Calculus_Lec2

Calculus
Lecture 2
Functions and special limits
Fatima Hasanova - 2023
1
Introduction: Definition of functions
We say that “y is a function of x” and write this symbolically as y = ƒ(x) (“y
equals ƒ of x”). In this notation, the symbol ƒ represents the function, the letter
x is the independent variable representing the input value of ƒ, and y is the
dependent variable or output value of ƒ at x.
The set D of all possible input values is called the domain of the function. The
set of all output values of ƒ(x) as x varies throughout D is called the range of
the function. The range may not include every element in the set Y. The
domain and range of a function can be any sets of objects, but often in
calculus they are sets of real numbers interpreted as points of a coordinate
line. 2
Ways to define a function
1. Analytical method (using a formula) is most commonly used in mathematics.
In this method, mathematical operations that need to be performed on the
independent variable to obtain the value of the function are explicitly specified.
2. Tabular method - numerical values of the function are defined using a table
for discrete numerical values of the argument. The table has the following
form:
3. Graphical method (using a graph). This method is very visual, as the graph
allows for a detailed observation of the nature of the function's variation.
3
Properties of a function
4
5
Continuity of a function
Definition: The function is called continuous if, during a gradual
(continuous) change in the argument, the values of the function also change
gradually, without jumps. Otherwise, the function is called discontinuous,
and the values of the argument at which the continuity (graduality) of the
function's change is disrupted are called points of discontinuity.
6
Definition: A function y = f(x) is called periodic with a period A > 0 if it
satisfies the identity: f(x + A) ≡ f(x).
7
Elementary functions
Elementary functions are defined as all functions that can be constructed
from basic elementary functions using algebraic operations (with the use of
any coefficients) and forming composite functions. Let's list the basic
functions used in elementary mathematics:
Power function;
Exponential function;
Logarithmic function;
Trigonometric functions;
Inverse trigonometric functions; 8

Inverse of a function
Definition: Suppose we were considering the function y=f(x). Then, the
function x(y) is called the inverse function with respect to the function y(x).
9
Examples of functions
● Linear
● Power functions
● Polynomials
● Exponential
● Logarithmic
● Trigonometric
10
Linear function: y = ax + b.
Two variables y and x are proportional (to one another) if one is always a
constant multiple of the other; that is, if y = kx for some nonzero constant k.
11
Power functions
A function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑎 ,
where a is a constant,
is called a power
function.
12
Power functions
13
Polynomials
A function p is a polynomial if 𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑛 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑎 𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛−1 + ... + 𝑎 1 𝑥 + 𝑎 0 where n
is a non-negative integer and the numbers 𝑎 0 , 𝑎 1 , 𝑎 2 , ... ,𝑎 𝑛 are real
constants (called the coefficients of the polynomial). All polynomials have
domain (− ∞,∞).
14
Rational functions
A rational function is a quotient or ratio 𝑓 , where p and q are
𝑝(𝑥)
𝑥 =
𝑞𝑥
polynomials. The domain of a rational function is the set of all real x for
which q(x) ≠ 0. The straight red lines approached by the graphs are called
asymptotes and are not part of the graphs.
15
Exponential Functions
Functions of the form 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 , where the base a > 0 is a positive constant and
a ≠ 1, are called exponential functions. All exponential functions have domain
(− ∞,∞) and range (0, ∞), so an exponential function never assumes the value 0.
16
Logarithmic Functions
These are the functions 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥, where the base a ≠ 1 is a positive
constant. They are the inverse functions of the exponential functions. In each
case below the domain is (0, ∞) and the range is (− ∞, ∞).
17
Hyperbolic Functions
18
Hyperbolic Functions
Identities for hyperbolic functions —>
19
Trigonometric Functions
Periods of trigonometric
functions
20
Trigonometric Functions
21
Special limits
= 2.718281828...
22
Thank you for your
attention!
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Calculus

Fatima Hasanova - 2023

Inverse trigonometric functions; 8

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