PHE-113

PHE 113 Introduction to Health Education
PHE 113
INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH EDUCATION

UNIT 1: MEANING AND OBJECTIVE OF HEALTH EDUCATION
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
2.1 How to Study this Unit
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Health Education
3.2 Objectives of Health Education
4.0 Summary
5.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
6.0 Reference
1.0 INTRODUCTION
People continue to strive for survival throughout their existence on the earth. To survive, people
soon realize that they had to achieve and maintain a specific level of well-being. No wonder in
almost every culture, health was and is a cherished goal.
Health has often been and is still viewed by many people simply as the absence of an obvious
ailment, superficially this appears to be sound, and however, there are complexities.
Today, health is viewed as more than the absence of disease or illness or disabilities, it is a
positive creative force encompassing a variety of factor.
These factors include: social emotional, spiritual, mental and cultural components as well as
physical dimension. Health is derived from Anglo-sat on word. Health means safe, sound in
whole. In number of languages health and wholeness as well as health and holiness are
etymologically linked. Early humans being equate with, well-being, balance, whole, harmony
these words are used to express the concept of health.
Until 1947, health was viewed simply from physical points of view, as illustrated below or health
is generally accepted to mean conditions of the body free from physical diseases.
a. A condition of a living body in which all tissues are in a standing soundness of integrity,
and organs perform their functions normally.
24
b. A condition of soundness of any living organism, that which all the natural functions are
performed freely without disease, freedom from sickness or decay.
c. A state of being, hale, sound or whole in body, mind, or soul, being especially free from
physical disease or pain.
d. A state or condition when one falls well, the functions are doing their work, they intended
to do and tissues are sound and unbroken.
All these definition have two main defects:
They identified health as a state or condition of being which means, it does not account for
variability within a particular individual and among groups of individual. Health is not very
static.
Contemporary view of health views health as a process.
The second defect is that, not one of these definitions goes beyond physical dimension.
In this unit, you will learn about the meaning and objectives of Health Education. Health
education was defined by various authorities in different ways. However, whatever the variations
in these different definitions, all are geared towards attaining the same goal.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
i. Define health education; and
ii. State and explain the objectives of health education.
2.1 HOW TO STUDY THIS UNIT
1. Read carefully this unit twice.
2. Take note of the important points and ideas.
3. Attempt the activities and assignment in this unit.
NOTE: All answers to the activities in this unit are at the end of this book.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.1 HEALTH EDUCATION
Health education is defined by the world health organization (W.H.O) as a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being no merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Health education is the sum of experience which favorably influenced habit, attitudes and
knowledge related to individuals and the community. Health education is the translation which is
25
known about health into desirable individual and community behavioral patterns by means of
educational processes.
According to Mohammed, Suleiman and Umar (2013), health education is the combination of
learning or opportunities and teaching activities designed to facilitate voluntary adaptation of
behaviour that are conducive to health.
3.2 OBJECTIVES OF HEALTH EDUCATION

To develop the kind of educated person who understands the basic facts about health, disease,
protection, promotion, and implementation on health and that of his community.
 To contribute not only to healthful learning but to understand and appreciate the
use of health services.
 To help the student acquire knowledge, habits and attitudes that will contribute to
the individual’s health.
 To outline the activities and relationship of different members of the school health
team.
 Health education also prefers the teacher to understand the child sociologically,
psychologically and emotionally.
 To acquire certain basic skills in maintaining the optimum and emotional
environment through desirable interpersonal environment.
 To maintain standard health of individual and serve as example to others.
 To know more about various diseases and communicable diseases.
 To provide emergency care services to injured and accident victims in our
community.
 To provide a kind of research in the area of health.
 The need of nutrition education as an implement aspect for the promotion of
health-full living.
 The awareness of the fact that we live in a natural world of later dependence and
social interaction.
 The development of health education consciousness among children who will
become future parents.
 Effective promotion of growth and development of every child, taking into
consideration his health needs problems and interests.
 Promotion of safety consciousness among children.
 The awareness that disease has no bounds and so they should be prevented and
controlled effectively.
26
 The awareness of the co-operative efforts among schools, home and community in
health promotion.
ACTIVITY I
i. State two (2) definitions of Health Education
ii. Enumerate five (5) objectives of Health Education
4.0 SUMMARY
In unit I, you have learnt about the different definitions of Health Education. You have also
studied the objectives of Health Education.
5.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

i. State two definitions of Health Education
ii. Outline Five (5) objectives of Health Education
6.0 REFERENCE
Mohammed S., Suleiman, M.A., and Umar M., (2013). Handy Tabs on Health Education. Zaria:
Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited.
27
UNIT 2: HEALTH EDUCATION SERVICES

CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Health Education Services
3.2 School Health Education Services
4.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
School health programmer is aimed at helping school children in attaining optimal potential for
growth in physical mental emotional and educational development. The programmer has a two-
fold purpose one of providing and disseminating health knowledge and second, of improving the
health of school children.
School health programmer encompasses three major components namely;
i. School health services.
ii. Health promoting school environment.
iii. School health curriculum.
The school health services which are the focuses of this unit focus on the following:
Health appraisal: Periodic growth monitoring and medical examination.
 Immunization against common child hood diseases.
 Emergency care facilities for emergency medical care of children and first aid.
 Referral health services.
 Care of common illness.
 Follow-up if necessary to ensure that the child complies with the necessary advice.
The school should health committee recommended medical examination of children at the time
of entry and there after every four years. The initial examination consist of a through history
taking and physical examination of the child.
In the previous unit, you have learnt about the concept and objectives of Health Education. In
this unit, you are going to learn about Health Education Services and School Health Education
Services. This deals with the various services rendered in Health Education both in schools in
Nigeria and other parts of African countries.
28
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
i. Define Health Education Services
ii. State the meaning of School Health Education Services
iii. Explain the various types of Health Education Services
iv. List the types of Health Services rendered in the different communities in Nigeria
v. Explain the components of Health Education Services such as preventive services,
clinical services, curative services.
1. Go through this unit twice.
2. Note the important points and ideas.
3. Attempt the activities and assignment in this unit.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 HEALTH EDUCATION SERVICES
These are services offered by various organizations of the government including some agencies
at various levels to conserve, improve and supervised health needs of the body. Also health
education services are actions taken to diagnose, prescribe, treat and prevent diseases with the
community and nation as a whole. Health education services are medical attention given by
specialist to improve and develop the lives of these people.
3.2 SCHOOL HEALTH EDUCATION SERVICES
School health education services include all school activities and procedures designed to improve
the present health status of the children and school personnel e.g. Appraisal of student health,
improving, prevention and control of diseases, correction of physical defect, health guidance and
supervision of the child within the school premises.
Each states, federal government ministry of health, through the local government authority help
to keep the health of the nation under supervision. They provide infrastructure and facilities for
basic communities for the up keep of the public health. Certain services been rendered at each
levels of one government which may include;
a. Provision of good housing.
b. Provision of good roads.
29
c. Provision of portable water, sewage and refuse disposal, inspection of public places,
inspection of good food and eating places-such as other public restaurants, inspection of
slaughter houses (abattoirs), inspection of hospitals including clinic services, preventive
services and curative services.
Clinical Services
Clinical services include: government and private hospital where diseases are diagnosed and
treated in the areas. There are needs of regular health program for the enlightenment of the
masses or public on certain diseases or issues affecting their own health. There’s a need for easy
asset to obtain various information for the above services. There are officers to carry out or
manage these services e.g. Doctors etc. prevent the services method.
Preventive Services Method

These include education concerning prevailing health problem and method of preventing and
controlling them. Preventive services also include prevailing and controlling if locally endemic
and epidemic diseases. Preventive services include
Control of Communicable Diseases

Good hygiene environment.
Health education of the masses through lectures, seminars, conferences through the use of
various teaching aids such as posters, magazines and health related books.
Through examination programmes.
Through x-rays.
Through child and maternal clinics.
Production of statistics to deal with future matters, emergency care and first aid care.
Curative Service
This includes: government hospitals and private hospitals where diseases are treated (through
various tests).
ACTIVITY I
i. Define Health Education Services?
ii. State three Health Services rendered in the hospitals.
Health Education Services Being Rendered In Most Parts of The African Countries
Especially In Nigeria
30
Today in Nigeria we are most concerned with problems related to:

1. Chronic diseases, how to prevent them and control them. Other areas expanded by
immunization campaign against six communicable diseases e.g. malaria.
2. Endemic diseases e.g. eradicating guinea worm and river blindness and chronic diseases
such as; lung cancer, cancers, kidney problems.
3. Warning against aids-Told how aids kills.
4. Safety control on our road- oral rehydration therapy.
5. Promotion programme i.e. population control measures through rapid programmes.
6. Safety and high nutrition-family health.
7. Maternal and child health care services.
8. Occupational and industrial health services.
9. Dental health services.
10. Drug abuse and mental illness.
ACTIVITY II
i. State three Health Education services in the hospitals.
4.0 SUMMARY
You have learnt in the unit the concept of Health Education Services, the services rendered in the
hospitals and the communities in Nigeria and other parts of African countries.

1. Define the term Health Education Services.
2. Explain the following
a. Preventive service
b. Clinical service
c. Curative service
3. List five (5) Health Education Services rendered to the different communities in Nigeria.
31
UNIT 3: THE GOALS OF THE NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY

CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 The Goals of the National Health Policy
4.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
As the world continues to experience advances in technology, it is always hope that such feats
will lead to improvement in the quality of life of the people. The health of an individual is the
sum total of a number of factor ranging from environmental, socio-cultural, political, genetic and
behavioral, to health care delivery. At political independence, many developing countries, rather
take a holistic view about their health care services, decided to copy and build on systems
inherited from their colonial masters. Unfortunately, such systems did not adequately address the
health needs of the emerging nations as the social, cultural, technological and physical
environments were and are still different. With the down turn in their economics, these inherited
structure and system began to collapse.
In the last two and a half decades, many of the diseases that were thought to be declining and
those previously unknown have become major public health problems these are called by experts
in the field of health new and re-emerging diseases. Malaria for example is on the increase due to
resistance of the causative organisms (Plasmodium species) to chloroquine and some other anti-
malarias too, is drug resistant tuberculosis now on the increase in both developed and developing
nations of the world. In the mist of this misfortune, HIV/AIDS has visited mankind with its
heavy toll. The way out therefore is to review ways and means of ensuring that people lead
qualitative and rewarding lives through effective health education, information and
communication. The focus of the national health policy is the provision of health services to all
through the primary health care services. Ever one has the right to a standard of living adequate
for health and well-being of himself and his family.
This unit will acquaint you with knowledge about the goals for which National Health Policy
was established. This goal is based on the establishment of a comprehensive health care system
based on Primary Health Care.
32
2.0 OBJECTIVES
i. State the aims of the National Health Policy; and
ii. List the goals of National Health policy.

1. Read through or study this unit twice.
2. Take note of the important points and ideas in this unit.
3. Attempt the activities and assignment in the unit.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 THE GOALS OF THE NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY
The national health policy aims to achieve health for all Nigerians based on the national
philosophy on social justice and equity.
A health system based on primary health care (PHC) is adopted for the means of achieving the
goals, health for all by the year 2000.
The Goals (The 2nd Aims)
The goal of the national policy shall be to establish a comprehensive health care system based on
(PHC) i.e. promoting protective, preventive, restorative and rehabilitative to every citizens of the
country with the available resources so that individuals and communities are assumed of
productivity, social wellbeing and enjoyment of living.
The health services based on primary health care includes:
1. Education concerning prevailing problems and methods of preventive and controlling
them.
2. Promotion of food supply and people’s nutrition.
3. The adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitations.
4. Maternal and child health care including family planning. In this context, family planning
refers to services offered to people to educate them about family life and encourage them
to achieve their wishes with regard to preventing of
a. Unwanted pregnancy.
b. Securing desired pregnancy.
33
c. Spacing of pregnancy .
d. Limiting the size of the family in the interest of the family and socio economic
status. The method prescribed should be comfortable with their culture and
religious belief.
e. Immunization against the major infection diseases, prevention and control of
locally endemic and epidemic diseases as well as appropriate treatment of
common diseases and injuring, provision of efficient drugs and supply.
ACTIVITY I
i. State the aims of National Health Policy.
ii. List three (3) goals of the National Health Policy.
4.0 SUMMARY
In this unit, you have learnt about the goals of National Health Policy and the aims for which the
policy is established.

1. State the aims of National Health Policy.
2. Enumerate the goals of the National Health Policy.
34
UNIT 4: HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Health System Based on Primary Health Care
3.2 National Health Care System
4.0 Summary
6.0 Reference
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In many developing countries the organizations of health services reflects their political power
structure. This is however for administrative convenience through health care is commonly on
concurrent list. In Nigeria three levels of health care exists. They are: Primary, secondary and
tertiary levels.
This unit will acquaint you with information on Health system based on Primary Health care, the
National healthcare system and the three (3) tiers of Health Care system.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
i. State the objectives of Health Care system
ii. List the three (3) tiers of health care system
iii. Explain the functions of each tier of Health Care system.
1. Read this unit twice and take note of the important points and ideas.
2. Answer all the activities and assignment in this unit.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.1 HEALTH SYSTEM BASED ON PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
OBJECTIVES OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
1. Health system shall reflect the economic condition, socio cultural and political
characteristics of the communities as well as the application of the relevant result of
socio-medical, health system research and public health experiences.
35
2. Address the main problem of the community, providing, promoting, preventive, and
curative, rehabilitating services according.
3. Should involve in addition to the home sector all related health sectors and the inspectors
of state and community development particularly agriculture, animal husbandry, food
industry, education housing, public works communications, water supply and sanitation,
and other sectors that demand the co-ordination Ted effort of all sectors.
4. Promote maximum community and individual self-reliance and participation in the
planning organization, implementation and control state, federal government and other
available resources. The government/country should develop through appropriate
education and information for the ability of the community to participate in various
programmes.
3.2 NATIONAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

In the national health policy, it was agreed that the federal, state and local government should
support in coordination of the care system of health care essentials fitness of the system should
be comprehensive multi-sectional inputs, community involvement collaboration with non-
governmental sectors to provide health services to his peoples.
Primary Health Care Services (PHC)

This is the level nearest to where the people live and work. Primary health incorporates
preventive, promotive, rehabilitative and curative care with emphasis on prevention. Most
diseases responsible for morbidity and mortality in developing countries are preventable. If these
conditions are prevented in the first instance, many resources will be saved. For this conditions
are prevented in the first instance, many resources will be saved. For this level to thrive, the
communities must be involved in planning, implementation and evaluation of the system in line
with the Alma Ata Declaration which states that “the people have a right to participate
individually and collectively in the planning and implementation of their health care”. As a grass
root participatory care, this is often the responsibility of that level of government nearest to the
people e.g. the local government in Nigeria and district administration in most other African
countries. Traditional healers operate at this level so long as the people see them as being
socially relevant to their own development. With the development and export of Chinese
additional health care to the rest of the world, many developing countries are beginning to see
36
the foolishness in distancing themselves from their indigenous/traditional health care. Not all
aspects of traditional medicine are scientifically sound but what is required at this stage is the
promotion of the positive aspects of the practice in the spirit of self-reliance.
The level of sophistication at PHC level depends on the socioeconomic development of the
people. Primary health care seek to address the common health problems of the people. Health
care facilities at this level include dispensaries, health posts, clinics, health centers, and
comprehensive health centers, depending on the country.
Secondary Health Care System

The health system is made up of similar sub-systems, which are supposed to relate positively
with one another for the survival of the entire system. Conditions that cannot be successful
handled at the PHC level are supposed to be referred to the secondary level. The level of staffing
and equipping here is higher than at a OHC level. Secondary Health Care is mostly disease-
oriented and has facilities for out-patient and in-patient care covering various specialties like
surgery, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynaecology as well as paediatries. It has, in addition,
facilities for laboratory and x-ray related services. Health care facilities under this system are
hospital-oriented, varying from district to state and regional hospitals.
Secondary health care level is also involved in the training of health man power both for this
level and PHC. Other areas of support (both moral and technical) to PHC include:
i. Provision of dependable information on health for use by the communities and policy
makers since they have the facilities for disease diagnosis, treatment and documentation.
ii. Identify with primary health care to lead credibility to the system in view of the social
status and academic achievement of some functionaries.
iii. Promoting and organizing operational research aimed at problem solving especially at the
community level through the use of appropriate technology. Experience has shown
however that many cases seen at the secondary level ought to have been filtered out and
seen at the PHC facilities. This may be due to wrong planning and implementation of
health programmers or that the PHC system has not made itself adequately relevant to the
needs of the society.
37
Tertiary Health Care System

This is the apex and facilities belonging to this group including teaching and specialist hospitals.
Most are owned by the national Governments. While some concentrate on only one specialty
(e.g. orthopedics, psychiatry, ophthalmology etc.) others cover services in many fields. It is also
expected that cases that cannot be handled at secondary facilities be referred to these facilities for
specialized care. In addition, this level serves as training centers for high caliber manpower for
the health sector (e.g. doctors, pharmacist etc.). Many are affiliated to universities. This tertiary
level also promotes research activities because of the high level of academic output expected of
the system. Tertiary facilities also work closely with other research institutes, the industry, as
well as other national and international agencies.
Appropriate Supporting Service

There are incorporated into the development of this tertiary facilities, to provide effective
peripheral system selected centers are encouraged to developed special expertise in the advance,
modern technology, these by serving resources for evaluating and adopting this new
development in the content of local needs and opportunities.
ACTIVITY I
i. State two (2) objectives of healthcare system
ii. Enumerate the three (3) tiers of healthcare delivery system
iii. Explain the functions of primary health care system
4.0 SUMMARY
You have learnt in this unit the objectives of healthcare system and the functions of the three (3)
tiers of health care delivery system.

1. Explain three (3) objectives of healthcare system
2. List the three (3) tiers of healthcare system
3. Explain three functions of the tertiary healthcare system
6.0 REFERENCE
Paul, M.I and Walton, T.R (2004).Core Concept in Health. New York: The McGraw – Hill
Company.
38
UNIT 5: ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF HEALTH

CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Roles and Functions of Federal Ministry of Health
4.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In the previous unit, you have learnt about healthcare system and the functions of the three tiers
of healthcare delivery system. Today, you will learn about the roles and functions of the Federal
Ministry of Health in this unit 5.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
i. Explain the roles and functions of the Federal Ministry of Health
3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.1 ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF FEDERAL MINISTRY OF HEALTH
a. The federal ministry of health shall:
i. Take the necessary action to have this national healthy policy reviewed and adopted by
the federal government.
ii. Device a board strategy for giving effects to the national health policy through the
implementation by federal, state and local government on accordance with the provision
of the constitution;
iii. Submit from the approval of the federal government in board financial plan for giving
effect to the federal component of the health strategy;
iv. Formulate national health legislation as required, for the consideration of the federal
government.
39
v. Act as coordinating authority on all health work in the country on behalf of the federal
government, with a view to ensuring the implementation of this national health policy;
vi. Assess the country’s health situation and trends; undertake the related epidemiological
surveillance and report there onto government;
vii. Promote an informed public opinion on matters of health.
viii. Support state through the local government in developing strategies and plan of action to
give effect to this national health policy.
ix. Allocate federal resources in order to foster selected activities to be undertaken by states
and local government in implementing their health strategies.
x. Issue guidelines and principles to help states prepare, manage, monitor and evaluate their
strategies and related technical programmers, services and institutions;
xi. Define standards with respect to the delivery of health care, and monitor and ensure
compliance with them by all concerned health technology, including equipment, supplies,
drugs, biological product and vaccines, in conformity with WHO’s standards, the human
environment; and education, training, licensing and ethical practice of different categories
of health workers.
xii. Promote cooperation among scientific and professional groups as well as non-
governmental organization in order to attain the goals of this policy.
xiii. Monitor and evaluate the implementation of this national health policy on behalf of
governmental and repot to it on the findings;
b. International Health: Federal ministry of health shall set up an effective mechanism for
the co-ordination of external cooperation in health and for monitoring the performance of
the various activities, this national health policy shall be directed toward:-
i. Ensure technical cooperation on health with other nations of the region and the world at
large.
ii. Ensure the sharing of relevant information on health for improvement of international
health.
iii. Ensuring cooperation in international control of narcotic and psychotic substances;
iv. Collaboration with united nations agencies, organizations of African unity, west African
health community and other international agencies on bilateral and/or regional and global
40
health care improvement strategies without sacrificing the initiative of nation, community
and existing arrangements;
v. Sharing of training and research facilities and the coordination of major intervention
programme for the control of communicable disease.
ACTIVITY I
i. Explain five (5) roles and functions of the Federal Ministry of Health
4.0 SUMMARY
You have learnt about the roles and functions of the Federal Ministry of Health in the
implementation and progress of the health policy in Nigeria.

1. State and explain five (5) roles played by the Federal Ministry of Health in the
implementation and progress of Health policy in Nigeria citing relevant examples.
41
UNIT 6: COMMUNITY BASED HEALTH AND EXTENSION SERVICES

CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Community Based Health Services
3.2 Extension Services
3.3 Functions of the Public Health Inspectors
4.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
You will learn about the concept of community base services extension services and the
functions of the public health inspectors in this unit.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
i. Explain the concept of community based health services
ii. List the roles of community health centers.
iii. State the functions of the extension services to the people
iv. Enumerate functions of the public health inspectors
3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.1 COMMUNITY BASED HEALTH SERVICES
This health services are part of community provision for improvement of the life and
development of their people. Community health education is specially a matter of working with
organizations voluntary, bodies, and groups.
The need to carry out any programme should be established before embarking on such
programme. In the case of community health programme, there are certain things that need to be
done to ensure adequate planning and its implementation. These things include:
42
1. Community Diagnosis
Community diagnosis include collecting information essential for planning; such
information as the community needs (including health needs), vital and social statistics of
the disease or condition including age groups involved, geographical and climatic factors.
2. Prioritization of the Community health needs
It is important to note that community health needs may not necessarily be the same as
authority health needs in terms of priority. However, where the community health need is
the same as authority health need, such programme is likely to succeed.
3. Establishing Objectives
Objectives should be defined in terms of short range and long range goals. Objectives
may be stating
a. exactly what specific information the public should acquire (e.g. mode of
transmission of guinea worm)
b. what micro conceptions will need to be corrected (e.g. that malaria is caused by
evil spirit)
c. What specific attitude should be developed (e.g. indiscriminate defeation should
be avoided)
d. what actions of the people are desired either as individuals, families or
community groups (e.g. need for participation).
4. Assessing the barriers to the health programme and how they may be overcome
a. Other interests than health e.g. people are concerned with roads, agriculture,
animal husbandry, schools etc.
b. Community barriers e.g. language differences, literacy
c. Geographical isolation e.g. people far removed from centres of health services,
surrounded by mountains or water etc.
d. Capacity and economic ability of people to take the necessary action e.g. do they
have funds to obtain necessary food to improve nutrition and sanitation, can they
afford to buy the necessary drugs etc.?
e. Community’s attitude toward programmes simulated or initiated by personnel
from outside the community e.g. do the people see government programmes as a
43
way to take their land, to impose taxes, are they willing to take on the additional
responsibility required etc.
5. Appraising Apparent and Potential Resources e.g. their organizations, personnel,
material and funds
a. Organizations
i. The official health ministries, departments and authorities at all levels,
directly responsible for health improvements.
ii. Other official agencies of government such as ministries of education,
agriculture.
iii. The voluntary health agencies with an expressed interest in contributing in
one way or another to the health of the people
b. Personnel
i. Those in communication with the people e.g. community or village
leaders, school teachers, religious leaders, agriculture extension workers
etc. who can help to transmit health information and encourage action.
c. Material and equipment for the educational phase of the programmer
i. Locally available resources and supplies e.g. cooking utensils, model
latrines, hand washing facilities etc.
ii. Mass informational resources – newspapers, radio, television and what
proportion of population are reached through these media.
iii. Educational aids – pamphlets, posters, flannel, graphs etc.
iv. Transport to reach the people – are vehicles available
d. The Funds
i. Amount available from the official agency;
ii. Amount that may be contributed by other organizations and agencies
iii. Amount that the people are willing and able to make available either as
individual or collectively.
6. Evaluation
Evaluation should be an integral aspect of a health programme. It must be planned and
planned with all other parts of a programme.
44
Evaluation is an effort to learn what changes take place during and after an action
programme and what part of those changes can be attributed to the programme. The
American public health association defines evaluation as a process of determining the
value or amount of success in achieving a predetermined objective.
Purpose of Evaluation
We evaluate to aid future planning and to improve programs. To add to the body of
knowledge upon which our work is based. We evaluate to help achieve operational
efficiency and related to this, to obtain administrative support, community support, even
financial support. We evaluate for reasons associated with motivations to give staff and
volunteers satisfaction and a sense of success.
7. Developing detailed plan of operations

It is important to note that only on the basis of the essential facts the problem, the people,
the resources, the possible barriers to the programme, a clear statement of objectives and
method of evaluation could detailed plan for the health programme be made, which is
necessary for securing the active participation of the people. In any community health
programme, it is important to involve the community at each stage of the planning. This
will enhance community participation.
The community health services are also controlled by local and state governments sometimes.
The community provides facilities and infrastructure and levels the governments to commission
and run those or various programmes or projects. Health centers setup by the community some of
the epidemic project are joint grand’s agents by the state and local government. Some of the
roles at this level e.g. setup for epidemic are:
1. To treat minor cases of illness and injuries
2. Treatment of minor accidents
3. Giving health counseling
4. Immunization treatments of pregnant women
5. Treatment of C.D
3.2 EXTENSION SERVICES
Functions of the public health services
45
1. The public health authority ensures that adequate and good water is supplied to all
citizens.
2. Refuse disposal: authority provides vans for conveying refuse to incinerator burnt and
destroy it/bury it.
3. To control housing conditions.
4. Control of injection diseases by administering immunization or vaccination.
5. Register birth and death in the hospital
6. Report to world health organization of an outbreak of diseases with community.
7. Promote health education by various mean e.g. various media
8. Provide guaranty services like burden checking for both animal and human beings
9. Send laboratory laborers to clean the streets, tiding market places motor parks and collect
waste materials into dustbins.
10. Approves plan for houses before built and inspect to see that builders comply with the
specification.
11. Inspect amateur i.e. the veterinary doctor of the anty and supply satisfy that any
slangteredanane sound before it is being sold to the public.
12. Issue health certificates – it could be birth or death
13. They disinfect public houses/latrine.
3.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH INSPECTORS

a) House inspection to discover whether there’s over crowdedness in the area.
b) The drainage system is adequate
c) Whether refuse disposal is adequate
d) Find out the general sanitary conditions of the surroundings (ditches) mosquitoes,
breading places or areas to ensure cleanliness and main hygienic conditions.
e) They inspect water supply purity
f) The advice the community, insect, pest vectors.
g) Inspect hotels
h) Inspect various parts such as land seat and to make sure that passengers coming in to the
country possess valid certificate.
46
ACTIVITY I
i. What is community based health services?
ii. Explain the functions of the community health services to the people in Nigerian
communities.
iii. List four (4) roles of the community extension services.
4.0 SUMMARY
You have learnt in this unit the roles and functions of the community extension services and the
functions of the public health inspectors in Nigerian communities.

Outline and discuss five (5) functions of the community health inspectors in Nigeria.
47
UNIT 7: ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 World Health Organization and Their Functions
3.2 Progress Made So Far In the Area Of Health Sanitation
4.0 Summary
6.0 Reference
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In this unit, you will learn about the roles and functions of the International Organizations with
specific attention on World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children
Emergency Fund (UNICEF). The WHO and UNICEF are international organization aimed at
assisting both developed and developing nations of the world in health promotion, guidance and
development, particularly the health and wellbeing of both old, young, children, pregnant and
nursing mothers. They also focus on disease control, prevention and research development.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
i. state the roles, functions and objectives of the WHO and UNICEF,
ii. enumerate the progress made in the areas of immunization, health sanitation and children
health and welfare.
3. Avoid looking at the answers in this unit before attempting the exercise.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.1 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
A voluntary organization which has the following functions as highlighted by Piyush (2010):
1. To prevent international spread of disease.
2. Supply medical information gained from researches to member states.
48
3. Train medical personnel.

4. Coordinate international health activities.
5. Coordinate international health activities.
6. Hey help fight major diseases.
7. They promote maternal and child health internationally.
8. They advice and gave assistance to member states for improving sanitation and water
supply.
9. Promote mental health and human treatment of mental health.
10. They provide epidemic warning.
11. Standardization of drugs.
12. They provide guarantee regulation.
13. The supply literatures on researches done in the various areas of health.
14. They also coordinate researches on EPI, AIDS e.tc.
15. Provide health statistics in the area of health.
16. Give advice and aids on individuals, government require the study of specific diseases as
well as aids in injecting their health services.
17. They provide guaranteeing regulations.
18. Provision of standardization of drugs.
19. They provides health statistics to the areas of health.
20. They also coordinate researches on EPI (Expanded programmes on Immunization) and
AIDs.
3.2 PROGRESS MADE SO FAR IN THE AREA OF HEALTH SANITATION
Health education services in Nigeria has contributed to building up the health workers
throughout the country in an effort to overcome problem of diseases. Through health services
made great effort in training of staff medical doctor, technical doctor e.t.c. is creating necessary
equipment and developing district or local government communities and research centres had
been setup for control of infectus and paractus diseases.
Progress Made In the Area of Immunization

 Environmental sanitation (the various campaign of keeping our environment clean).
 A centre respiratory infection.
 Malaria and veneral diseases.
49
 Family planning malnutrition e.g. due to multiplication of tomatoes, beans e.t.c. in our
market.
 Public health services centres or units have been set up in various levels of governments.
 Drug enforcement area (illegal drug use, trafficking, and control of drug) area of material
are not much dying of children rather having healthy babies.
Areas of Weakness in Immunization
1. Inadequate finding and poor management have reduced medical services to a stage of
paralysis in the health sectors from the primary health care level to the secondary health
care to the apex-the tertiary.
2. Individual man power.
3. Lack of basic facilities.
4. Inability to replace absolute and broken equipment.
The 3-4 billion allocated to the health sectors (about 2% of the total budget against the
world health organization recommendation of 5%) which are inadequate in meeting the
health care delivery ratio is one of highest in Africa.
Material death rate is one of highest in Africa and the world at large with 800 deaths per
100,000 we are now in the same league or sometimes lacking behind poorer nations.
Drugs which were better to the eradication or credibility of health care services
frequently in short supply.
UNICEF: United National Children Emergency Fund: (An International Organization)

Objectives
1. Deal with children problems.
2. It supplies agencies concerned with health and welfare of children and mother.
Functions of UNICEF
1. It supports activities and drugs in rural areas on health.
2. Supports diseases control out cases.
3. Provides various equipment for children schools.
4. Provides free milk to hospitals for infants and their mothers.
5. They also train mid-wives.
6. They provide ensure proper health conditions for mother and baby.
7. Provision of drugs and good food supply.
50
ACTIVITY I
i. Write the full meaning of:
a. WHO
b. UNICEF
ii. Outline the roles and functions of:
a. WHO
b. UNICEF
iii. Explain the profess made by WHO in the areas of immunization.
4.0 SUMMARY
You have learnt about the roles and functions of the WHO and UNICEF, their activities and
progresses made in the areas of health development, immunization and child welfare in both
developed and the developing nations of the world.
5.0 ASSIGNMENT
1. Discuss the progresses made by WHO in the area of immunization.
2. Write out the roles and functions of
a. WHO
b. UNICEF
6.0 REFERENCE
Piyush, G. (2010). Textbook on Preventive and Social Medicine. 3rd. India: Satish Kumar Jain
Publishers, New Delhi – 110002.
51
UNIT 8: OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Objectives and Principles of Health Education
3.2 Principles of Health Education
4.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
You will learn in this unit the objectives and principles of Health Education
2.0 OBJECTIVES
i. state the objectives,
ii. explain the concept “principles of Health Education”.

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.1 OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
Objectives of Health Education
1. To apply the scientific knowledge to ensure good health.
2. To understand the components of good mental health and the reaction of mental health to
physical wellbeing.
3. To achieve a basic understanding of safe living and the application of the principles of
safe behaviour in all situations.
4. To understand the scientific facts essential for maintaining a strong and disease resisting
body.
52
5. The practice of sound habit for healthy living.

The individual objective of behaviour and actions are:
a) To develop correct attitude and habits or practice based upon knowledge.
b) To recognize that health is the joint responsibility of the individuals and the community.
3.2 PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION

1. Health education is concerned with daily living as it affects the family and the
community in which we live. In other words, health education must not only relate to the
familiar happenings of child’s life but also have meaning.
2. The needs and interest of the children based on their growth and development and
background are guided to health education.
3. Health education should as far as it is possible be positive in approach for this will ensure
proper guidance to the child taught. While it is suggested that teachers should avoid
moralizing about health matters. Children defiantly need guidance relative to their
practice.
4. Develop appropriate incentive for healthful living and should be used at the appropriate
level-children have the desire and anxiety to grow-belong to a group.
 It promotes healthful living attitudes, behaviours, motivation.
 This includes being assigned duty.
ACTIVITY I
i. State five (5) objectives of Health Education.
ii. Explain four (4) principles of Health Education.
4.0 SUMMARY
You have studied in this unit the objectives and principles guiding health education.

1. State and explain five (5) principles of health education for best practices.
2. Discuss two (2) objectives of health education.
53
6.0 REFERENCE
Piyush, G. (2010). Textbook on Preventive and Social Medicine. 3rd. India: Satish Kumar Jain
Publishers, New Delhi – 110002.
54
UNIT 9: ROLES OF THE STATE AND LOCAL MINISTRY OF HEALTH

CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Role of State Ministry of Health
3.2 Rules and Functions of the Local Government
4.0 Summary
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In this unit, you will learn about the roles of the states and local government ministry of health in
Nigeria.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
i. State and explain the roles of state ministry of health
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 ROLE OF STATE MINISTRY OF HEALTH
a. The state ministries of health shall be strengthened so that they become the directing and
coordinating authority on health work within the state.
b. Ensuring political commitment:
1. The ministries of health shall direct activities according to the strategy for health
and co-ordinate them on behalf of the government.
2. The ministries of health shall take initiatives to ensure the commitment of their
government as a whole to the realization of this national health policy as adopted
by all governments of the federation.
In addition, on behalf of the state governments, they shall make efforts to ensure the support of
public figures and bodies as appropriate, such as political, religious, trade union and civic
55
leaders, and influential non-governmental organizations. They shall mobilize popular support by
involving individuals and families in their own health care and by involving them collectively in
technical and financial community action for primary health care.
3. The ministries of health shall propose to their government’s appropriate
mechanism for ensuring the action required in all relevant social and economic
sectors, such as inter-ministerial communities and multi-sectoral state health
committees.
4. The ministries of health shall advise on the introduction of health reforms and
enabling legislations as necessary, for example, to define the right and obligations
of people concerning their health as well as those of various categories of health
workers and institution to protect people from environmental hazards; and to
permit communities to develop and manage their health and related social
programmers and services. Care should be taken to avoid protracted deliberations
on legislation as a substitute for action, and to ensure that people understand the
nature of the legislation and approve of it.
c. Ensuring economics support
i. Ministries of health shall seize all opportunities of gaining the support of economic
planners and institutions, by convincing them that health is essential for development,
and that it contributes to production, and by refuting the contention that the pursuit of
health consist merely In the consumption of scarce resources of marginally useful
medical care that has limited impact on the health of people.
ii. Ministries of health shall also display vigilance, employing specialized personnel if
necessary, in order to ensure that health needs and protective measures are made integral
parts of development projects, taking account of cost-effectiveness; for example, in
irrigation schemes, dams and industrial development projects.
d. Winning over professional groups: to ensure the support of the health professionals,
ministries of health shall consider ways of involving them in the practice of primary
health area and in providing support and guidance to communities and community health
workers. To this end they shall approach the health and health related professional
organizations providing them with information holding dialogues with them, impressing
56
upon them their social responsibilities and indicating how they can best discharge these
responsibilities. They shall also consider ways of providing tangible incentives.
e. Establishing a managerial process: ministries of health shall establish systematic
permanent managerial process for health development.
f. Public information and education:
i. Ministries of health shall assume a highly captive role in disseminating the kind of
information that can influence various target audiences. Thus statements on aims and
potential socio-economic benefits of the state health strategy as well as progress reports
on its implementation shall be disseminated to the public.
ii. Ministries of health in collaboration with local governments shall promote health
education activities through health personnel and the mass, media and in educational
institutions of all types, with the aim of enlightening the whole population on good
maintenance, the prevailing health problems in their state and community and on the
most appropriate methods of preventing and controlling them.
g. Financial and material resources: Just as the successful implementation of the state health
strategy shall mean mobilizing all possible human resources, shall also depend on
mobilizing all possible financial and materials resources. This implies first of all making
the most efficient use of existing resources. At the same time additional resources shall
undoubtedly have to be generated.
In this context, Ministries of health shall:
i. Review the distribution of the state resources from all sources with particular
reference to primary health care vis-à-vis secondary and tertiary level, urban versus
rural areas, and to specific under-served groups.
ii. Including an analysis of needs in terms of costs and materials in all consideration of
health technology and of the establishment and maintenance of the health
infrastructure.
iii. Reallocate these resources as equitable as possible or, at least allocate any additional
resources for the provision of primary health center, particularly for under derved
population groups.
57
iv. Consider the benefits of various health programmers in relation to the cost, as well as
the effectiveness of different technologies and different ways of organizing the health
system in relation to cost.
v. Estimate the order of the magnitude of the total financial needs to implement the state
health strategy.
vi. Attempt to secure additional resources for the strategy if necessary, having shown
they have made the best possible use of existing funds.
vii. Identify activities that might attract external support and federal government
assistance.
viii. Present to their government a master plan for the use of all financial and material
resources, including for example governmental direct and indirect financing, social
security and health insurance scheme; local community solutions in terms of energy,
labour, materials and cash; individual payments for services, and the use for grants.
h. Inter-sectoral action: ministries of health have an important role in stimulating and

coordinating action development, in particular agriculture, animal husbandry, food,
industry, education, housing, water supply, sanitation, communication, social
development and non-governmental agencies.
i. Ministries of health shall approach other sector with a view to motivating them to take
action in specific fields.
ii. Ministries of planning, finance and agriculture approached as appropriate, with a view
to reaching a popular balance between food crops and cash cops;
iii. The agriculture and housing and public works sectors shall be approached with the
respect to the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation;
iv. Planning and development ministries shall be approached to ensure that proper
attention is given to health aspects of development schemes, such as the prevention of
certain parasitic diseases.
v. The education and cultural sectors shall be asked to participate in wide ranging health
education activities in communities, schools, and other educational institutions;
vi. Those responsible for public works and communications shall be requested to facilitate
the provision of primary health care, through improved communication, particularly
for dispersed population;
58
vii. Assess to the mass media shall be facilitated through ministries on information and the
like;
viii. The industrial sector shall be made aware of the measures required to protect the
environment from pollution and to prevent occupational diseases and injuries.
ix. The industrial sector shall also be requested, as the need arises, to consider the
possibility of establishing industries for essential foods and drugs.
i Coordination within the health sector: To achieve coordination within the health
sector ministries of health shall pay attention to following:
i. Collaboration between the various health services and institutions following
arrangement on allocation of responsibilities in order to make the most efficient use
of resources. These includes services and institutions belonging to government, the
private sector, non-governmental and voluntary in the health sector as well as
women’s youth organizations;
ii. Collaborations between the various levels of the health system following agreement
on the distribution of functions and resources.
iii. Collaboration within and among the various categories of health workers following
agreement on the division of labor.
j. Organizing primary health care in communities: In order to facilitate intersectoral
collaboration, primary health care shall be organized taking account of administrative
boundaries. Communities shall be helped to organize themselves, and responsibility,
authority, and appropriate budgets shall be delegated to them. The ministries of health
shall provide guidelines and practical support as necessary to those communities that
organize their own primary health care.
k. Referral system:
i. Ministries of health shall review the functions, the mechanism and institution in the
health and related sectors, particularly at the first referral level, and shall motivate staff
and retrain them as necessary to provide support and guidance to communities and
community health workers;
ii. Ministries of health shall develop a system of referral of patients and problems so that the
first referral level is not overloaded with problems that could be dealt with by primary
59
health care in the community, and so that patients and problems are referred to those who
sent them, accompanied by information on action taken and guidance for further action;
iii. Ministries of health shall review transport and communication facilities together with
local authorities and representatives of the other ministries concerned, to permit the
referral systems to function efficiently.
l. Logistics system: Ministries of health shall review their logistic system to ensure regular
and timely distribution of supplies and equipment, as well as the availability of transport
and its maintenance starting with facilities in communities and working centrally through
intermediate to the peripherals.
m. Health Manpower:
i. State ministries of Health, in collaboration with the federal ministry of health and
their ministries and educational bodies concerned, shall ensure the education and
training of health man power to perform functions that are relevant to the country’s
priority health problems.
ii. Ministries of health and other ministries concerned. For example, education, culture.
Labor, finance and public administration, shall take steps to ensure that health
workers are socially motivated and provided with necessary incentives to serve rural
communities.
n. Health Care Facilities:
i. Ministries of health together with ministries of local government and public works, shall
review the distribution of existing health care facilities run by the state and local
governments as well as other public, private and voluntary bodies, and shall continually
update state master plans of requirement for health centers, clinics and for the first
referral hospitals, accessibility to those most in need shall be the foundation of the health
master plans.
ii. Ministries of health shall review the functions, staffing, planning, design, equipment,
organization and management of health centers, clinics and first referral hospitals in order
to prepare them for their wider function in support of primary health care. Before
investing in building, the cost of running them shall be carefully considered.
o. Priority Health programmes ministries oh health shall identified priority health
programmers in the light of the essential programmer elements of primary health care and
60
epidermiological situation in the state, and shall ensure that the delivery of those
programmers is given top priority by all concerned.
p. Health technology ministries of health shall make a systematic assessment of the health
technology being considered for use in each priority programme with the aim of applying
technology that is appropriate for the country or the state concerned.
3.2 RULES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

a. The constitution assigns to local government councils certain functions which are
essential elements of primary health care environmental sanitation provision and
maintenance of health services as well as the provision and maintenance of primary
education.
b. With the general guidance, support and technical supervision of state health ministries,
under local government council shall design and implement strategies to discharge the
responsibilities assigned to them under the constitution, and to meet the health needs of
the local community.
c. Motivation of the community: The local government council shall elicts the support of
formal and informal leaders, traditional chiefs, religious and cultural organizations as
well as other influential persons and groups in support of community action for health.
d. Local Strategy for Health: The local government health authorities shall:
i. Determine how best to provide the essential elements of primary health.
ii. Identify for each priority programmer the activities to be carried out by
individuals and families, by the communities, by the health service and by other
sectors.
iii. Identify the support action required for each components of the programmer.
iv. Provide relevant health information to the people on such matters as personal
hygiene, environmental sanitation, and such matters where a change in the life
style of the people can have significant impact on their health status.
v. Design and operate mechanisms for involving the communities in the critical
decisions about the health services.
vi. Mobilize resources to support the health programme. This shall include the use of
voluntary effort and other traditional methods of achieving community goals.
61
vii. Ensure that the essential infrastructures for the primary health care programmes
are available and well maintained with regard to physical facilities the emphasis
should be on making sure that they meet the requirements for providing services
but are not overly elaborate to the point where their maintenance constitutes a
drain on resources.
viii. Collect relevant data about the health resources, the health status of the
community and about their health behaviour including the utilization of health
services such data shall form the basis of the information of the local health
service.
ACTIVITY I
i. Discuss the roles of state ministry of Health.
4.0 SUMMARY
You have learnt in this unit the various roles of the federal and states ministry of health in
Nigeria.
i. State and discuss five (5) roles of the federal ministry of health.
ii. Discuss three (3) major roles of the local government ministry of health in Nigeria.
62
UNIT 10: CONSOLIDATION

In unit I, you have learnt about the different definitions of Health Education. You have also
studied the objectives of Health Education.
Unit II discussed the concept of Health Education Services, the services rendered in the
hospitals and the communities in Nigeria and other parts of African countries.
Unit III taught the goals of National Health Policy and the aims for which the policy is
established.
Unit IV dealt with the objectives of healthcare system and the functions of the three (3) tiers of
health care delivery system.
You have also studied about the roles and functions of the Federal Ministry of Health in the
implementation and progress of the health policy in Nigeria in unit V.
You have learnt in unit VI about the roles and functions of the community extension services
and the functions of public health inspectors in Nigerian communities.
You have learnt in unit VII about the roles and functions of the WHO and UNICEF, their
activities and progresses made in the areas of health development, immunization and child
welfare in both developed and the developing nations of the world.
You have studied in unit VIII the objectives and principles guiding health education.
You have learnt in unit IX the various roles of the federal and states ministry of health in
Nigeria.
Answers were provided for the activities under each unit.
63

PHE-113

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHE-113

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHE-113

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHE 113 Introduction to Health Education

INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH EDUCATION

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.2 OBJECTIVES OF HEALTH EDUCATION

5.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

UNIT 2: HEALTH EDUCATION SERVICES

Preventive Services Method

Control of Communicable Diseases

Today in Nigeria we are most concerned with problems related to:

5.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

UNIT 3: THE GOALS OF THE NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY

2.1 HOW TO STUDY THIS UNIT

5.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

UNIT 4: HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.2 NATIONAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

Primary Health Care Services (PHC)

Secondary Health Care System

Tertiary Health Care System

Appropriate Supporting Service

5.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

UNIT 5: ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF HEALTH

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

5.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

UNIT 6: COMMUNITY BASED HEALTH AND EXTENSION SERVICES

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

7. Developing detailed plan of operations

3.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH INSPECTORS

5.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

UNIT 7: ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3. Train medical personnel.

Progress Made In the Area of Immunization

UNICEF: United National Children Emergency Fund: (An International Organization)

UNIT 8: OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION

2.1 HOW TO STUDY THIS UNIT

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

5. The practice of sound habit for healthy living.

3.2 PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION

5.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

UNIT 9: ROLES OF THE STATE AND LOCAL MINISTRY OF HEALTH

h. Inter-sectoral action: ministries of health have an important role in stimulating and

3.2 RULES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

UNIT 10: CONSOLIDATION

You might also like