjvi mvnvGhÅ Lv`Å `xNÆw`b mGZR I cywÓ¡
V 200
mg†«¬ ^vGK| wK¯§ wKQy Amvay eÅemvqxiv AbyGgv`Gbi ˆPGq
iPbvgƒjK cÉk² (`†kÅcUwbfÆi) ˆewk cwigvY Lv`Å msiÞY w`Gq ^vGK Avevi AGbGK
1. K. wPò-K nGjv UGjwgi c†w^exGKw±`ÊK gnvweGk¼i gGWj ‰es AbyGgvw`Z msiÞK (ˆhgb: digvwjb) eÅenvi KGi ^vGK|
wPò-L nGjv ˆmŒiGKw±`ÊK gnvweGk¼i gGWj| digvwjb gvbe ˆ`Gni RbÅ AZů¦ ÞwZKi| ‰wUi KviGY
wbGÁ² ‰G`i cv^ÆKÅ ˆ`Iqv nGjv: Wvqwiqv, PgÆ I wKWbx ˆivMmn bvbv RwUj ˆivGM AvKÌv¯¦ nGq
cv^ÆGKÅi ^vGK|
wPò-K wPò-L
welq L. cÉhywÚ `yBwUi AceÅenvi KgvGZ AvgvG`i KiYxq@
gGWGji bvg c†w^exGKw±`ÊK ˆmŒiGKw±`ÊK i. ivmvqwbK mvGii cwieGZÆ ŠRe mvi eÅenvi KiGZ nGe
gnvweGk¼i gGWj gnvweGk¼i gGWj ‰es Lv`Å msiÞGKi weK͸ LyuGR ˆei KiGZ nGe|
cÉeÚv UGjwg ˆKvcvwbÆKvm ii. cwiwgZ cwigvGY eÅenvi KiGZ nGe|
wee†wZ c†w^ex nGœQ me c†w^ex wek¼eËvþGíi iii. RbmGPZbZv m†wÓ¡ KiGZ nGe| mevBGK cÉhywÚ eÅenvGi
wKQyi ˆK±`Êwe±`y ˆK±`Ê bq, c†w^exmn mGPZb nGZ nGe|
‰es mKj MÉn, AbÅ me MÉn mƒhÆGK
3. K. gnvKvGki wewf®² eÕ§i gGaÅ Puv`, c†w^ex, mƒhÆ AbÅZg|
bÞò, P±`Ê, mƒhÆ ‰B ˆK±`Ê KGi NyiGQ|
c†w^exGK wNGi Puv`GK mi‚ ‰KwU i…c ˆ^GK axGi axGi eo nGq cƒwYÆgvi Puv`
ˆNvGi nGZ ˆ`wL, Zvici Avevi ˆmwU axGi axGi mi‚ nGZ nGZ
mg^Æb ‰wU cÉvPxbKvGji MÅvwjwjI chÆGeÞY AgvemÅvq cyGivcywi A`†kÅ nGq hvq| cÉwZ 29 w`Gb ‰Kevi
gvbyGli aviYv I KGi ˆ`GLb ‰B gGWj KGi ‰B eÅvcviwU NGU, KviY c†w^exGK ‰Kevi cyGivcywi
AÅvwiÕ¡UGji mwVK| A^Ævr mKj cÉ`wÞY KiGZ PuvG`i 29 w`b mgq jvGM| c†w^ex Zvi
gZev` mg^Æb MÉn mƒhÆGK wNGi NyiGQ| gvaÅvKlÆY ej w`Gq Puv`GK wbGRi w`GK UvGb| wVK ‰KBfvGe
KGi| c†w^ex I mƒGhÆi AvKlÆGYi KviGY mƒhÆGK wNGi NyiGZ ^vGK|
weævb  gGWj ˆUÕ¡ Dîi 3

c†w^exi ‰B NƒYÆb mÁ·®² nq 365 w`Gb ‰Kevi| Avevi mƒhÆ cvwbi Zzjbvq
eÕ§ WzeGe bv fvmGe?
AvgvG`i MÅvjvwÝGZ QvqvcG^i ˆKG±`Ê ^vKv wekvj eÐÅvKGnvGji NbZ½
AvKlÆGY Zvi ˆK±`ÊGK wNGi NyiGZ ^vGK| ‰àGjv meB i. KvPv ˆewk ZGe bÓ¡ WzeGe ZGe bÓ¡ nGj
NƒYÆbMwZi D`vniY| wWg nGj NbZ½ cvwbi fvmGe|
L. ivGmj KÑvGm ˆhfvGe NƒYÆb MwZ m†wÓ¡i cÉwKÌqv mÁ·GKÆ Zzjbvq Kg|
ˆRGbwQj ˆm cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv myZv I cv^Gii mvnvGhÅ NƒYÆb MwZ ii. `ya ˆewk| Wzevi K^v, wK¯§
m†wÓ¡| ÷i‚GZ myZvi ‰K cÉvG¯¦ cv^iwU euvaGZ nGe| ‰ici cvwbi mvG^ wgGk
myZvi Aci cÉv¯¦ aGi ‰wUGK gv^vi Dci w`Gq NyivGZ ^vKGj hvGe| Avjv`v Õ¦Gi
NƒYÆb MwZ m†wÓ¡ nGe| ^vKGe bv| Avjv`v
Õ¦Gi ^vKGj `ya wbGP
cv^iwUGK ˆUGb aGi ˆiGL Zvi Dci ˆKG±`Êi w`GK ej
^vKGZv|
cÉGqvGMi dGjB ‰B MwZi m†wÓ¡ nq| A^Ævr, cv^iwU ˆK±`Ê
iii. wdÌR ˆewk| WzeGe|
ˆ^GK memgq ‰KwU `ƒiZ½ eRvq ˆiGL NyiGQ ‰es ‰i Dci iv. wmwj´£vi ˆewk| WzeGe|
ˆKG±`Êi w`GK ‰KwU ej KvR KiGQ| ‰RbÅ m†Ó¡ MwZGK v. MÅvm Kg| fvmvi K^v, wK¯§
NƒYÆbMwZ ejv hvGe| MÅvm eGj wKQyUv
4. K. AvenvIqv ˆhme KviGY w`Gbi wewf®² mgGq cvΟvGZ ^vGK `Ëexf„Z nGe evwKUzKz
Zv wbGÁ² ˆ`Iqv nGjv DGo hvGe|
i. mƒhÆvGjvGKi cÉfvGe| vi. ˆevZj Kg| fvmGe|
ii. e†wÓ¡cvGZi KviGY| 6. K. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ `yB aiGbi wUmyÅ nGjv RvBGjg ‰es
iii. evqyi PvGci ZviZGgÅi KviGY| ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅ| ‰iv mwÁÃwjZfvGe cvwb, Lv`Å I LwbR jeY
iv. Av`ËÆZvi cv^ÆGKÅi KviGY| cwienGbi KvR KGi|
i. RvBGjg wUmyÅi KvR: RvBGjg wUmyÅi gvaÅGg Dw«¿` gvwU
v. wbw`ÆÓ¡ Õ©vGb wewf®² mgGq mƒhÆiwkÄi ˆKvGYi wf®²Zvi KviGY|
ˆ^GK cvwb I LwbR jeY ˆkvlY KGi cvZvq ˆcuŒQvq|
vi. evqyGZ RjxqevGÓ·i cwigvGYi wf®²Zvi KviGY|
ii. ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅi KvR: cvZvq ŠZwi Lv`Å ˆdÑvGqg wUmyÅi
L. KvcGoi NvGgi KYvàGjv cvwb I LwbR jeY| evZvGmi
gvaÅGg gƒjmn Dw«¿G`i AbÅvbÅ AGã cwievwnZ nq|
ˆ^GK ‰B cvwb KYvàGjv Zvc ˆkvlY KGi I evGÓ· cwiYZ
L. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ cÉwKÌqvwU wbGlK hvi gvaÅGg dj ‰es
nq| ‰B cÉwKÌqvGK evÓ·xfeb eGj| ‰B cÉwKÌqvq NvGgi cvwb
exR ŠZwi nq|
axGi axGi Kvco ˆ^GK evZvGm wgGk hvq| NvGg ˆfRv Kvco wbGlK cÉwKÌqvwU KxfvGe msNwUZ nq Zv eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv@
Z^v ˆfRv eÕ§ KZ ZvovZvwo evZvGm ÷KvGe Zv wbfÆi KGi IB i. civMavbx ˆ^GK wewf®² evnGKi gvaÅGg civMGiYy dzGji
Õ©vGbi Av`ËÆZvi Dci| Av`ËÆZv nGjv ˆKvGbv Õ©vGbi evqyGZ MfÆgyGí cwZZ nGq civMbvwjKvi m†wÓ¡ KGi|
Rjxq evGÓ·i cwigvY| A^Ævr Av`ËÆZv ˆewk nGj RjxqevGÓ·i ii. civMbvwjKv ˆeGq civMGiYy dzGji MfÆvkGq ˆcuŒQvq|
cwigvYI ˆewk nGe| evZvGm RjxqevGÓ·i cwigvY ˆewk nGq iii. MfÆvkGq ^vKv wWÁ¼vYyGK civMGiYy wbwlÚ KGi wbGlK
ˆMGj evZvGmi RjxqevÓ· ˆkvlY Kivi ÞgZv nËvm cvGe| ZvB cÉwKÌqv mÁ·®² KGi|
Av`ËÆZv ˆewk nGj ˆfRv eÕ§ ˆ^GK evZvGmi cvwb ˆkvlY Kivi 7. K. cvnvGo IVvi c^ Lvov bv KGi NywiGq ŠZwi Kiv nq| ‰i
ÞgZv KGg hvq ‰es Kvco ˆ`wiGZ ÷Kvq| Av`ËÆZv Kg nGj KviY ˆNvivGbv c^ ˆnjvGbvZGji gGZv KvR KGi| ˆnjvGbvZGji
Kvco ZvovZvwo ÷KvGe| ‰Qvov evqycÉevGni DciI wbfÆi hvw¯¨K myweav memgq 1-‰i ˆewk| Avevi c^ hZ AvbZ nq,
KGi| evqycÉevn ˆewk nGj Kvco ZvovZvwo ÷Kvq| cÉevn Kg hvw¯¨K myweav ZZ ˆewk nq A^Ævr Zzjbvq Kg ej cÉGqvM KGi
nGj, Kvco ÷KvGZ wKQyUv ˆewk mgq jvGM| ˆewk evav AwZKÌg Kiv hvq| dGj H cG^ DVGZ KÓ¡ Kg nq|
5. K. ‰GÞGò wZbwU NUbv nGjv@ (i) eid `yaGK wdÌR ˆ^GK ˆei c^ Lvov nGj IVvi mgq ˆewk ej cÉGhvM KiGZ nGZv, dGj ˆewk
cwikÉg nGZv|
KiGj wKQyÞGYi gvGS ˆmwU Avevi Zij `yGa cwiYZ nGe|
A^Ævr, ‰wU ˆfŒZ cwieZÆb| L.‰LvGb `ywU mijh¯¨- KwcKj ‰es PvKv I AGÞi
(ii) wWg hLb fvwR Kiv nq ZLb ZvGci KviGY ˆcÉvwUb RGg
myweavàGjv ˆ`Iqv nGjv@
KwcKj
hvq ‰es ‰GÞGò ivmvqwbK cwieZÆb NGU|
i. Kg ej cÉGqvGM ˆKvGbv eÕ§GK IcGi ˆZvjv hvq|
(iii) Pzjv hLb R¾Gj ZLb jvBb MÅvGmi ˆÞGò wgG^b Avi
ii. mnGR cZvKv DGîvjGb eÅenvi Kiv hvq|
wmwj´£vGii ˆÞGò ˆcÉvGcb ev weDGUb evqyi AwÝGRGbi mvG^ PvKv ‰es AÞ
wewKÌqv KGi KveÆb WvB AÝvBW I R¾jxq evÓ· ŠZwi KGi| i. PvKv ‰es AÞ`Gíi mvnvGhÅ AGbK Kg ej cÉGqvGM
‰GÞGò ivmvqwbK cwieZÆb NGU| ˆKvGbv eÕ§GK IcGi ˆZvjv hvq|
L. hZàGjv eÕ§i bvg ejv nGjv ˆmàGjv cvwbZ ˆdjGj hv NUGe ii. MvwoGZ PvKv eÅen†Z nq eGj `Ë‚Z ‰K RvqMv ˆ^GK
Zvi QK ŠZwi Kiv nGjv@ AvGiK RvqMvq hvIqv mÁ¿e nq|
 4 cvGéix ˆkl gynGƒ ZÆi cÉÕ§wZ: evwlÆK cixÞv 2024  lÓ¤ ˆkÉwY

gGWj 2
ŠbeÆÅwÚK Ask aiGbi MÉvnK ˆKvGl Dóxcbv ŠZwi nq| ‰B Dóxcbv Õ²vq~i
eüwbeÆvPwb cÉGk²i Dîi: gvaÅGg gwÕ¦GÓ•i NËvY ˆKG±`Ê ˆcuŒQvGj Avgiv ˆmB M®¬ Abyfe
1. M. ‰wiÕ¡Uj; 2. L. cwieZÆb nq; 3. K. i I ii; 4. N. KvV; 5. Kwi|
N. i, ii I iii; 6. L. Õ¦bÅcvqx; 7. M. µÏyGUv; 8. L. 27; 9. L. i I iii; 10. ˆh cÉwKÌqvq ‰KB cÉRvwZi bZzb bZzb eskai m†wÓ¡ nq ZvGK
10. K. ej; 11. K. evqyPvc; 12. M. we`yÅr mycwievnx c`v^Æ; 13. cÉRbb eGj| cÉRbb `yB cÉKvi| h^v- ˆhŒb cÉRbb I AGhŒb
N. ˆKvb; 14. M. mw®¬hyÚ; 15. M. 4.5 wewjqb eQi| cÉRbb|

‰K K^vq Dîi: iPbvgƒjK cÉk² (`†kÅcUwenxb)

16. CFC ev ˆKÑvGivGdÑvGiv KveÆb; 17. msGKvPbkxjZvi Dci; 18.
KbwWÈKw^m; 19. cZvKv DGîvjb; 20. Pvi fvGMi ‰K fvM; 21. 1. ˆgi‚`íx I AGgi‚`íx cÉvYxi gGaÅ cuvPwU cv^ÆKÅ wbÁ²i…c
1000 wgwjGmGK´£; 22. ˆKjwfb (K); 23. wMÉb nvDm; 24. ˆgi‚`íx AGgi‚`íx
ˆmvwWqvg I cUvwkqvg; 25. AvG^ËÆvcW| i. ‰G`i ˆgi‚`í i. ‰G`i ˆgi‚`í ˆbB|

mswÞµ¦ Dîi Ask AvGQ|

1. Avgiv kxZKvGj evwoi evBGi ˆei nGj eQGii AbÅvbÅ mgGqi ii. ‰G`i ˆ`Gni ii. ˆ`Gni wfZi Kâvj
Zzjbvq Vv´£v Abyfe Kwi| ‰gb nIqvi KviY kxZKvGj wfZi Kâvj ^vGK bv|
AvKvGk mƒGhÆi AeÕ©vbKvj AGbK Kg nq| c†w^exGZ mƒGhÆi ^vGK|
AvGjv Kg mgq aGi AvcwZZ nq eGj c†w^exc†Ó¤ ‰es evqygíj iii. gvbyl Qvov mKj iii. ‰G`i ˆKvGbv aiGbi
ZzjbvgƒjK Vv´£v ^vGK| ZvB Avgiv Vv´£v Abyfe Kwi| cÉvYxi ˆjR ^vGK| ˆjR ˆbB|
2. ˆKvGbv eÕ¦yi NbZ½ 1 MÉvg/Nb ˆm.wg. ejGZ eywS H eÕ¦yi cÉwZ 1
iv. ‰G`i cvLbv ev iv. ‰G`i mw®¬hyÚ ev gvsmj
Nb ˆm. wg. AvqZGbi fi 1 MÉvg|
`yB ˆRvov cv cv ^vGK|
3. Dw«¿G`i cÉavb Ask 3wU| ‰B AskàGjv nGjv i. gƒj, ii. Kví ^vGK|
I iii. cvZv|
v. ‰G`i ˆPvL mij v. ‰G`i cyévwÞ AvGQ|
4. KwcKj eÅenvi KGi ej cÉGqvGMi w`K cwieZÆb Kiv hvq| KwcKGj cÉK‡wZi|
iwki ˆh cÉvG¯¦ eÕ§ evav ^vGK Zvi Aci cÉvG¯¦ hw` wbGPi w`GK ej
cÉGqvM Kiv nq ZvnGj eÕ§ DcGii w`GK DGV| 2. ˆnjvGbv Zj ‰KwU mij h¯¨| ˆnjvGbv ZGji mvnvGhÅ ˆKvGbv
fvix eÕ§GK Kg ej cÉGqvGM DcGi ˆZvjv hvq ev wbGP bvgvGbv
5. gãj MÉnGK ˆmŒiRMGZi jvj MÉn eGj| ‰wU ˆmŒiRMGZi
hvq| ˆnjvGbv Zj ˆhfvGe KvR mnR KGi Zv wbGP ˆ`qv
PZz^Æ MÉn| ‰wU ayjvgq, jvjGP ‰es gi‚f„wgi gGZv| ‰i AvKvi
nGjv@
c†w^exi cÉvq AGaÆK| ‰LvGb Lye nvjKv ‰K aiGbi evqygíj
 cÉhyÚ ejGK KGqK àY e†w«¬ KGi|
AvGQ| gãj MÉGni ‰Kw`b c†w^exi ‰Kw`Gbi Lye KvQvKvwQ|
 Kg ej cÉGqvGM ˆewk KvR mÁ·®² KGi; ˆhLvGb ˆKvGbv
mƒhÆGK ‰Kevi NyGi AvmGZ gãj MÉGni cÉvq `yB eQi mgq
ˆbq| eÕ§GK LvovfvGe DcGi ZzjGZ AGbK ˆewk ej jvGM|
 MwZ e†w«¬ KGi|
6. cÉhywÚ eÅenvGii mgq mZKÆ ^vKv cÉGqvRb KviY cÉhywÚ gvbyGli
KjÅvGYi RbÅ ŠZwi nGjI Zv LvivcfvGe eÅenvi ev ˆnjvGbv ZGji ˆÞGò hvw¯¨K myweav cvIqv hvq ˆnjvGbv
AceÅenvi nGZ cvGi| ‰RbÅ eÅenvGii DGókÅ ‰es cÉfve ZGji Š`NÆÅ I DœPZv w`Gq|
mÁ·GKÆ wbwøZ nIqv Ri‚wi| ˆnjvGbv ZGji Š`NÆÅ (AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½)
hvw¯¨K myweav = |
ˆnjvGbv ZGji DœPZv (AwZKÌv¯¦ DœPZv)
7. mij MwZGK eKÌMwZGZ cwieZÆb KiGZ ‰i Dci ej cÉGqvM
KGi MwZc^ cwieZÆb KiGZ nq| dGj eÕ§wU Avi mij cG^ 3. gnvweGk¼i ˆh wekvjvKvi eÕ§àGjv mƒhÆGK ˆK±`Ê KGi ˆNvGi ZvGK
PjGZ cviGe bv hvi KviGY mij MwZ eKÌMwZGZ cwiewZÆZ MÉn eGj| MÉnàGjvi ‰KwU KGi ŠewkÓ¡Å wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv:
nGq hvGe| eya : meGPGq ˆQvU MÉn|
8. c†w^exRyGo Rjevqyi cwieZÆGbi cÉavbZ `ywU wbG`ÆkK iGqGQ| ÷KÌ : Zvcgvòv ˆewk (476 wWwMÉ ˆmjwmqvm)
h^v: Mo Zvcgvòv I Mo e†wÓ¡cvZ| wewf®² mgGqi c†w^exeÅvcx c†w ^ex : Rxe emevGmi DcGhvMx ‰Kgvò MÉn|
Mo Zvcgvòv I Mo e†wÓ¡cvZ chÆGeÞY KiGj ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh gãj : ‰wU ayjvgq, jvjGP ‰es gi‚f„wgi gGZv|
c†w^exi meÆò Zvcgvòv evoGQ| dGj e†wÓ¡cÉeY ‰jvKvàGjvGZ e†nÕ·wZ : meGPGq eo MÉn|
AwZe†wÓ¡ ‰es LivcÉeY ‰jvKvàGjvGZ ZxeË Liv ˆ`Lv hvGœQ| ‰ kwb : Õ¼œQ eidKYvi ejq AvGQ|
mKj Z^Å Dcvî ˆ^GK c†w^exRyGo Rjevqy cwieZÆGbi cGÞ BDGibvm : AbÅvbÅ MÉnàGjv ZvG`i KÞcG^i mvG^ cÉvq
cÉgvY Dïvcb Kiv hvq| jÁ¼fvGe ˆ^GK mƒhÆGK cÉ`wÞY KiGjI BDGibvm Zvi KÞcG^
9. Avgiv hLb ˆKvGbv eÕ¦yi M®¬ wbB ZLb ˆmB eÕ¦yi Þz`Ë Þz`Ë ÷Gq ˆ^GK mƒhÆGK cÉ`wÞY KGi|
KYv AvgvG`i bvGK cÉGek KGi| ‰i dGj bvGKi weGkl ˆbcPzb : ‰wU A®¬Kvi MÉn|
weævb  gGWj ˆUÕ¡ Dîi 5

4. ˆKvwfW-19 ˆgvKvGejvq ˆhme cÉhywÚi mvnvhÅ wbGqwQ@ L. B ˆÕ•j nGœQ ˆKjwfb ˆÕ•j| ˆKjwfb ˆÕ•j ŠeævwbK
 gvÕ•: ˆKvwfW-19 ˆgvKvGejvq me ˆ^GK cÉGqvRbxq MGelYvq ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ KviY ‰wU ‰KwU ˆgŒwjK Zvcgvòv ˆÕ•j hv
cÉhywÚwU wQj gvÕ•| mƒß fvBivm ˆhb AvgvG`i bvK I cig kƒbÅ Zvcgvòvi wfwîGZ ŠZwi| ‰wU ZvcMZxq cwigvGci
gyGLi gGaÅ w`Gq cÉGek bv KiGZ cvGi ‰RbÅ gvÕ• RbÅ ‰KwU wbfzÆj ‰KK cÉ`vb KGi ‰es ZvcMZxq imvqb I
ŠZwiGZ imvqb weævGbi ævb KvGR jvMvGbv nGqGQ| c`v^Æwe`Åvq AZů¦ `iKvix| ˆKjwfb ˆÕ•j eÅenvi KGi
 AwÝGRb wmwj´£vi: ˆKvwfW-19 ‰ AvKÌv¯¦ ài‚Zi ˆivMxG`i ZvcMZxq MwZ, Zvc cwievwnZv ‰es AbÅvbÅ ŠeævwbK cwigvc
AwÝGRb mieivn KiGZ AwÝGRb wmwj´£vGii f„wgKv h^v^ÆfvGe Kiv hvq|
AcwinvhÆ| ‰ cÉhywÚ ŠZwiGZ c`v^ÆweævGbi ævb KvGR 3. K. `†kÅcGUi MwZàGjv nGjv eKÌMwZ, NƒYÆb MwZ, chÆve†î MwZ
jvMvGbv nGqGQ| ‰es mijMwZ|
i. ˆ`vjbvq ˆ`vj LvIqv I `wojvd@ ‰wU chÆve†î MwZi
 fÅvwÝb: ˆKvwfW-19 ˆgvKvGejvq meGPGq ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ
D`vniY| ˆKvb MwZkxj eÕ§i Ici cÉGqvM Kiv ej
cÉhywÚwU wQj fÅvwÝb| ‰wU ŠZwiGZ ŠRe imvqb I
wbqwgZfvGe w`K cwieZÆb Kivi KviGY hLb MwZi
RxeweævGbi wgwjZ ævb KvGR jvMvGbv nGqGQ|
cybive†wî NGU, ZvB chÆve†î MwZ| ‰LvGb ˆ`vjbvwU
5. `Ë‚wZ: ‰KK mgGq ˆKvGbv eÕ§i AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½GK H eÕ§i `Ë‚wZ
chÆve†î MwZGZ `yjGZ ^vGK| `wojvdI chÆve†î MwZ|
eGj| ii. dÅvb AvGÕ¦ AvGÕ¦ ˆ^Gg hvIqv@ ‰wU NƒYÆb MwZi
AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ = 5000 wgUvi D`vniY| ‰LvGb dÅvGbi cvLvàGjv dÅvbGK ˆK±`Ê KGi
mgq = 25 wgwbU = (25 – 60) ˆmGK´£ = 1500 ˆmGK´£ NyiGZ ^vGK|
AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ iii. ej `woGZ ˆeuGa eÅvwUs Abykxjb: ‰wU eKÌ MwZi
Ô `Ë‚wZ =
mgq D`vniY| KviY eÅvU w`Gq eGj AvNvZ KiGj ‰wU `woGZ
5000 wgUvi euvav AeÕ©vq euvKv cG^ PjGZ ^vGK|
mgq = 1500 ˆmGK´£ = 3.33 wgUvi/ˆmGK´£|
iv. ˆ`ŒovGbv: wgbv hw` ˆmvRv cG^ ˆ`Œovq, ZvnGj ‰wU mij
MwZi D`vniY| ‰LvGb ˆmvRvcG^ ˆ`ŒovGj ˆm ˆKvGbv
iPbvgƒjK cÉk² (`†kÅcUwbfÆi) w`K cwieZÆb KGi bv|
1. K. DóxcGK ˆh MÉGni K^v ejv nGqGQ ˆmwU nGjv c†w^ex hv L. ‰KB mGã mKGj ˆ`Œo cÉwZGhvwMZv ÷i‚ KiGjI wgbv cÉ^g
ˆmŒiRMGZi Z‡Zxq MÉn| ‰wU ‰Kgvò MÉn hvi c†Ó¤G`Gk cvwb I nGjv KviY ˆm MwZi mvG^ eGji mÁ·GKÆi h^vh^ eÅenvi
evqygíj iGqGQ ‰es ˆhLvGb mƒGhÆi Zvc I AvGjv «¼viv RxeR¯§ KGiGQ|
I Dw«¿G`i RxebaviY NGUGQ| ‰i Mo Zvcgvòv 15 wWwMÉ eÕ§i MwZi Dci eGji ˆhme cÉfve wgbv ˆ`ŒGoi mgq gv^vq
ˆiGLwQj@
ˆmjwmqvm ‰es eÅvmvaÆ 6000 wKwg| ‰ MÉGn cÉGqvRbxq
 ej wÕ©i eÕ§GK MwZkxj KiGZ cvGi|
AwÝGRb iGqGQ| ZvB c†w^weB ‰Kgvò MÉn ˆhLvGb cÉvGYi
 ej MwZkxj eÕ§i ˆeM e†w«¬ KiGZ cvGi A^Ævr Z½iY NUvq|
DG¯Ãl NGUGQ| c†w^ex ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi cieZÆx AbÅ me MÉGni
 ej MwZkxj eÕ§i ˆeM nËvm KiGZ cvGi A^Ævr g±`b
‰Kw`b ˆgvUvgywU KvQvKvwQ| NUvq|
L. DóxcGK ejv nGqGQ, ‘ˆmŒiRMGZi cÉvYGK±`Ê mƒh’Æ |  ej cÉGqvGM MwZkxj eÕ§i MwZi w`GKi cwieZÆb NUGZ
KviY mƒhÆ AvgvG`i ˆmŒiRMGZi meGPGq eo, cyGiv ˆmŒiRMGZi cvGi|
fGii 99.86 kZvsk fi nGœQ mƒGhÆi| AvKvGi ‰wU c†w^ex ˆ^GK wgbv MwZi Dci eGji cÉfve mÁ·wKÆZ DcGii NUbvàwji
cÉvq 100 àY PIov ‰es c†w^ex ˆ^GK 15 ˆKvwU wKwg `ƒGi cÉGqvM KGiwQj| ˆhgb: ˆm ˆ`Œo ÷i‚ Kivi gynƒGZÆ ˆRvGi ej
AewÕ©Z| ‰wU ‰KwU D MÅvGmi wcí ˆhLvb ˆ^GK AvGjv I cÉGqvM KGi hvGZ Z½iY ˆewk nq| cGi ˆm `Ë‚Z hvIqvi RbÅ
Zvc ˆei nq| ‰B AvGjv I ZvGci gvaÅGgB c†w^exGZ Dw«¿G`i ˆewk ej cÉGqvM KGi| Avevi, ˆeM ˆewk nGj ZLb ˆm
RxebaviY NGUGQ| ZvQvov mƒhÆGK ˆK±`Ê KGi ˆmŒiRMGZi mgGeGM hvq, hvGZ ˆewk ˆeGM ˆewk `ƒiZ½ AwZKÌg KGi|
hveZxq KvhÆKÌg PGj| ‰wU ˆmŒiRMGZi mKj MÉn-DcMÉGni Avevi, ˆ`ŒGoi UÇÅvK euvKv nGj ˆm ej cÉGqvGM MwZi w`K
wbq¯¨K| mƒhÆGK ˆK±`Ê KGi ˆmŒi cwievGii me m`mÅiv wbw`ÆÓ¡ cwieZÆb KGi| ˆ`ŒGoi ˆklcÉvG¯¦ PGj AvmGj ˆm ej cÉGqvM
mgGq wbw`ÆÓ¡ cG^ mƒGhÆi Pviw`GK cwiKÌgY KiGQ| ZvB ejv KGi ˆeM nËvm KGi ‰es wKQy`ƒi AwZKÌg KGi ˆ^Gg hvq g±`b
nGqGQ, ˆmŒiRMGZi cÉvYGK±`Ê mƒhÆ| m†wÓ¡Kvix eGji RbÅ| ‰RbÅ wgbv cÉ^g nq|
gvScG^ hw` wgbv ˆ^Gg ˆhZ, ZvnGj Avevi bZzb KGi ej
2. K. A ˆÕ•j nGœQ ˆmjwmqvm ˆÕ•j ‰es B ˆÕ•j nGœQ
cÉGqvM KGi ˆeM e†w«¬ KiGZ nZ| ‰GZ Zvi ˆ`Œo ˆkl KiGZ
ˆKjwfb ˆÕ•j cvwbi evÓ·xfeGbi Zvcgvòv ˆmjwmqvm ˆÕ•Gj
mgq ˆewk jvMZ ‰es wgbv 1g nGZ cviZ bv|
100C| ˆKjwfb ˆÕ•Gj ‰wU i…cv¯¦wiZ KiGZ 100C ‰i
4. K. DóxcGK wMÉbnvDm MÅvGmi K^v ejv nGqGQ|
mvG^ 273.15 ˆhvM KiGZ nGe|
c†w^exi Zvcgvòv wbq¯¨GYi eÅvcvGi evqygíj ài‚Z½cYƒ Æ f„wgKv
ZvB, ˆKjwfb ˆÕ•Gj cvwbi evÓ·xfeGbi Zvcgvòv nGe 100 cvjb KGi| ‰GÞGò evqygíj nGjv KuvGPi NGii QvG`i gGZv|
+ 273.15 = 373.15 K| mƒGhÆi AvGjv c†w^exi mgÕ¦ Zvc I kwÚi gƒj Drm| c†w^exGZ
myZivs, ˆKjwfb ˆÕ•Gj Zvcgvòvi gvb MvwYwZKfvGe ˆmjwmqvm Avmv mƒhÆvGjvK f„c†Ó¤ ˆkvlY KGi I evqygíj D KGi|
ˆÕ•Gji gvGbi mvG^ 273.15 ˆhvM KGi wbaÆviY Kiv nq| Avevi gvbyGli wewf®² wKÌqvKjvc ˆhgb KvV, Kqjv ˆcvovGbv,
 6 cvGéix ˆkl gynGƒ ZÆi cÉÕ§wZ: evwlÆK cixÞv 2024  lÓ¤ ˆkÉwY

MvQ KvUv, KjKviLvbvi ˆauvqv BZÅvw` KviGY evqygíGj KveÆb 6. K. QGK DwÍÏwLZ A ‰i Dw«¿`àGjv nGjv Avg I Škevj| ‰G`i
WvBAÝvBW, wgG^b BZÅvw`i cwigvY e†w«¬ cvq| ‰ MÅvmàGjvGK gGaÅ Avg ˆhŒb I Škevj AGhŒb cÉRbb cÉwKÌqvq eske†w«¬
ejv nq wMÉb nvDm MÅvm| KGi|
wMÉb nvDm MÅvm e†w«¬i dGj evqygíGj m†wÓ¡ nGœQ cyi‚ ‰KwU
MÅvGmi Õ¦i ev Pv`i| ‰i dGj c†w^exc†Ó¤ ˆ^GK ˆQGo ˆ`Iqv ˆhŒb cÉRbb: ˆh cÉRbb cÉwKÌqvq cys I Õ¨xRbb ˆKvGli wgjGb
Zvc cybivq ˆdiZ hvqbv| dGj Zvc ˆkvlGYi cwigvY e†w«¬ bZzb eskai m†wÓ¡ nq ZvGK ˆhŒb cÉRbb eGj|
ˆcGq DúZv e†w«¬ cvq| DúZv e†w«¬i ‰B cÉwKÌqvB nGjv wMÉb AGhŒb cÉRbb: ˆh cÉwKÌqvq `ywU wf®²agÆx RbbGKvGli wgjb
nvDm cÉwZwKÌqv| QvovB ‰KaiGbi ˆKvl ˆ^GK bZzb eskai m†wÓ¡ nq ZvGK
L. ‰ mgmÅv mgvavGb Avgiv ‰me ˆZj, MÅvm eÅenvGii weK͸ AGhŒb cÉRbb eGj|
eÅeÕ©v KiGZ cvwi ‰es AcPq ˆiva KiGZ cvwi| c÷cvjb
cwiGekev®¬e cwiGeGk KiGZ nGe ‰es AwaK mGPZb ^vKGZ mvaviYZ wbÁ²GkÉwYi RxGe AGhŒb cÉRbb ˆ`Lv hvq| AGhŒb
nGe| K‡wlRwgGZ mvi eÅenvGi weævbmÁÃZ D®²Z cÉhywÚ cÉRbb cÉavbZ PvifvGe nGZ cvGi, h^v@ L´£vqb, evwWs,
eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| eb I MvGQi msLÅv evovGZ nGe hvGZ AãR RbbGÕ·vi Drcv`b|
evZvGm KveÆb WvBAÝvBGWi fvimvgÅ eRvq ^vGK| AvgvG`i L. B-ˆZ DwÍÏwLZ Dw«¿`àGjv nGjv KuvVvj I mvBKvm| exR
M†nÕ©vwjGZ Še`yÅwZK h¯¨cvwZi eÅenvi KgvGZ nGe|
AveiGYi wfwîGZ ‰G`iGK Ave†ZexRx I Abve†ZexRx ev
5. K. DóxcGKi Rvbvi welqwU nGjv c`vG^Æi ŠewkÓ¡Å| ‰wU c`v^Æ b™²exRx ‰B `ywU fvGM fvM Kiv hvq| ‰G`i gGaÅ KuvVvj
kbvÚKiGY mnvqK, A^Ævr c`vG^Æi ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆ^GK Avgiv ejGZ
Ave†ZexRx I mvBKvm b™²exRx Dw«¿`|
cvwi ev aviYv KiGZ cvwi ˆh ˆmwU ˆKvb c`v^Æ| ˆhgb@
i. ˆKvGbv c`v^Æ hw` PzÁ¼K «¼viv AvK‡Ó¡ nq, ZvnGj ˆmwU ˆhme Dw«¿G`i exR dGji wfZi Ave†Z AeÕ©vq ^vGK
ˆPŒÁ¼K c`v^Æ (ˆjvnv, wbGKj ev ˆKvevΟ) nGe| ZvG`iGK Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿` eGj| Ave†ZexRx Dw«¿`àGjv
ii. ˆKvGbv c`v^Æ hw` Zvc I we`yÅr cwienb KGi ZvnGj mcyÓ·K A^Ævr ‰G`i dzj nq| civMvqb I wbGlGKi ci dzGji
ˆmwU avZz nIqvi mÁ¿vebv ˆewk| MfÆvkq dGj ‰es wWÁ¼K exGR cwiYZ nq| ˆhgb@ KuvVvj,
iii. ˆKvGbv c`vG^Æi NbZ½ ˆewk nGj ˆmwU avZz nGZ cvGi, Avg, Rvg BZÅvw`|
NbZ½ Kg nGj ˆmwU AavZz nGZ cvGi|
iv. ˆKvGbv c`v^ÆGK AvNvZ KiGj hw` SbSb kõ nq,
AbÅw`GK ˆhme Dw«¿G`i exR dGji gGaÅ Ave†Z ^vGK bv,
ZvnGj ˆmwU avZz, Avi SbSb kõ bv nGj ˆmwU AavZz ˆmàGjvGK Abve†ZexRx Dw«¿` ev b™²exRx Dw«¿` eGj| b™²exRx
nIqvi mÁ¿vebv ˆewk| Dw«¿` AcyÓ·K nq wKsev dzj ^vKGjI ZvGZ MfÆvkq ^vGK bv,
L. mKj c`vG^ÆiB wbRÕ¼ wKQz ŠewkÓ¡Å iGqGQ| ‰B ŠewkÓ¡Å ZvB ‰me Dw«¿G`i dj nq bv| ˆhgb@ mvBKvm|
Rvbvi gvaÅGg ZvG`iGK mwVK KvGR eÅenvi Kiv hvq| ˆhgb: 7. K. h¯¨àGjv gƒjZ mij h¯¨|
KvMR w`Gq evwo evbvGj ˆmB evwo wUKGe bv, Avevi BU cv^i
mij h¯¨ ˆhfvGe KvRGK mnR KGi Zv wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv@
w`Gq ˆbŒKv evbvGZ ˆMGj Zv cvwbGZ fvmGe bv| Avevi KvV
w`Gq cvwZj evbvGj iv®²vi mgq cvwZjB AvàGb cyGo QvB nGq 1. cÉhyÚ ejGK KGqK àY e†w«¬ KGi|
hvGe| ‰RbÅ cÉwZwU c`vG^Æi ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆRGb eÅenvi KiGZ nq| 2. Kg ej cÉGqvGM AwaK KvR mÁ·®² KGi|
c`vG^Æi ŠewkÓ¡Å Abyhvqx eÅenvi mÁ·GKÆ wbGPi QGK D`vniY 3. ejGK ˆKvGbv ‰KwU myweavRbK w`GK cÉGqvM KGi|
ˆ`Iqv nGjv@ 4. MwZ I `ƒiZ½ e†w«¬ KGi|
Kvw›ÞZ eÕ¦y eÅen†Z c`v^Æ I eÅenvGii KviY L. wjfvGii dvjKÌvg ˆ^GK `yBwU eÕ§i `ƒiZ½ hw` x I y nq ‰es
BU, cv^i, ˆjvnv BZÅvw` eÅenvi ‰iv hw` h^vKÌGg F I f ej cÉGqvM KGi ZvnGj Avgiv wjLGZ
evwoNi Kiv nq KviY ‰àGjv `†p I cvwi@
gReyZ| y F
=
x f
KvV eÅenvi Kiv nq KviY cvwbi ‰Lb, ‰B ej `yBwU mgvb fGii eGj ZvG`i cÉhyÚ ejI mgvb
ˆbŒKv Zzjbvq KvGVi NbZ½ AGbK Kg nGe A^Ævr, f = F nGe|
eGj ‰wU ˆfGm ^vGK|
y F F
ZvnGj, x = f = 1 [ f = F, ZvB, f = 1]
AÅvjywgwbqvg eÅenvi Kiv nq
cvwZj ev, x = y
KviY AÅvjywgwbqvg Zvc cwievnx|
A^Ævr, `yBwU mgvb fGii eÕ§GK dvjKÌvg ˆ^GK mgvb `ƒiGZ½
mvaviYZ Zvgv eÅenvi Kiv nq
we`yÅGZi Zvi ivLGj ˆmàGjv gvwUi mgv¯¦ivGj ^vKGe|
KviY Zvgv we`yÅr cwievnx|
weævb  gGWj ˆUÕ¡ Dîi 7

gGWj 3
ŠbeÆÅwÚK Ask KveÆb WvB-AÝvBW eÅenvi KGi kKÆiv RvZxq Dcv`vb ŠZwi
eüwbeÆvPwb cÉGk²i Dîi: KGi|
1. M. µÏyGUv; 2. M. 33%; 3. K. ‰GK AcGii mvG^ Nb mw®²GewkZ; 8. wjfvGii hvw¯¨K myweav dvjKÌvGgi AeÕ©vGbi Dci wbfÆi
4. L .Bwjk; 5. M. mƒhvÆGjvK; 6. L. i I iii; 7. N. mvZwU; 8. K. KGi| dvjKÌvGgi KvQvKvwQ fvix eÕ§ ivLGj Kg ej cÉGqvM
eÕ§i cÉwZ c†w^exi AvKlÆY ej; 9. K. DúZv e†w«¬i cÉwKÌqv; 10. N. KGiI fvix eÕ§ mivGbv hvq|
cvwb 2.00 g/cm3; 11. K. cÉvq 4700; 12. N. 0.6 g cm3; 13. L. 9. ÷KÌ ˆmŒiRMGZi w«¼Zxq MÉn A^Ævr, mƒGhÆi KvQvKvwQ AewÕ©Z
wmwR‰m; 14. L. ii I iii; 15. K. `yB fvGe| ‰i Mo Zvcgvòv 476 wWwMÉ ˆm.| ‰B MÉGni evqygíj AvGQ|
‰wU ˆgGN XvKv ^vGK ‰es ‰RbÅ Zvc AvUGK ^vGK| ‰B
‰K K^vq Dîi: KviGY ÷KÌGK ˆmŒiRMGZi D MÉn ejv nq|
16. PvKv ‰es AGÞi eÅvmvGaÆi Dci; 17. ˆh MÅvmxq wcí Zvc I 10. weævbGK cÉhywÚ wnGmGe eÅenvi Kivi gvaÅGg Avgiv ˆmB
AvGjv Drc®² KiGZ cvGi ZvGK bÞò eGj| ˆhgb@ mƒhÆ; 18. ævbGK wewf®² cÉGqvRbxq KvGRi RbÅ cÉGqvM Kwi|
Rxeweævb I ˆfŒZweævb; 19. cÉwZ ˆmGKG´£ 3 jÞ wKGjvwgUvi; D`vniYÕ¼i…c, wbDwKÑqvi kwÚ we`yÅr Drcv`Gb eÅen†Z nq ‰es
20. DB´£Gfb; 21. Zvgvi ŠZwi; 22. Õ¼GfvRx; 23. wjfvi; 24. ‰KB ævb wbDwKÑqvi ˆevgv ŠZwiGZ eÅen†Z nq|
mvGo Pvi wewjqb eQi; 25. wcmvi ˆnjvGbv `vjvGb|
mswÞµ¦ Dîi Ask iPbvgƒjK cÉk² (`†kÅcUwenxb)
1. AvgvG`i PvicvGki mij h¯¨àGjv Avgiv QqwU fvGM fvM 1. DcGii wPòwU DB´£GfbGK wbG`Æk KGi|
KiGZ cvwi| ‰àGjv nGjv: evqy ˆKvb w`K ˆ^GK ˆKvb w`GK cÉevwnZ nq Zv ˆevSvi RbÅ
1. wjfvi; 2. KwcKj; 3. ˆnjvGbv Zj; 4. PvKv ‰es AÞ; 5. DB´£Gfb eÅenvi Kiv nq| evqy cÉevGni mvG^ h¯¨wU NyGi wMGq
dvj ev Wedge ‰es 6. Õ˜z| evqy cÉevGni w`K wbG`Æk KiGZ mÞg| ‰wUB evqycÉevGni
w`GKi mvG^ ‰i mÁ·KÆ| hLb Avgiv Nvwg, kixGii Zvc
2. kni mvaviYZ AvGjvKä¾j nq ‰es hvbevnGbi msLÅvi
AvgvG`i Z½GK ^vKv NvGgi Rjxq KYvàGjvGK evGÓ· cwiYZ
AvwaGKÅi KviGY cÉPzi ˆauvqv Drc®² nq| dGj knGi `ƒlGYi
KGi, hvGK evÓ·xfeb eGj| ‰B cÉwKÌqvq Nvg axGi axGi Z½K
KviGY AvKvk fvGjvfvGe ˆ`Lv hvq bv| MÉvGg `ƒlY Kg ^vKvq
ˆ^GK evZvGm wgGk hvq| evZvGmi MwZ I Av`ËÆZvi gvòv
AvKvk cwiÓ•vi ^vGK ‰es ˆgNgyÚ AgvemÅv ivGZ fvGjvfvGe
evÓ·xfeGbi MwZ wbÆaviGY ài‚Z½cƒYÆ f„wgKv cvjb KGi| hw`
bÞò chÆGeÞY Kiv hvq|
evZvGmi Av`ËÆZv Kg ^vGK, ZvnGj Nvg `Ë‚Z ÷wKGq hvq, KviY
3. wbDwKÑqvi we`yÅrGK±`Ê I wbDwKÑqvi ˆevgv DfqB wbDwKÑqvi ÷Ó• evZvm AviI Rjxq KYv ˆkvlY KiGZ mÞg nq| ZGe,
kwÚi wfwîGZ KvR KGi| ZGe ‰KwU DGókÅ kvw¯¦cYƒ Æ we`yÅr hw` Av`ËÆZv ˆewk nq, ZLb evZvGm Rjxq KYvi cwigvY ˆewk
Drcv`b Avi AbÅwUi DGókÅ wea»smx kwÚ m†wÓ¡| ^vGK ‰es Nvg evÓ·xf„Z nGZ ˆewk mgq ˆbq| evZvm PjvPj
4. KiGj NvGgi evÓ·xfeb `Ë‚Z nq, KviY ‰wU Z½K ˆ^GK NvGgi
mij MwZ eKÌ MwZ KYv mwiGq bZzb evZvGm cÉevwnZ KGi| ‰B cÉwKÌqvq AvgvG`i
1. eÕ§ mijGiLv eivei 1. eÕ§ eKÌGiLv eivei kixGii Zvcgvòv KGg AvGm, hv NvGgi cÉavb KvR|
MwZkxj nq| MwZkxj nq| 2. mgyG`Ëi cvwbGZ cÉPzi jeY `Ëexf„Z ^vGK eGj mgyG`Ëi cvwbi
2. D`vniY: mijcG^ 2. D`vniY: ˆgŒgvwQi QyGU NbZ½ cyKzGii cvwbi ˆPGq ˆewk nq| mgyG`Ëi cvwbi NbZ½ cÉvq
Pjv gnvKvkhvGbi Pjvi MwZ| 1.03 g/ cc| Aciw`GK cyKzGii cvwbi NbZ½ mvaviYZ 1.00
MwZ| g/cc| ‰ KviGY cyKzGii ˆPGq mgyG`Ë ˆfGm ^vKv mnR|
5. AvKvGk Avgiv wewf®² aiGbi AvenvIqvRwbZ cwieZÆb ˆ`LGZ gaÅcÉvGPÅi ˆWW mx bvGgi mgyG`Ëi cvwbi NbZ½ cÉvq 1.24 g/
cvB| Zv wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv cc, hv mvaviY cyKzi, b`x ev AbÅvbÅ mgyG`Ëi ˆPGqI AGbK
i. mƒGhÆi Zvc Kg-ˆewk nq| ˆewk| Avevi ‰KRb gvbyGli Mo NbZ½ nGjv 1.07 g/ cc|
ii. KLGbv ˆiv`, KLGbv ˆgNvœQ®² cwiGek ˆ`LGZ cvB| A^Ævr ˆWW mx-‰i cvwbi NbZ½ gvbyGli NbGZ½i ˆPGq AGbK
iii. KLGbv KLGbv e†wÓ¡cvZI ˆ`LGZ cvB| ˆewk nIqvq ˆWW mx-ˆZ muvZvi bv ˆKGUB ˆfGm ^vKv hvq|
iv. AvKvGk KLGbv KLGbv eRÊcvZ ˆ`LGZ cvB| 3. ˆh cÉwKÌqvq ‰KB cÉRvwZi bZzb bZzb eskai m†wÓ¡ nq ZvGK
v. ˆKvGbv ˆKvGbv w`b mƒhÆMnÉ GYi gGZv NUbv jÞ Kiv hvq| cÉRbb eGj| cÉRbb `yB cÉKvi| h^v- ˆhŒb cÉRbb I AGhŒb
6. AÅvjywgwbqvGgi NbZ½ (2.71 g/ cc) cvwbi ˆPGq AGbK ˆewk cÉRbb|
nIqvq AÅvjywgwbqvGgi KGqb ˆQvU nGjI cvwbGZ WzGe hvq| ˆhŒb cÉRbb: ˆh cÉwKÌqvq cys I Õ¨x Rbb ˆKvGli wgjGb bZzb
AbÅw`GK KvGVi NbZ½ (0.4-0.85 g/ cc) cvwbi ˆPGq Kg eGj eskai m†wÓ¡ nq ZvGK ˆhŒb cÉRbb eGj| mcyÓ·K Dw«¿` ˆhŒb
‰KwU eo KvGVi àuwo cvwbGZ fvGm| cÉRbGbi gvaÅGg eskweÕ¦vi KGi| mcyÓ·K Dw«¿G` dzj ˆ^GK dj
7. nÅuv, PvjZv MvQ ‰KwU Dw«¿`| KviY PvjZv MvGQi gƒj, Kví I ‰es dj ˆ^GK exR nq ‰es exR ˆ^GK Avevi bZzb Dw«¿G`i R¯Ã
cvZv AvGQ ‰es PvjZv MvQ mƒGhÆi AvGjvi DcwÕ©wZGZ cvwb I nq|
 8 cvGéix ˆkl gynGƒ ZÆi cÉÕ§wZ: evwlÆK cixÞv 2024  lÓ¤ ˆkÉwY

AGhŒb cÉRbb: ˆh cÉwKÌqvq `ywU wf®²agÆx RbbGKvGli wgjb ‰KwU cÉk² `uvo KwiGqwQj hvi ˆcÉwÞGZ ŠeævwbK Abym®¬vGbi
QvovB ‰K aiGbi ˆKvl ˆ^GK bZzb eskai m†wÓ¡ nq ZvGK KvR mvgGb ‰wMGq wbGq hvq| ‰i cieZxÆ mÁ¿veÅ avc àGjv
AGhŒb cÉRbb eGj| mvaviYZ wbÁ²GkÉwYi RxGe AGhŒb cÉRbb nGjv-
ˆ`Lv hvq| AGhŒb cÉRbb cÉavbZ PvifvGe nGZ cvGi, h^v-  `uvo KivGbv cÉk² mÁ·GKÆ hv wKQz MGelYv nGqGQ Zv ˆRGb
Lívqb, evwWs, AãR Rbb, ˆÕ·vi Drcv`b| ˆbIqv|
4. K. wPòwU “ˆnjvGbv Zj” mij hG¯¨i D`vniY|  cÉkw² Ui ‰KwU mÁ¿veÅ eÅvLÅv `uvo KivGbv|
‰KwU üBj ˆPqvi IVvGbvi RbÅ hvw¯¨K myweav KgcGÞ 12  mÁ¿veÅ eÅvLÅvwU mwZÅ wK bv ˆmwU cixÞv KGi ˆ`Lv|
nIqv cÉGqvRb|  cixÞvi djvdj weGkÏlY KGi ‰KwU wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbIqv|
‰LvGb, AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ 24 wgUvi ‰es DœPZv 3 wgUvi|  mevBGK aviYvwU RvwbGq ˆ`Iqv|
AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ 24 wgUvi L. ÷öi Dcjwº¬wU AZů¦ cÉvmwãK ‰es mwVKfvGe weævb I
Avgiv Rvwb, hvw¯¨K myweav = DœPZv = 3 wgUvi
‰i PPvÆi eÅvwµ¦GK ZzGj aGiGQ| weævb ˆKejgvò eo eo
=8 jÅveGiUwi ‰es Awfæ weævbxG`i KvGRi gGaÅ mxgve«¬ bq;
‰GÞGò hvw¯¨K myweav üBj ˆPqvi IVvGbvi RbÅ hG^Ó¡ bq| eis weævb ‰gb ‰KwU ˆÞò ˆhLvGb ˆh ˆKDB Ae`vb ivLGZ
KviY üBj ˆPqvGii ˆÞGò hvw¯¨K myweav KgcGÞ 12 nGZ nq| cvGi, hw` Zvi gGaÅ Abymw®¬rmv I wRævmv Kivi BœQv ^vGK|
myZivs wPGòi üBj ˆPqviwUGK DcGi DVvGbv mÁ¿e bq|
‰gb ‰KwU AbÅZg D`vniY nGZ cvGi nwic` Kvcvjx| nwic`
5. MÉn I bÞGòi gGaÅ cuvPwU cv^ÆKÅ wbGÁ² ˆ`qv nGjv@
Kvcvjx wQGjb wSbvB`n ‰jvKvi ‰KRb mvaviY Pvwl, whwb
MÉn bÞò wbGRi Bwi avGbi ˆÞZ cixÞv KiGZ wMGq wKQy MvGQ ˆewk
1. gnvweGk¼i ˆh avGbi djb jÞ KGib| ˆKŒZ„njx gGbvfve wbGq wZwb ˆmàGjv
wekvjvKvi eÕ§àGjv Avjv`v KGi exR msiÞY KGib ‰es cieZxÆGZ ˆmàGjv bZzb
1. bÞò nGœQ R¾j¯¦ MÅvGmi
mƒhÆGK ˆK±`Ê KGi KGi jvMvb| ˆ`Lv hvq, IB avbMvQàGjv mwZÅB DœP djbkxj|
‰KwU wekvj Kzíjx|
ˆNvGi ZvGK MÉn ‰ici wZwb D`viZvi mvG^ ˆmB exR AbÅ PvwlG`iI eÅenvi
eGj| KiGZ ˆ`b, hvi dGj mviv ‰jvKvq DœP djbkxj avGbi cÉPjb
2. MÉn bÞGòi Zzjbvq NGU| nwic` Kvcvjx ‰KRb mvaviY K‡lK nGjI Zuvi ŠeævwbK
2. bÞò MÉGni Zzjbvq eo|
ˆQvU| wP¯¦vaviv ‰es Abymw®¬rmy gGbvfvGei RbÅ wZwb weævbxi gGZvB
3. MÉGni wbRÕ¼ AvGjv Ae`vb ivGLb|
3. bÞGòi wbRÕ¼ AvGjv AvGQ|
ˆbB| DwÚwUi h^v^ÆZv ‰B K^vq wbwnZ ˆh, weævb ˆKejgvò
4. MÉn bÞòGK ˆK±`Ê 4. bÞò MÉnGK ˆK±`Ê KGi weævbxG`i RbÅ bq; eis ˆh KviI gGaÅ hw` ˆKŒZ„nj,
KGi ˆNvGi| ˆNvGi bv| Abym®¬vGbi BœQv I bZzb wKQz ˆkLvi gGbvfve ^vGK, ZGe
5. MÉn ˆRvU ˆeuGa ^vGK 5. bÞò ˆRvU ˆeuGa ^vGK| wZwb weævGbi D®²qGb Ae`vb ivLGZ cvGib| weævGbi gƒj
bv| DGókÅB nGjv cÉk² Kiv, chÆGeÞY Kiv, ‰es Dîi ˆLuvRv|
iPbvgƒjK cÉk² (`†kÅcUwbfÆi) ZvB, mvaviY gvbylI weævb PPvÆ I Zvi AMÉMwZGZ ài‚Z½cƒYÆ
1. K. Avgvi ‰jvKvq P±`ÊMÉnY mÁ·wKÆZ cÉPwjZ PviwU KzmsÕ•vi f„wgKv ivLGZ cvGi|
nGjv@ 3. K. cÉxZGgi ˆeM = 5 wgUvi/ˆmGK´£
 MÉnGYi mgq MfÆeZx gvGqiv ˆKvGbv wKQy ˆLGj m¯¦vb ˆcUzK AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ = 100 wgUvi
nq| AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½
 ‰ mgq wKQy KvUGj, weGkl KGi gvQ KvUvGj ˆVuvU KvUv, Ô mgq = ˆeM
Kvb KvUv m¯¦vGbi R¯Ã nq| 100 wgUvi
 P±`ÊMÉnGYi mgq MvGQi Wvj fvOGj ev euvKvGbvi ˆPÓ¡v = 5 wgUvi/ˆmGK´£ = 20 ˆmGK´£
KiGj nvZ-cv euvKvGbv m¯¦vGbi R¯Ã nq| L. ‘K’ nGZ cvB,
 P±`ÊMÉnGYi mgq LvIqv wbGla| cÉxZg cÉwZGhvwMZv ˆkl KGi 20 ˆmGKG´£|
L. KzmsÕ•vi `ƒixKiGY Avwg P±`ÊMÉnGYi ŠeævwbK eÅvLÅv AbÅw`GK, ˆmvnvGbi cÉ^g AGaÆK `ƒiZ½ (50 wgUvi)
DcÕ©vcb Kie| c†w^ex I mƒGhÆi gvGS Puv` AeÕ©vb KiGj AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½
ˆ`ŒovGZ cÉGqvRbxq mgq = ˆeM
P±`ÊMÉnY nq| ‰i mvG^ ˆKvGbv Awfkvc, RxevYy ev ÞwZKi
iwkÄi mÁ·KÆ ˆbB| wewf®² cÉvK‡wZK NUbvi eÅvLÅv bv Rvbvq 50 wgUvi
cÉvPxbKvj ˆ^GKB gvbyl wbGRi gbgGZv wewf®² M͸ ŠZwi KiZ = 4 wgUvi/ˆmGK´£ = 12.5 ˆmGK´£
‰es ˆmàGjv wek¼vm KiZ| ˆmme D`vniY w`Gq gvbyGli fxwZ ‰es cieZÆx AGaÆK `ƒiZ½ (50 wgUvi) ˆ`ŒovGZ
`ƒi Kie| AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ 50 wgUvi
2. K. DóxcK Abyhvqx ÷ö Zvi ŠeævwbK Abym®¬vGbi cÉ^g cÉ GqvRbxq mgq = ˆeM = 6 wgUvi/ˆmGK´£
avcwU AbymiY KGiGQ| Zvi AbymiYK‡Z cÉ^g avcwUGZ ˆm = 8.33 ˆmGK´£
weævb  gGWj ˆUÕ¡ Dîi 9

ˆmvnvGbi cÉwZGhvwMZv ˆkl KiGZ ev ivmvqwbK cwieZÆb nGœQ bv, eis Nlvi KviGY ÷aygvò
ˆgvU mgq = (12.5 + 8.33) ˆmGK´£ gwiPv mGi hvGœQ ÷aygvò| myZivs, ‰wU ‰K aiGbi ˆfŒZ
= 20.83 ˆmGK´£| cwieZÆb| Aciw`GK Qywi ZvgvGU nIqv ivmvqwbK cwieZÆb|
A^Ævr ˆmvnvGbi cÉwZGhvwMZv ˆkl KiGZ cÉxZGgi ˆ^GK ˆewk myZivs, Dfq cwieZÆb ‰KB bq|
mgq jvGM| 6. K. wPGòi cÉvYxwU nGjv ‰KwU i‚B gvQ| ‰wU ‰KwU AwÕ©hyÚ
Ô ˆ`Œo cÉwZGhvwMZvq cÉxZg ‰wMGq ^vKGe| gvQ ev AmwUKw^m ˆkÉwYi cÉvYx| ‰i ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjv nGjv@
(i) KwVb AwÕ© wbwgÆZ A¯¦tKâvj we`Åvgvb|
4. K. AÅvwmW e†wÓ¡i cÉfvGe MvGQi cvZvi AeÕ©vi cwieZÆb
(ii) dzjKv we`Ågvb|
wPGòi bÅvq nGZ cvGi| e†wÓ¡i cvwbi mvG^ AÅvwmW ev AÅvwmW
(iii) dzjKvwQ`ËàGjv KvbGKv bvgK AveiGY Ave†Z|
RvZxq Dcv`vb wgwkÉZ ^vKGj ZvGK AÅvwmW e†wÓ¡ eGj|
L. i‚B I eÅvGOi ˆkÉwYMZ cv^ÆKÅàGjv wbGP ˆ`Iqv nGjv@
ˆRbvGiUGii ˆfZGi mvjwdDwiK ‰wmW wgwkÉZ cvwb ^vGK|
dGj Zv MvGQi Dci coGj, MvGQi Dcv`vbàGivi mvG^ wewKÌqv  i‚B AwÕ©hyÚ gvQ ev AmwUKw^m ˆkÉwYi cÉvYx| eÅvO nGjv
KGi is cwieZÆb I Þqmvab KGi| DfPi ev AÅvwÁ¹weqv ˆkÉwYi cÉvYx|
we`yÅr Drcv`bKvix ˆRbvGiUi ˆ^GK mvjdvi WvBAÝvBW ‰es  i‚B gvQ mvivRxeb cvwbGZ evm KGi wK¯§ eÅvO RxeGbi
bvBGUÇvGRb AÝvBW wbMÆZ nq hv evZvGm DcwÕ©Z RjxqevÓ·, cÉ^g chÆvGq cvwbGZ I cGi Õ©Gj emevm KGi|
AwÝGRb ‰es AbÅvbÅ ivmvqwbGKi mvG^ wewKÌqv KGi  i‚B gvGQi ˆ`Gn AuvBk ^vGK wK¯§ eÅvGOi ˆ`n big I
mvjwdDwiK AÅvwmW I bvBwUÇK AÅvwmW ŠZwi KGi| ‰B MÉw¯©hyÚ Z½K ^vGK|
AÅvwmWàGjv e†wÓ¡i cvwbi mvG^ wgwkÉZ nGq f„c†GÓ¤ ˆbGg AvGm|  i‚B gvGQ dzjKv we`Ågvb ‰es ‰i wQ`ËàGjv KvbGKv «¼viv
‰fvGe we`yÅr Drcv`bKvix ˆRbvGiUi AÅvwmW e†wÓ¡i RbÅ Ave†Z ^vGK| Aciw`GK eÅvGOi jvfÆv `kvq dzjKv
`vqx| Avi AÅvwmGWi cÉfvGe MvGQi cvZvi evBGii AveiY Þq ^vKGjI cƒYÆvã `kvq dzmdzm «¼viv k¼mb mÁ·®² KGi|
nGq hvq| dGj cvZvi ‰gb cwieZÆb NGU|
7. K. DóxcGK A ˆ^GK B ‰i `ƒiZ½ nGjv ˆnjvGbv ZGji Š`NÆÅ|
L. AÅvwmW e†wÓ¡GZ mvjdvi I bvBUÇvm AÝvBW wgwkÉZ ^vGK|
DóxcK nGZ ˆnjvGbv ZGji DœPZv = 5 wgUvi|
cvwbi AYyi mvG^ wgGk ‰iv ‰wmW ŠZwi KGi| AÅvwmW e†wÓ¡i
‰es hvw¯¨K myweav = 6|
ÞwZKi cÉfve ˆivGa Avgiv wbGÁ²vÚ c`GÞc MÉnY KiGZ
cvwi AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½
Avgiv Rvwb, hvw¯¨K myweav =
i. mvjdvihyÚ R¾vjvwbi eÅenvi h^vmÁ¿e KwgGq bevqbGhvMÅ AwZKÌ v¯¦ DœPZv
R¾vjvwbi eÅenvi evovGbv| myZivs, A ˆ^GK B ‰i `ƒiZ½
ii. wewf®² hvbevnb ‰es fvix h¯¨cvwZ PvjvGZ wbÁ² = AwZKÌv¯¦ DœPZv  hvw¯¨K myweav
mvjdvihyÚ R¾vjvwbi eÅenvi wbwøZ Kiv| = (5  6) wgUvi = 30 wgUvi
iii. eÅwÚMZ hvbevnGbi eÅenvi KwgGq MYcwienGbi eÅenvi
AwZ‰e, A ˆ^GK B ‰i `ƒiZ½ 30 wgUvi|
e†w«¬ Kiv|
iv. wk͸KviLvbvi wbMÆZ MÅvm ˆ^GK mvjdvi AcmviY Kivi L. DóxcGK ˆjvKwU WÈvgwU DcGi ZzjGZ ˆh eÅeÕ©v AejÁ¼b
ci evqygíGj wbMÆgb Kiv| KiGe Zv nGjv ˆnjvGbv Zj eÅeÕ©v| wbGP ˆnjvGbv Zj
5. K. Qywi mvaviYZ ˆjvnv «¼viv ŠZwi nq| ‰wU mvaviYZ ÷Ó• eÅeÕ©vi myweav AvGjvPbv Kiv nGjv@
RvqMvq bv ivLGj gwiPvi m†wÓ¡ nq| QywiGZ ZvgvGU iswU ˆnjvGbv Zj eÅeÕ©vq mij hG¯¨i mvnvGhÅ ‰KwU fvix eÕ§GK
gwiPvi| gwiPv nGjv ˆjvnvi mvG^ Rjxq evÓ· I AwÝGRGbi LvovfvGe ˆZvjvi ˆPGq ‰UvGK MwoGq mnGR DcGi ˆZvjv
wewKÌqvq Drc®² ivmvqwbK c`v^Æ| ‰wUGK cybivq ˆjvnv, Rjxq hvq| ˆnjvGbv ZGji Ici w`Gq eÕ§GK MwoGq ZzjGZ `ƒiZ½
evÓ· I AwÝGRGb cwieZÆb Kiv hvq bv| A^Ævr, ‰wU ‰KgyLx ˆewk AwZKÌg KiGZ nq wK¯§ ej cÉGqvM KiGZ nq Kg|
NUbv| ‰GÞGò ‰KwU c`v^Æ ˆgŒwjKfvGe wf®² c`vG^Æ cwiYZ AwZKÌv¯¦ Š`NÆÅ
nq| A^Ævr, ‰wU ‰K aiGbi ivmvqwbK cwieZÆb| ˆnjvGbv ZGji ˆÞGò, hvw¯¨K myweav =
AwZKÌv¯¦ DœPZv
L. wmGg´Ÿ w`Gq Qywi NlGj gwiPvi mvG^ wmGgG´Ÿi NlÆGY myZivs, ‰KB DœPZvq IVvGbvi RbÅ ˆnjvGbv ZGji Š`NÆÅ hZ
gwiPvàGjv Qywi ˆ^GK mGi hvq| ‰fvGe mKj gwiPv mGi ˆMGj ˆewk nGe hvw¯¨K myweavI ZZ ˆewk nGe ‰es WÈvgwU ZZ mnGR
QywiwU Avevi PKPK KiGe| ‰GÞGò ˆKvGbv ivmvqwbK wewKÌqv DcGi ˆZvjv hvGe|
 10 cvGéix ˆkl gynGƒ ZÆi cÉÕ§wZ: evwlÆK cixÞv 2024  lÓ¤ ˆkÉwY

gGWj 4
ŠbeÆÅwÚK Ask  ‰LvGb, `ƒiGZ½i ‰KK : wgUvi (m)
eüwbeÆvPwb cÉGk²i Dîi: mgGqi ‰KK : ˆmGK´£ (s)
1. K. evqyi Pvc; 2. L. ˆfŒZ agÆ; 3. N. gm; 4. K. 10; 5. M. wgUvi (m)
15 wWwMÉ ˆmjwmqvm; 6. L. 10 wgwjwgUvi; 7. N. i, ii I iii; 8. M.  ˆeGMi ‰KK = ˆmGK´£ = wgUvi/ˆmGK´£ (m/s)
(s)
33%; 9. M. `ƒGi `ƒGi; 10. L. gvKomv; 11. M. AvwKÆwgwWm; 12. 9. c†w^exc†Ó¤ ejGZ c†w^exi gvwU, cvwb ‰es evZvmGK ˆevSvGbv
K. AvqwbZ KYv; 13. L. cÉvq ˆ`o àY; 14. K. 2; 15. K. i I ii| nq| w`Gbi Kg mgqeÅvcx hw` mƒhÆ AvKvGk ^vGK ZvnGj
‰K K^vq Dîi: c†w^exc†Ó¤ Kg mƒhÆvGjvK cvq| kxZKvGj ˆ`wiGZ mƒhÆ IGV ‰es
16. wbDUb (N); 17. IGRvb MÅvm (O3); 18. `†p nIqvi RbÅ; 19. ZvovZvwo mƒhÆ AÕ¦ hvq| dGj AvKvGk mƒGhÆi AeÕ©vbKvj
civMvqY; 20. A͸ ej cÉGqvM KGi ˆewk ej jvf Kiv hvq; 21. mswÞµ¦ nq| Kg mgq aGi mƒhÆvGjvK cvIqvi KviGY kxZKvGj
miY c†w^exc†Ó¤ kxZj ^vGK|
Dîi w`GK; 22. cig kƒbÅ Zvcgvòv; 23. ˆeM = mgq; 24. Dîi
10. wWGgi fi I AvqZGbi cvkvcvwk wbw`ÆÓ¡ AvKvi AvGQ eGj
w`K; 25. NbwgUvi (m3)| ‰wU KwVb c`v^Æ| Avi `yGai fi I AvqZb ^vKGjI ‰i
wbw`ÆÓ¡ AvKvi ˆbB| `yaGK ˆh cvGò ivLv nq ˆmB cvGòi
mswÞµ¦ Dîi Ask AvKvi aviY KGi, ZvB ‰wU Zij c`v^Æ|
1. eKÌMwZ I chÆvqe†î MwZi `ywU cv^ÆKÅ:
1. eKÌMwZGZ eÕ§wU ‰KwU euvKv ev eKÌvKvi cG^ PGj ‰es iPbvgƒjK cÉk² (`†kÅcUwenxb)
chÆvqe†î MwZGZ wbw`ÆÓ¡ mgq ci-ci ‰KB AeÕ©vq wdGi 1. mwZÅKvGii weævbxiv mvaviYZ ˆKŒZ„njcÉeY nb| ‰ KviGY
AvGm| ˆKvGbv cÉGk²i Dîi LyuRGZ ev ˆKvGbv mgmÅv mgvavb KiGZ
2. eKÌMwZGZ eÕ§i MwZcG^ cybive†wî NGUbv wK¯§ chÆvqe†î weævbxiv Abym®¬vb ev MGelYv KGi ^vGKb| Abym®¬vGbi
MwZGZ MwZcG^i cybive†wî NGU| QqwU avc AvGQ, avcàGjv ‰iKg@
2. Rjxq evÓ·, KveÆb WvBAÝvBW (CO2), wgG^b (CH4), bvBUÇvm i. ‰KwU mgmÅv ev cÉk² wVK Kiv hvi mgvavb ev Dîi ˆei
AÝvBW (N2O), f„c†Ó¤ msj™² IGRvb MÅvm (O3), ˆKÑvGivGdÑvGiv KiGZ nGe|
KveÆb (CFC)| c†w^exi evqygíGj wMÉbnvDm MÅvmàGjvi gGaÅ ii. ‰ mÁ·GKÆ hv wKQy MGelYv nGqGQ Zv ˆRGb ˆbIqv|
KveÆb WvBAÝvBW ‰i f„wgKv meGPGq ˆewk| iii. cÉkw² Ui ‰KwU mÁ¿veÅ eÅvLÅv `uvo KivGbv|
3. KvMGRi evbvGbv ˆbŒKv cvwbGZ ˆQGo w`Gj axGi axGi KvMGRi iv. mÁ¿veÅ eÅvLÅvwU mwZÅ wK bv ˆmwU cixÞv KGi ˆ`Lv|
gGaÅ cvwb cÉGek KGi KvMGRi NbZ½ evwoGq w`GZ ^vGK, v. cixÞvi djvdj weGkÏlY KGi ‰KwU wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbIqv|
‰fvGe evoGZ evoGZ hLb KvMGRi ˆbŒKvwUi NbZ½ cvwbi vi. mevBGK aviYvwU RvwbGq ˆ`qv|
NbGZ½i ˆPGq ˆewk nGq hvq ZLb ˆbŒKvwU WzGe hvq| 2. cyGiv gvVwU NyGi AvmGZ gvVwUi cwimxgvi mgvb `ƒiZ½ AwZKÌg
4. ˆcvKvG`i ˆgi‚`í ^vGK bv, cvwLG`i ˆgi‚`í ^vGK| ZvB wKQz Kiv jvMGe|
ˆcvKv DoGZ cviGjI ‰G`i cvwL ejv nq bv| ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, gvVwUi Š`NÆÅ, a = 20 wg.
5. wjfvGii KvGRi gƒjbxwZ nGjv dvjKÌvGgi AeÕ©vGbi gvaÅGg gvVwUi cÉÕ©, b = 10 wg.
hvw¯¨K myweav ARÆb Kiv| ‰B myweav ‰KwU mnR mƒò w`Gq ˆei Kiv  gvVwUi cwimxgv = 2ab = 2  20  10 = 400 wg.
hvq: ‰Lb, KvRGji ˆeM = 10 wgUvi/ wgwbU
F y
=
AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ = 400 wgUvi
f x AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ 400
‰LvGb,  mgq = = = 40 wgwbU
ˆeM 10
F nGjv cÉwZGiva ej ev ˆjvW myZivs, gvVwU ‰Kevi NyGi AvmGZ KvRGji mgq jvMGe 40
f nGjv cÉGqvMK‡Z ej ev ‰GdvUÆ
wgwbU|
y nGjv cÉwZGiva we±`y ˆ^GK dvjKÌvg chƯ¦ `ƒiZ½
x nGjv eGji cÉGqvM we±`y ˆ^GK dvjKÌvg chƯ¦ `ƒiZ½
3. wPò-K «¼viv MÉxÓÃKvj ‰es wPò-L «¼viv kxZKvj wbG`Æk Kiv
nGqGQ|
6. c†w^ex ˆhgb Zvi wbR AGÞi Dci NyiGQ, ˆZgwb mƒGhÆi
wPò-K ‰ mƒGhÆi Zvc ˆewk nGe| ‰i KviY wZbwU| hv wbGP
Pviw`GK cÉ`wÞY KiGQ| ZvB c†w^exi AeÕ©vb KÌgvMZ
eÅvLÅv Kiv nGqGQ|
cwieZÆb nIqvq eQGii wf®² wf®² mgGq bÞògíjx ˆ`Lv hvq,
i. mƒGhÆi AvGjvi f„wgGZ covi ˆKvGYi Dci: mƒGhÆi AvGjv
‰KB bÞò ˆ`LGZ cvB bv|
LvovfvGe coGj (A^Ævr f„wgi mvG^ 90 wWwMÉ ev Zvi
7. wbDUb ˆ`wLGqwQGjb ˆh mƒGhÆi AvGjv AvcvZ`†wÓ¡GZ isnxb KvQvKvwQ ˆKvY nGj) mƒGhÆi AvGjv I ZvGci cwigvY
nGjI ‰wU AvmGj mvZwU wf®² iGOi mg®¼Gq ŠZwi| wZwb ˆewk nq ‰es f„c†Ó¤ I Zvi msj™² evqy ˆewk D nq|
wcÉRGgi mvnvGhÅ mƒGhÆi AvGjvGK fvM KGi ‰B mvZwU is Avevi kxZKvGj mƒhÆvGjvK 90 wWwMÉ ˆ^GK AGbK Kg
ˆ`wLGqwQGjb ‰es cÉgvY KGiwQGjb| ˆKvGY f„c†GÓ¤ covi KviGY mƒhÆvGjvGKi ZxeËZv KGg hvq|
8. ˆeGMi mƒò nGjv: dGj evqyi Zvcgvòv KGg hvq ‰es Vvív Abyf„Z nq|
AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ (s) ii. mƒhÆvGjvGKi DcwÕ©wZi mgGqi Dci: MÉxÓà ‰es
ˆeM (v) = mgq (t) kxZKvGji gGaÅ ˆKvb mgGq mƒhÆ ˆewk mgq AvKvGk ˆ`Lv
weævb  gGWj ˆUÕ¡ Dîi 11

hvq| mƒhÆvGjvK hZ ˆewk mgqeÅvcx ˆKvGbv Õ©vGb AmÁ¿e| ZvQvov gãj MÉGn ˆKvGbv MvQ ˆbB ‰es evqygíj
DcwÕ©Z ^vKGe, ˆmB Õ©vGbi evqy ZZ ˆewk Mig nGe| LyeB cvZjv| ZvB ˆmLvGb AwÝGRb ^vKviI mÁ¿vebv ˆbB|
iii. evqyGZ RjxqevGÓ·i cwigvY: RjxqevÓ· ˆewk Zvc aviY hvi dGj ˆmLvGb cÉvYxi ˆeuGP ^vKv mÁ¿e bq| ZvB ejv hvq,
KiGZ cvGi| ‰i dGj ˆKvGbv Õ©vGbi evqyGZ RjxqevGÓ·i 3q MÉGni mvG^ AGbK wgj ^vKv mGî½I 4^Æ MÉnwU RxeRMGZi
cwigvY ˆewk nGj ˆmLvGb ˆewk Mig Abyf„Z nGe| emevGmi DcGhvMx bq|
4. ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, 2. K.
Avg MvGQi àuwoi AvqZb = 2500 Nb ˆm.wg. cvwb dzGU evÓ· cvwb eid nIqvi
Avg MvGQi àuwoi fi = 1500 MÉvg| ˆÕ•Gji bvg nIqvi Zvcgvòv Zvcgvòv (ice)
Avgiv Rvwb, (steam)
fi 1500 ˆmjwmqvm 100C 0C
NbZ½ = = = 0.6 MÉvg/Nb ˆm. wg. dvGibnvBU 212 F 32 F
AvqZb 2500
myZivs Avg MvGQi KvGVi NbZ½ 0.6 MÉvg/Nb ˆm.wg.| ˆKjwfb 373 K 273 K

5. cÉvwYRMGZi meGPGq eo cGeÆi bvg AvG^ËÆvGcvWv| ‰B cGeÆi awi, ˆmjwmqvm, dvGibnvBU I ˆKjwfb ˆÕ•Gj Zvcgvòv
cÉvYxG`i AvG^ËÆvcW eGj| AvG^ËÆvcWG`i wZbwU eo MÉ‚c nGjv- h^vKÌGg C, F, K|
KÌvÕ¡vwmqvb, KxUcZã ‰es AÅvivKwbW| wbGÁ² ‰G`i 2wU KGi Avgiv Rvwb, mKj ^vGgÆvwgUvGii ˆÞGò,
ŠewkÓ¡Å I D`vniY ˆ`Iqv nGjv: Zvcgvòv-cvwb eid nIqvi Zvcgvòv
`Gji bvg ŠewkÓ¡Å D`vniY cvwb evÓ· nIqvi Zvcgvòv-cvwb eid nIqvi Zvcgvòv
KÌvÕ¡vwmqvb (i) KvBwUb bvgK ˆLvjGm KuvKov, wPswo| 
ev,  ice ‰B AbycvZ mgvb nGe|
ˆ`n Ave†Z ^vGK| steam ice

(ii) AÅvG´Ÿbv we`Ågvb| 100C 212F 373K

KxUcZã (i) ˆ`n gÕ¦K, eÞ I D`i ˆgŒgvwQ,
‰B 3 LGí wefÚ| wcucov|
(ii) AÅvG´Ÿbv we`Ågvb| C F K
AÅvivKwbW (i) Pvi ˆRvov cv gvKomv, weQv|
we`Ågvb|
0C 32F 273 K
(ii) ˆ`n LíKvqGbi
gvaÅGg MwVZ|
C0
ˆmjwmqvm ˆÕ•Gji ˆÞGò ‰B AbycvZ nGe =
iPbvgƒjK cÉk² (`†kÅcUwbfÆi) 100  0
1. K. wPGòi 3 bÁ¼i ‰es 4 bÁ¼i MÉn `ywU h^vKÌGg c†w^ex I F  32
dvGibnvBU ˆÕ•Gji ˆÞGò ‰B AbycvZ nGe =
gãj| c†w^ex ‰es gãj MÉGni gGaÅ c†w^ex ivGZi ˆejvq 212  32
A®¬KvivœQ®² ^vGK| c†w^exi Avwn×K MwZi KviGY ‰wU nq| K  273
ˆhGnZz c†w^ex ˆMvjvKvi ZvB c†w^ex Zvi wbR AGÞi Ici ˆKjwfb ˆÕ•Gji ˆÞGò ‰B AbycvZ nGe =
373  273
ˆK±`Ê KGi ˆNvGi| dGj c†w^exi ‰K cvk mƒGhÆi mÁÃyGL ^vKGj C0 F  32 K  273
c†w^exi AbÅ cvk mƒGhÆi ˆcQGb ^vGK| KvGRB c†w^exi ˆh cvk A^Ævr, = =
100  0 212  32 373  273
mƒGhÆi mÁÃyGL ^vGK H cvGk mƒGhÆi AvGjv cGo ‰es w`b nq
C F  32 K  273
Avi ˆh cvk mƒGhÆi mÁÃyGL ^vGK bv ˆm cvGk mƒGhÆi AvGjv bv ev, = = ‰wUB ˆmjwmqvm, dvGibnvBU
covq Zv A®¬KvivœQ®² ^vGK ev ivZ nq| ˆhwU KÌgvMZ PjGZ 100 180 100
^vGK| KvGRB ivGZi ˆejv c†w^ex A®¬KvivœQ®² ^vGK| I ˆKjwfGbi gGaÅ mÁ·KÆ|
Aciw`GK, gãj MÉn I mƒGhÆi gaÅKvi `ƒiZ½ c†w^ex I mƒGhÆi L. ‘K’ ˆ^GK cvB, ˆmjwmqvm, dvGibnvBU I ˆKjwfb ˆÕ•Gji
gaÅKvi `ƒiZ½ AGcÞv AGbK ˆewk nIqvq gãj MÉGn mƒGhÆi C F32 K  273
mÁ·KÆ = =
Zvc I AvGjv c†w^exi Zzjbvq AGbK Kg cGo| ˆm KviGY 100 180 100
gãj MÉGn w`b ev ivZ ˆevSv hvq bv| AvgvG`i kixGii Õ¼ v fvweK Zvcgvòv ˆmjwmqvm ˆÕ•Gj C =
myZivs Avgiv ejGZ cvwi, c†w^ex I gãj MÉGni gGaÅ c†w^ex 37 C
ivGZi ˆejvq A®¬KvivœQ®² ^vGK| C F  32
‰Lb, =
100 180
L. wPGòi 3q MÉnwU nGœQ AvgvG`i c†w^ex ‰es 4^Æ MÉnwU nGœQ
C F  32 9C
gãj| ˆmŒiRMGZi 3q I 4^Æ KÞcG^ AeÕ©vbiZ ‰B `ywU ev, = ev, F  32 =
MÉGni gGaÅ AGbK wgj iGqGQ| AGbK wgj ^vKv mGî½I 5 9 5
gãGji f„-gíjxq cwiGek RxeRMGZi emevGmi DcGhvMx 9C 9  37
ev, F = + 32 = + 32 = 98.6F|
bq| KviY Avgiv Rvwb, RxGei ˆeuGP ^vKvi RbÅ cÉGqvRb 5 5
cvwb| cvwb Qvov ˆKvGbv RxeB ˆeuGP ^vKGZ cvGi bv| wK¯§  dvGibnvBU ˆÕ•Gj kixGii Õ¼vfvweK Zvcgvòv 98.6F|
gãGji c†Ó¤ nGœQ aƒwjgq| ‰i c†GÓ¤ ˆKej aƒwj I kÚ wkjv C K  273
Avevi, =
iGqGQ| ‰i c†GÓ¤ cvwb ˆbB| ZvB gãj MÉGn RxGei ˆeuGP ^vKv 100 100
 12 cvGéix ˆkl gynGƒ ZÆi cÉÕ§wZ: evwlÆK cixÞv 2024  lÓ¤ ˆkÉwY

ev, C = K  273 Zvc I we`yÅr cwievwnZv: mKj c`v^Æ Zvc I we`yÅr cwienb
ev, K = C + 273 = 37 + 273 = 310 K KGi bv| avZe c`v^ÆàGjv Zvc I we`yÅr mycwievnx nq|
 ˆKjwfb ˆÕ•Gj kixGii Õ¼vfvweK Zvcgvòv 310 K| `†pZv I bgbxqZv: `†pZv I bgbxqZv c`vG^Æi ‰KwU ŠewkÓ¡Å|
3. K. ‰LvGb, MvwowUi Avw`GeM = 0 wgUvi/ˆmGK´£ ‰i gvaÅGg c`v^ÆwU KZ `†p ev KZ bgbxq Zv Rvbv hvq|
ˆklGeM = 50 wgUvi/ˆmGK´£ L. Õ©vcbv wbgÆvGY mvaviYZ KwVb eÕ§ eÅen†Z nGe| ˆhGnZz
mgq = 5 ˆmGK´£ Õ©vcbv nq `†p, ZvB ‰wU wbgÆvGY Avgiv AekÅB `†p I bgbxq eÕ§
Avgiv Rvwb, eÅenvi KiGev| `†pZv e†w«¬GZ Avgiv Õ©vcbv wbgÆvGY `†p eÕ§,
ˆklGeM @ Avw`GeM ˆhgb: BU, evwj, wmGg´Ÿ BZÅvw` eÅenvi KiGev| ‰Qvov Õ©vcbv
Z½iY = mgq wbgÆvGY Avgiv `†p ˆjvnvi iW eÅenvi KiGev| ˆjvnvi iW
50 @ 0 50 Õ©vcbvGK gReyZ I `†p KGi| ‰QvovI ˆjvnvi iW nvjKv bgbxq
= 5 = 5 = 10 wgUvi/ˆmGK´£2 nq eGj Zv Õ©vcbvGK KGi f„wgKÁ· mnbkxj| Õ©vcbvi Õ©vwqZ½
I ‰i `†pZv e†w«¬GZ ‰me wbGiU `†p eÕ§ eÅen†Z nq|
L. MvwowU H Z½iY wbGq AvGiv 10 ˆmGK´£ myZivs, `†pZv I bgbxqZv ‰ `ywU ŠewkGÓ¡Åi c`v^Æ eÅenvi
PjGj, ˆgvU mgq = 5 + 10 = 15 ˆmGK´£ KiGev|
Avw`GeM = 0 wgUvi/ˆmGK´£
Z½iY = 10 wgUvi/ˆmGK´£2 6. K. DóxcGKi cÉ^g cÉvYxwU nGjv cÉRvcwZ| ‰B cÉvYxGZ
ˆklGeM = ? KZàGjv ŠewkÓ¡Å ˆ`Lv hvq| ˆhgb@
Avgiv Rvwb, 1. ˆgi‚`í ˆbB A^Ævr ˆ`Gni ˆfZi Kâvj ^vGK bv|
ˆklGeM @ Avw`GeM 2. ˆPvL mij cÉK‡wZi nq bv
Z½iY = mgq 3. ‰G`i ˆjR ˆbB
ev, Z½iY  mgq = ˆklGeM @ Avw`GeM 4. n†rwcí Aby®²Z aiGbi
Ô ˆklGeM = Avw`GeM + Z½iY – mgq DcGii ŠewkGÓ¡Åi KviGY cÉRvcwZGK AGgi‚`íx cÉvYx ejv nq|
= 0 + 10 – 15 = 150 wgUvi/ˆmGK´£ ‰B ŠewkÓ¡ÅàGjvi gGaÅ cÉ^gwUi wfwîGZ ‰GK AGgi‚`íx cÉvYx
4. K. Pvgovi KÅv´Övi m†wÓ¡Kvix AwZGeàwb iwkÄi c†w^exGZ ejv nq| KviY, mKj ˆgi‚`íx cÉvYxi ˆ`Gn ˆgi‚`í I nvo
AvMgb gƒjZ evqygíGji IGRvb Õ¦i ÞGqi dj| IGRvbÕ¦i ^vGK|
ÞGqi dGj gvbyl ÞwZKi AwZGeàwb iwkÄi mivmwi Õ·GkÆ L. DóxcGKi w«¼Zxq cÉvYxwU nGjv cvwL| ‰G`i ˆ`Gn ˆgi‚`í ev
AvGm| dGj ZvG`i gGaÅ bvbviKg kvixwiK mgmÅv ˆhgb@ nvo AvGQ ‰es Wvbv ^vGK| ZvB ‰iv cÞx ˆkÉwYfzÚ ˆgi‚`íx
PgÆGivM, KÅv´Övi mƒGhÆi ZvGc Pvgov ˆcvovi gGZv jvj nGq cÉvYx| AbÅvbÅ ˆgi‚`´£x cÉvYxi ˆkÉwYàGjvGZ A¯¦fzÆÚ cÉvYxàGjv
hvIqv, ˆPvGL Qvwb cov, ZvovZvwo eyGov nGq hvIqv, `yeÆj ˆivM ˆKDB DoGZ cvGi bv| cvwLi wKQy weGkl aiGbi ŠewkÓ¡Å ^vGK
cÉwZGiva eÅeÕ©v BZÅvw` ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| eGj ‰iv AvKvGk DoGZ cvGi| ˆhgb@ cvwLG`i ˆ`n cvjK
L. IGRvbÕ¦i Þq I AbÅvbÅ gvbem†Ó¡ KviGY Rjevqyi w`Gq XvKv| ‰G`i `ywU Wvbv AvGQ| ˆ`Gni IRb nvjKv Kivi
ˆbwZevPK cwieZÆb NGU| ˆhgb@ RbÅ eo eo nvoàGjv duvcv| ‰G`i evqy^wj AvGQ| ‰me
i. ˆgi‚ AçGji eid MGj hvGœQ ‰es mgyG`Ëi cvwbi DœPZv ŠewkGÓ¡Åi KviGY cvwL DoGZ cvGi| AbÅvbÅ ˆgi‚`´£x cÉvYxi nvo
e†w«¬ cvGœQ| wbGiU nIqvq IRb ˆewk nq| Avevi ˆ`Gn duvcv Õ©vb ^vGK bv
ii. fvix e†wÓ¡ ‰es kwÚkvjx SGoi msLÅv e†w«¬ cvGœQ| ‰i dGj ˆ`Gni NbZ½ ˆewk nq|
dGj wKQy wKQy RvqMvq ebÅv nGœQ ‰es cvwbi àYMZ gvb 7. K.
bÓ¡ nGœQ| Avevi wKQywKQy Õ©vGb cvwb cvIqvi mÁ¿vebv
Avgiv Rvwb, ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
KGg hvGœQ| F y
hvw¯¨K myweav, f = x ˆQGjwUi IRb,
iii. f„gaÅmvMixq Açj, BDGivGci `wÞY ‰es gaÅ
F = 40 wbDUb
AçjàGjvGZ wbqwgZ Mig AvenvIqv ˆ`Lv hvGœQ, Liv xF
nGœQ I eGb Avàb aGi hvGœQ| f=
y
dvjKÌg ˆ^GK
iv. evsjvG`kmn AbÅvbÅ D®²qbkxj ˆ`k ‰es Aby®²Z ˆ`kàGjv
ˆQGjwUi `ƒiZ½, x = 3
3 wgUvi  40 wbDUb
Rjevqy cwieZÆGbi dGj wewf®² cÉvK‡wZK `yGhÆvGMi = dvjKÌg ˆ^GK ˆgGqwUi
5 wgUvi
(ˆhgb@ So, fvwi e†wÓ¡, ebÅv, RGjvœQ¾vm, Liv BZÅvw`) `ƒiZ½, y = 5 wgUvi
= 24 wbDUb
mÁÃyLxb nGœQ| ˆgGqwUi IRb, f = ?
5. K. c`v^Æ Õ©vb `Lj KGi ‰es ‰i fi AvGQ| cÉK‡wZGZ c`v^Æ myZivs, f ‰i gvb 24 wbDUb|
wZbwU AeÕ©vq cvIqv hvq| h^v: KwVb, Zij I evqexq| L. wPGò cÉ`î wm-m gvSLvGb ˆhLvGb emvGbv ^vGK, ˆmUvi bvg
‰QvovI c`vG^Æi wKQy ài‚Z½cƒYÆ ŠewkÓ¡Å wbGÁ² AvGjvPbv Kiv dvjKÌvg| ˆgGqwUGK Zvi RvqMvq ewmGq ˆiGLB ˆQGjwUGK hw`
nGjv@ dvjKÌGgi KvQvKvwQ wbGq Avmv hvq ZvnGj wK¯§ ˆgGqwU Lye
NbZ½: ‰KK AvqZGb c`vG^Æi fiGK Zvi NbZ½ eGj| eÕ§i mnGRB Zvi ˆ^GK AGbK ˆewk IRGbi ‰KRb ˆQGjGK Dci-
NbZ½ hZ ˆewk nq Zvi fi ZZ e†w«¬ cvq| wbP KiGZ cviGe| KviY dvjKÌGgi AeÕ©vGbi KviGY wjfvi
`ËveÅZv: ˆKvb ‰KwU c`v^Æ ‰KwU `ËveGK Kx cwigvGY `Ëexf„Z ‰K aiGbi hvw¯¨K myweav cvq| ‘K’ nGZ Avgiv ˆ`LGZ cvwœQ
nq ZvGK Zvi `ËveÅZv eGj| eÕ§i `ËveÅZv wbw`ÆÓ¡ `ËveGKi RbÅ hvw¯¨K myweavi RbÅB 40 wbDUb IRGbi ˆgGqwU 24 wbDUGbi
wbw`ÆÓ¡| ˆQGjwUGK IVvGZ cviGQ|
weævb  gGWj ˆUÕ¡ Dîi 13

gGWj 5
ŠbeÆÅwÚK Ask iO, M®¬ cvjGU hvq| ZvB, KuvPv Kjv cvKv ‰KwU ivmvqwbK
eüwbeÆvPwb cÉGk²i Dîi: cwieZÆb|
1. K. evqexq; 2. N. gjvÕ•v; 3. M. wbGlK; 4. K. c†w^ex; 5. L. 8. ˆhmKj Dw«¿` eü eQi ˆeuGP ^vGK ZvG`iGK eüelÆRxex Dw«¿`
nwic` Kvcvjx, DœPdjbkxj avb AvweÓ•vi KGib; 6. L. 250 J; eGj| ˆhgb- Avg, Rvg, KuvVvj BZÅvw`|
7. M. Mig Abyf„Z nq; 8. N. i, ii I iii; 9. M. dvbRvB; 10. K. 9. cywj ev KwcKGji eÅenvwiK cÉGqvM nGjv@
100; 11. K. aË‚eZviv; 12. L. 10C; 13. M. nvB ˆfvGΟR jvBb 1. Kzqv ˆ^GK cvwb ˆZvjvi mgq|
w`Gq; 14. L. 13; 15. K. i I ii| 2. fvix gvj ˆZvjvi RbÅ|
3. fvix eÕ§ Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ Kivi RbÅ KbGfqvi ˆeGΟ
‰K K^vq Dîi: KwcKGji KvhÆbxwZ eÅenvi Kiv nq|
16. KÑvGivwdj; 17. Kzovj; 18. ˆbcPzb; 19. 273.15 C ev 0 K; 10. mƒhÆ MÅvjvwÝi wKbvivi w`GK ^vKvi dGj, AvKvGki w`GK
20. `yB fvGe; 21. e†wÓ¡cvZ; 22. NbZ½; 23. Õ¼-civMvqb; 24. ZvKvGj MÅvjvwÝi AmsLÅ ZvivGK mv`v ˆauvqvi gGZv ˆ`Lvq|
AGÞi mvGcGÞ; 25. ˆUwjGÕ•vc| MÅvjvwÝi AvKvi mvaviYZ ^vjvi gGZv| ivGZi AvKvGki
mswÞµ¦ Dîi Ask w`GK ZvKvGj MÅvjvwÝi Qwe ˆ`Lv hvq| ivGZi AvKvGk hLb
1. ˆh mKj Dw«¿` KvÓ¤j, ‰KK Kvínxb ‰es ˆMvov nGZ AwaK Puv` ^vKGe bv ZLb AekÅB ‰B MÅvjvwÝ ev Qvqvc^wU ˆ`Lv
kvLv-cÉkvLv ˆei nGq ˆSvGc cwiYZ nq ZvG`iGK àÍÂRvZxq hvq|
Dw«¿` eGj| Rev MvGQiI KvG´£i wbÁ²vsk nGZ AGbK KvÓ¤j
kvLv-cÉkvLv m†wÓ¡ nGq ˆSvGc cwiYZ nq| ZvB RevGK iPbvgƒjK cÉk² (`†kÅcUwenxb)
àÍÂRvZxq Dw«¿` eGj| 1.
f
2. PvKv ‰es AÞ `Gíi hvw¯¨K myweav
F
eo PvKvi eÅvmvaÆ gvwUi mgv¯¦ivGj ^vKv
= `yBwU mgvb fGii eÕ§
ˆQvU PvKvi eÅvmvaÆ
evÕ¦e RxeGb PvKv I AÞ`Gíi 4wU eÅenvi nGjv@
i. fvix wRwbmGK wbP ˆ^GK DcGi ˆZvjv|
ii. ˆgvUiMvwoi wÕ¡qvwis| x y
gvwU
iii. ˆiwWIi be|
iv. RvnvGRi ˆbvOi ˆZvjvi h¯¨| wjfvGii dvjKÌ v g ˆ^GK `y B wU eÕ§ i `ƒ iZ½ hw` x I y nq ‰es
‰iv hw` h^vKÌGg F I f ej cÉGqvM KGi ZvnGj Avgiv wjLGZ
3. gãj MÉn nGjv mƒhÆ ˆ^GK PZz^Æ `ƒieZxÆ MÉn ‰es eyGai cGiB cvwi@
ˆmŒiRMGZi w«¼Zxq Þz`ËZg MÉn| ‰B MÉGni c†Ó¤ZGj ˆdwiK y F
AÝvBGWi AvwaGKÅi RbÅ MÉnwUGK jvjGP iGOi ˆ`Lvq| ˆmB = ‰Lb, ‰B ej `yBwU mgvb fGii eGj ZvG`i cÉhyÚ ejI
x f
RbÅ ‰B MÉnwUGK “jvj MÉn” ejv nq| mgvb nGe A^Ævr, f = F nGe|
4. nwic` Kvcvjx Zuvi avGbi ˆÞGZ cixÞvwbixÞv KiGZ wMGq ZvnGj, y = F = 1 [ f = F, ZvB, F = 1] ev, x = y
ˆ`LGjb ˆh wKQy MvQ ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe eo ‰es ˆmàGjvGZ ˆewk x f f
avb nGqGQ| wZwb ˆmB MvQàGjvi exR Avjv`v KGi ivLGjb A^Ævr, `yBwU mgvb fGii eÕ§GK dvjKÌvg ˆ^GK mgvb `ƒiGZ½
‰es cieZÆxGZ ˆmàGjv Avevi bZzb KGi jvMvGjb, hv DœP ivLGj ˆmàGjv gvwUi mgv¯¦ivGj ^vKGe|
djbkxj avb wnGmGe cÉgvwYZ nGjv|
5. NlÆY bv ^vKGj MwZkxj eÕ§ mylg ˆeGM AvRxeb PjGZ 2. wPò-1 nGjv c†w^ex ‰es wPò-2 nGjv gãj MÉn| c†w^ex ‰es
gãj MÉGni gGaÅ hG^Ó¡ wgj iGqGQ| wbGP Zv wjGL ˆ`LvGbv
^vKGZv| NlÆY AvGQ eGjB Avgiv nuvUGZ cvwi, ivÕ¦vq Mvwo
nGjv@
PjGZ cvGi, KvMGR ˆcbwmj ev Kjg w`Gq wjLGZ cvwi,
`vjvb wbgÆvY KiGZ cvwi, cÅvivmyU w`Gq wbivcG` wbGP bvgGZ AbÅ ˆhGKvGbv MÉGni Zzjbvq c†w^exi mvG^ gãj MÉGni wgj
cvwi| Avgiv Š`bw±`b RxeGb ‰ aiGbi AmsLÅ D`vniY meGPGq ˆewk| c†w^exi c†Ó¤G`Gk cvwb iGqGQ, evqygíj AvGQ
ˆ`LGZ cvB ˆhLvGb NlÆY bv ^vKGj Avgiv AvgvG`i cÉGqvRbxq ˆZgwb gãj MÉGnI ‰K aiGbi nvjKv evqyg´£j I cvwb
KvRàGjv KiGZ cviZvg bv| ZvB NlÆY AvgvG`i RxeGb LyeB AvGQ| gãj MÉn I c†w^exi AvGjvi cwiGeGkI AGbK wgj
iGqGQ| ZvQvov gãGji gGZv c†w^exi NƒYÆGbi AÞI cÉvq
cÉGqvRbxq|
‰KB gvòvq euvKv| gãj MÉGni ‰Kw`b c†w^exi ‰Kw`Gbi Lye
6. Rxe‹ewPGòÅi Dci AÅvwmW e†wÓ¡i cÉfve nGjv: KvQvKvwQ| gãGji w`b-ivGZi PKÌ AGbKUvB c†w^exi gGZv|
i. Dw«¿G`i cvZvq ˆQvc ˆQvc `vM ˆ`Lv hvq| ˆmLvbKvi ‰KwU w`b c†w^exi Zzjbvq gvò 37 wgwbU ˆewk|
ii. AGbK ˆÞGò ebf„wg a»sGmi mÁÃyLxb nq| ˆmŒiRMGZ c†w^ex Qvov gãjB ‰KwU gvò MÉn, ˆhwU gvbyGli
iii. RjR cwiGek evavMÉÕ¦ nq| emevGmiGhvMÅ eGj aviYv Kiv nGœQ|
iv. gvbyGli wewf®² PgÆGivM nGZ cvGi|
3. weævbPPÆvi ˆÞGò ˆgav ev weGkl myGhvM-myweav cÉGqvRb nGZ
7. KuvPv Kjv cvKvi mgq ‰i gaÅKvi wewf®² c`v^Æ cwiewZÆZ nGq cvGi, ZGe ‰wU weævbPPÆvi gƒj kZÆ bq| mvaviY gvbyGliI
mÁ·ƒYÆ bZzb aiGbi c`v^Æ ŠZwi nq| ‰ KviGYB Kjvi Õ¼v`, Abym®¬vbx gGbvfveI cixÞv Kivi ÞgZv ^vKGj Zviv weævGb
 14 cvGéix ˆkl gynGƒ ZÆi cÉÕ§wZ: evwlÆK cixÞv 2024  lÓ¤ ˆkÉwY

Ae`vb ivLGZ cvGi| gv`vg Kzwi I nwic` Kvcvjx ‰B welGq KGi ZvnGj ˆmUv ˆKvGbvfvGeB eÅvLÅv Kiv mÁ¿e bq| wK¯§ c†w^ex
Dä¾j D`vniY| Zuviv mxwgZ myGhvM-myweavi gGaÅI ŠeævwbK ‰es AbÅMÉnàGjv hw` mƒhÆGK cÉ`wÞY KGi ZvnGj Lye mnGRB
cixÞv-wbixÞvi gvaÅGg ài‚Z½cƒYÆ AvweÓ•vi KGiGQb| weævb ‰B wewPò MwZ eÅvLÅv Kiv mÁ¿e| ˆKvcvwbÆKvm DcwiDÚ
gƒjZ cÉk² Kiv, cixÞv Kiv ‰es ˆmB cixÞvi djvdj hvPvB welqàGjv chÆGeÞY KGiB ‰B gZev`wU w`GqwQGjb|
Kivi cÉwKÌqv|
2. K. wPò: A nGœQ ˆUwjwfkb| ˆUwjwfkGbi fvGjv ‰es Lvivc
4. cyGiv c†w^ex NyGi AvmGZ c†w^exi cwiwai mgvb `ƒiZ½ AwZKÌg Dfq w`KB iGqGQ| ˆUwjwfkGbi gvaÅGg Avgiv ˆ`k weG`Gki
KiGZ nGe| wewf®² msev` gynƒGZÆi gGaÅ ˆ`LGZ I ÷bGZ cvB| wewf®²
ˆ`Iqv AvGQ, c†w^exi eÅvmvaÆ, r = 6000 wK.wg. wkÞYxq AbyÓ¤vb ˆ`GL Zv ˆ^GK wkÞv MÉnY KiGZ cvwi|
Ô c†w^exi cwiwa = 2  r wPîweGbv`Gbi RbÅ AviI AGbK AbyÓ¤vb ˆ`LGZ cvwi|
= 2 – 3.1416 – 6000 AvmwÚi KviGY ‰wUi Lvivc cÉfve gvbyGli Dci cGo ^vGK|
= 37699 wK. wg. ZvB Avgiv ejGZ cvwi, ‰wUi fvGjv ‰es Lvivc Dfq eÅenviB
awi, ˆµÏGbi MwZGeM = 800 wK.wg. cÉwZ N¥Ÿvq iGqGQ|
‰es iGKGUi MwZGeM = 30,000 wK.wg. cÉwZ N¥Ÿvq L. wPò: B nGœQ KwÁ·DUvi| KwÁ·DUvGii gvaÅGg Avgiv
cyGiv c†w^ex ˆµÏGb KGi NyGi AvmGZ, wewf®² Z^Å msMÉn, Rgv ivLv, Av`vb-cÉ`vb KiGZ cvwi, wewf®²
AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ 37699 WKzGg´Ÿ ŠZwi ‰es Av`vb cÉ`vb KiGZ cvwi| B´ŸviGbU
mgq = ˆeM = 800 = 47.1 N¥Ÿv
eËvDwRs, mvgvwRK ˆhvMvGhvM ‰wU eÅen†Z nq| wK¯§ ‰wUi
Avevi, cyGiv c†w^ex iGKGU NyGi AvmGZ, A‹bwZK ev AwaK eÅenvi, AvmwÚi gGZv Lvivc djvdj
AwZKÌv¯¦ `ƒiZ½ 37699 gvbyGli RbÅ eGq wbGq AvGm|
mgq = = = 1.26 N¥Ÿv
ˆeM 30000 mZKÆfvGe cÉhywÚ eÅenvi KiGj Zv AvgvG`i RbÅ DcKvi eGq
myZivs ˆµÏGb KGi cyGiv c†w^ex NyGi AvmGZ mgq jvMGe 47.1 AvbGe| fvGjv DGóGkÅ eÅenvGii RbÅ AvGM cÉhywÚwU mÁ·GKÆ
N¥Ÿv ‰es iGKGU NyGi AvmGZ mgq jvMGe 1.26 N¥Ÿv| fvGjvfvGe ˆRGb eyGS Zvici eÅenvi KiGZ nGe| cÉhywÚwU
ˆKvb KvGR eÅenvi Kiv fvGjv ˆm eÅvcvGi RvbGZ nGe|
5. ‰wU ˆ™Ïvevj IqvwgÆs wbG`k KGi| ˆ™Ïvevj IqvwgÆs nGjv c†w^exi cÉhywÚGK eÅenvi KiGZ nGe wkÞvi cÉmvGi ‰es gvbeRxeGbi
Mo Zvcgvòv KÌgk e†w«¬ cvIqvi cÉwKÌqv, hv gƒjZ wMÉbnvDm MÅvm gvb D®²qGb| ZvnGjB Zv AvgvG`i RbÅ KjÅvY eGq AvbGe|
ˆhgb KveÆb WvB AÝvBW, wgG^b BZÅvw`i AwZwiÚ wbtmiGYi 3. K. PvKvwU Abyf„wgK fvGe ^vKvq Zv ivÕ¦vi mvG^ ˆewk NlÆY
KviGY NGU| ‰B MÅvmàGjv evqygíGj Zvc AvUGK ivGL, dGj ej ŠZwi KiGQ| Avi NlÆY ej euvavi m†wÓ¡ KGi| PvKvwUGK
c†w^exi Rjevqy Dú nGq hvq| c†w^exRyGo Rjevqyi cwieZÆGbi DjÁ¼ KGi ej cÉGqvM KiGj ˆmwU AvGiv mnGR mivGbv hvGe|
cÉavbZ `ywU wbG`ÆkK iGqGQ| h^v: Mo Zvcgvòv I Mo e†wÓ¡cvZ| KviY, ‰B ˆÞGò NlÆGYi c†GÓ¤i ˆÞòdj KGg hvGe| ZvB,
wewf®² mgGqi c†w^exeÅvcx Mo Zvcgvòv I Mo e†wÓ¡cvZ chÆGeÞY PvKvwUGK ivÕ¦vi gvS ˆ^GK mivGZ ‰GK DjÁ¼ fvGe ˆiGL
KiGj ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh c†w^exi meÆò Zvcgvòv evoGQ| dGj UvbGZ nGe| ‰B eÅeÕ©v MÉnY KiGj mwRe PvKvwU mivGZ
e†wÓ¡cÉeY ‰jvKvàGjvGZ AwZe†wÓ¡ ‰es LivcÉeY ‰jvKvàGjvGZ cviGe|
ZxeË Liv ˆ`Lv hvGœQ| ‰ mKj Z^Å Dcvî ˆ^GK c†w^exRyGo
L. KvImvi I mRxe DfGqi ˆÞGò NlÆY ej KvR KiGQ|
Rjevqy cwieZÆGbi cGÞ cÉgvY DcÕ©vcb Kiv hvq|
NlÆY, eÕ§i Dci evwnÅK ej cÉGqvM KGi mivGZ evav ˆ`q|
iPbvgƒjK cÉk² (`†kÅcUwbfÆi) NlÆGYi myweav@
1. K. wPò-1 ‰ UGjwgi c†w^exGKw±`ÊK gnvweGk¼i gGWj ˆ`LvGbv i. NlÆGYi KviGY gvwUGZ Avgiv nuvUGZ cvwi|
nGqGQ| AvGM gvbyGliv AvKvGki P±`Ê, mƒhÆGK cƒeÆ w`GK Dw`Z ii. Pj¯¦ MvwoGK ˆeËK ˆPGc ^vgvGZ mnvqZv KGi|
‰es cwøg w`GK AÕ¦ ˆhGZ ˆ`LGZb ‰es Zviv Õ¼vfvweKfvGeB iii. evZvGmi NlÆY eÅenvi KGi Avgiv cÅvivmyU w`Gq
aviYv KiGZb ˆh wbøq P±`Ê-mƒhÆ ‰gbwK bÞòàGjvI c†w^exGK wbivcG` wbGP bvgGZ cvwi|
ˆK±`Ê KGi NyGi| ‰Qvov ˆRÅvwZweÆ` UGjwg eGjwQGjb c†w^ex NlÆGYi Amyweav@
nGœQ mewKQyi ˆK±`Êwe±`y ‰es mKj MÉn, bÞò, P±`Ê, mƒhÆ ‰B i. NlÆY MwZ ˆiva KGi ZvB NlÆY AvGQ ‰gb c†GÓ¤ MwZ ˆcGZ
c†w^exGK ˆK±`Ê KGiB NyGi| gvbyl ‰wU wek¼vm KGiwQj KviY ˆewk kwÚ LiP nq|
mevi KvGQ ˆmUvB Õ¼vfvweK gGb nGqwQj| ÷ay ZvB bq ZvG`i ii. NlÆY KjKviLvbvi ˆgwkGb Zvc Drc®² KGi h¯¨vsGki
agÆMɯ©I ˆmwU mg^Æb KGiwQj| ÞwZ mvab KGi|
L. wPò-2 gGWGji cÉeÚv nGjb ˆKvcvwbÆKvm| wZwb ‰B gGWGj 4. K. evsjvG`k cuvPwU SzuwKcƒYÆ ˆÞGòi `yBwUGZ kxlÆÕ©vbxq|
ˆ`wLGqGQb ˆh, c†w^ex wek¼eËþvGíi ˆK±`Ê bq, c†w^exmn ‰i gGaÅ ebÅvi cÉGKvGc ‰GKevGi kxGlÆ| evsjvG`k
AbÅvbÅ me MÉn mƒhÆGK ˆK±`Ê KGi NyiGQ| mvaviYfvGeB cÉwZ eQi ebÅv KewjZ ˆ`k| ‰G`Gki gvbyl
ˆKvcvwbÆKvm chÆGeÞY KGiwQGjb ˆh gvGS gvGS ‰KwU MÉn ebÅvGK ˆgvKvwejv KGiB ˆeuGP ^vGK| Rjevqy cwieZÆGb ˆhme
AvKvGk c†w^exGK chÆGeÞY KiGZ KiGZ ˆ^Gg ˆhGZ| Avevi cÉvK‡wZK `yGhÆvM Rbc` wea»smx Zvi gGaÅ ebÅv AbÅZg| ZvB
MÉnwU DGΟvw`GK ˆhGZ ÷i‚ KiZ, gvScG^ ˆ^Gg wMGq Avevi ‰i cÉGKvc e†w«¬ evsjvG`Gki gvbyGli Rxeb I mÁ·` bvGk
mwVK cG^ cÉ`wÞY ÷i‚ KiZ| ‰KwU MÉn hw` c†w^exGK cÉ`wÞY eÅvcK meÆbvkv nGe| Dci¯§ SGo evsjvG`k w«¼Zxq
weævb  gGWj ˆUÕ¡ Dîi 15

kxlÆÕ©vbxq| ‰G`Gk NƒwYÆSo, Kvj‹ekvLx So BZÅvw` ˆKvb ceÆGZi Dci ˆMGj KGg hvGe, KviY ceÆGZi DcGi evqyi
cÉwZeQiB ŠbwgwîK NUbv| ‰me `yGhÆvGMi fqvenZvI Pvc Kg nq ‰es Õ¹zUbvâ KGg hvq|
mxgvnxb, ZvB Rjevqy cwieZÆGb SGoi cÉGKvc e†w«¬ ˆcGj DóxcGKi gƒmv BeËvnxGgi chÆGeÞYI DGÍÏwLZ KviGY nq|
Rbeüj ˆ`kwU Lye mnGRB `yGhÆvGM cwZZ nGe| mgy`Ëc†GÓ¤i hLb wZwb f„c†Ó¤ ˆ^GK 2500 dzU DcGi AeÕ©vb KGib ZLb
DœPZv e†w«¬GZ evsjvG`k `kg AeÕ©vGb ^vKGjI ‰G`Gki ˆmLvGb evqyi Pvc Kg nq, ‰es cvwbi Õ¹zUbvâ KGg hvq|
DcK„jxq ‰jvKv mnGRB ZwjGq hvGe| gvò 1 wgUvGiiI Kg f„-c†GÓ¤ cvwbi Õ¹zUbvâ 100C nq wK¯§ DcGi ˆMGj Zv
DœPZvwewkÓ¡ DcK„jxq ‰jvKv ZwjGq ˆMGj Rbeüj ‰ ˆ`kwU 100C ˆ^GK KGg hvq ‰es ZvovZvwo dzUGZ ÷i‚ KGi|
f„wg msKGU coGe| mgy`Ëe±`i nvwiGq eÅemv-evwYGRÅ ÞwZMÉÕ¦ 6. K. wPò X ‰ cÉ`wkÆZ cÉwKÌqvwU nGjv Dw«¿G`i civMvqb
nGe| K‡wl Drcv`b nËvm ˆcGq Lv`Å msKGU coGe| ZvwjKvi cÉwKÌqv| ˆh cÉwKÌqvq dzGji civMavbx ˆ^GK civMGiYy ‰KB
AbÅ ˆKvGbv ˆ`kB Rjevqy cwieZÆGb ‰i…c eügyLx msKGU dzGj A^ev ‰KB RvGZi AbÅ dzGji MfÆgyGí Õ©vbv¯¦wiZ nq,
coGe bv| evsjvG`k ZvB Šewk¼K DúvqGbi ˆbwZevPK cÉfvGe ZvGK civMvqb eGj|
kxlÆ SzuwKcƒYÆ ˆ`k| civMvqb `yB aiGbi, h^v@ Õ¼-civMvqb I ci-civMvqb|
L. weGk¼ ˆhme wbPz «¼xcG`k iGqGQ (ˆhgb gvj«¼xc) ˆmàGjv ‰KB dzGj ev ‰KB MvGQi wf®² `ywU dzGj hLb civMvqb NGU,
mgy`ËeGÞ ˆRGM AvGQ| ‰me «¼xcG`kàGjv mgy`Ëc†GÓ¤i DcGi ZLb ZvGK Õ¼-civMvqb eGj| ‰GÞGò cÉRvwZi we÷«¬Zv
gvò KGqK wgUvi DœPZv wewkÓ¡| Avi Šewk¼K DúvqGbi eRvq ^vGK| ‰KB cÉRvwZi `ywU wf®² MvGQi dzGji gGaÅ hLb
mivmwi cÉfve Avgiv ˆ`LGZ cvB ˆgi‚ AçGji eid MjGb| civMvqb NGU ZLb ZvGK ci-civMvqb eGj| ‰GÞGò evnK
‰iBgGaÅ ˆgi‚ AçGji AGbK Õ©vb eidkƒbÅ nGq cGoGQ| wnGmGe evZvm, ˆgŒgvwQ, cÉRvcwZ BZÅvw` KvR KGi| evnGKi
eid Õ¦„Gci cyi‚Z½ KGg wMGqGQ| BGZvgGaÅB ‰i djkÉ‚wZGZ gvaÅGg civMGiYy ‰K MvQ ˆ^GK AbÅ MvGQ cwievwnZ nq|
mgy`Ëc†GÓ¤i DœPZv KGqK ˆmw´ŸwgUvi ˆeGo wMGqGQ| ZvB L. Dw«¿G`i exR Drcv`Gbi cƒeÆkZÆ nGjv civMvqb, hv wPGò X
Šewk¼K Dúvqb cÉwZGiva Kiv bv ˆMGj ˆgi‚ AçGji eid Mjb «¼viv ˆevSvGbv nGqGQ| wbGP cÉwKÌqvwU eÅvLÅv Kiv nGjv@
ˆiva Kiv AmÁ¿e| Õ¼vfvweKfvGeB ‰GZ mgy`Ëc†GÓ¤i DœPZv  ‰ cÉwKÌqvq civMGiYy ‰Gm dzGji MfÆgyGí coGj
ˆeGo wMGq wbPz «¼xcG`kàGjv WzGe hvIqvi AvksKv ˆ^GK hvq| civMbvwjKvi m†wÓ¡ nq|
Avi ‰me ˆ`Gki gvbyl Rjevqy kiYv^xÆ nGq ˆMGj ZvG`i  ‰B bvwjKv w`Gq civMGiYy wbGP MfÆvkGqi w`GK ˆhGZ
mÁ·ƒYÆi…Gc AbÅ ˆKvGbv ˆ`Gki Dci wbfÆi KiGZ nGe| wK¯§ ^vGK|
mvivweGk¼ ‰i…c AvkÉGqi ˆKvGbv bwRi ev ˆPÓ¡v ˆbB; Avi Zv  ‰wU MfÆvkGq wMGq ˆmLvGb ^vKv wWÁ¼vYyi mvG^ wgwjZ
evÕ¦emÁÃZ bq| ZvB wbPz ˆ`kàGjv Šewk¼K DúvqGbi cÉfvGe nq| civMGiYy I wWÁ¼vYyi wgjbGK wbGlK ejv nq|
mivmwi SzuwKcƒYÆ|
 ‰B wbGlGKi ci wewf®² aiGbi wefvRb I cwieZÆGbi
5. K. DóxcGK DwÍÏwLZ c`v^ÆwU nGjv eid| eidGK Zvc w`Gj gvaÅGg dzGji MfÆvkq dGj ‰es wWÁ¼KwU exGR cwiYZ
Zvi Zvcgvòv e†w«¬ cvq ‰es Zv Zvi MjbvGâi ZvcgvòvGK nq|
AwZKÌg KGi ˆMGj eid MjGZ ÷i‚ KGi|
7. K.
ˆh Zvcgvòvq ˆKvb eÕ§ KwVb AeÕ©v nGZ Zij AeÕ©vq
Avgiv Rvwb, ˆ`Iqv AvGQ,
i…cv¯¦wiZ nGZ ÷i‚ KGi, ZvGK Zvi Mjbvâ eGj| hLb ˆKvb
hvw¯¨K myweav eo PvKvi eÅvmvaÆ = 20 cm
eÕ§ Zvi MjbvGâi Zvcgvòvq ˆcuŒQvq ZLb Zv KwVb nGZ
eo PvKvi eÅvmvaÆ ˆQvU PvKvi eÅvmvaÆ = 5 cm
ZiGj cwiYZ nGZ ÷i‚ KGi| ZLb eÕ§i AeÕ©v KwVb nGZ =
ˆQvU PvKvi eÅvmvaÆ hvw¯¨K myweav = ?
ZiGj cwiewZÆZ nq|
20
DóxcGK DGÍÏwLZ gƒmv BeËvnxg Zvc w`Gq eidGK ZiGj = 5 =4
cwiYZ KGib| DwÍÏwLZ NUbvq eidGK Zvc w`Gj Zv Zvc
L. 1bs wPòwU KzovGji dvj| ‰i hvw¯¨K myweav nGjv@
ˆkvlY KGi cÉ^Gg 0C Zvcgvòvq D®²xZ nq| ˆhGnZz eiGdi
MjbvGâi Zvcgvòv 0C, ZLb eid KwVb AeÕ©v nGZ ZiGj djvi Š`NÆÅ
hvw¯¨K myweav = djvi cyi‚Z½
cwiYZ nIqv ÷i‚ KiGe| axGi axGi Zvcgvòv AviI e†w«¬
ˆcGj Zv mÁ·ƒYÆ ZiGj cwiYZ nq| PvKz, jvOj I ˆKv`vj nGjv dvj ‰i D`vniY|
L. gƒmv BeËvnxGgi chÆGeÞGYi KviY wnGmGe ejv hvq ‰wU 2bs wPòwU PvKv ‰es AÞ| ‰i hvw¯¨K myweav nGjv@
cvwbi Õ¹zUbvGâi Zvcgvòv nËvm cvIqvi NUbv| f„c†Ó¤ ˆ^GK PvKvi eÅvmvaÆ
hZ DcGi hvIqv nq ZZB evqygíjxq Pvc nËvm cvq, ˆh KviGY hvw¯¨K myweav = AGÞi eÅvmvaÆ
cvwbi Õ¹zUbvâ KGg hvq| mvBGKGji PvKv, BGjKwUÇK dÅvb, evqyKj nGœQ PvKv I AÞ
ˆKvGbv c`v^Æ ˆh Zvcgvòvq Zij AeÕ©v nGZ evGÓ· cwiYZ aiGbi mij h¯¨|
nGZ ÷i‚ KGi, ZvGK Zvi Õ¹zUbvâ eGj| Õ¹zUbvâ PvGci
Dci wbfÆikxj| Pvc e†w«¬ ˆcGj Õ¹zUbvâ e†w«¬ cvq Avevi 3bs wPòwU nGjv KwcKj| ‰i hvw¯¨K myweav|
Pvc nËvm ˆcGj Õ¹zUbvâ nËvm cvq| ˆKvGbv c`vG^Æi Õ¹zUbvâ PvcvGbv IRb
hvw¯¨K myweav = |
hZ Kg nGe, ˆmB c`v^Æ ZzjbvgƒjK ZGZv AvGM evGÓ· cwiYZ cÉGqvMK‡Z ej
nGe| Avevi f„c†Ó¤ ˆ^GK hZ DcGi hvIqv hvq, evqygíjxq Pvc ˆKÌb, Kzqv ˆ^GK cvwb ˆZvjv, cZvKv DGîvjGb KwcKGji
ZZ nËvm cvq| ZvB ˆKvb eÕ§i f„c†GÓ¤ ˆh Õ¹zUbvâ ^vKGe, Zv cÉGqvM ˆ`Lv hvq|