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e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ|5
1. Enayet, 1982: 69
2. Black, 2011: 282-289
3. Hourani, 1983: 75; Black, 2011: 283; Tamimi, 1997
4. Landau, 1994: 320; Black, 2011: 293
5. Bowering, 2015: 16
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cyuwRev` BZ¨vw` MÖnY K‡iwQj, Zv‡`i wZwb Rv‡nwjqvZ e‡j m‡¤^vab K‡iwQ‡jb|9 gI`~`x,
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Bmjvgcwš’‡`i GB ZvwË¡K µgweKv‡ki cvkvcvwk c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k †ek wKQz ivR‰bwZK
cU cwieZ©b Bmjvgcwš’‡`i AviI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© K‡i †Zv‡j| we‡klZ, c„w_exi cÖvq mKj
gymwjg †`‡k Bmjvwg ivR‰bwZK `j wKsev Av‡›`vjb cÖwZwôZ nq Ges ¯^fveZB w`b w`b

6. Rahman, 2020
7. Mitchell, 1969: 233; Black, 2011: 307
8. Black, 2011: 308
9. Bowering, 2015: 21; Black, 2011: 309; Moussalli, 1992: 36-37
Zv‡`i RbwcÖqZv e„w×i welqwU cÖwZwôZ kw³‡K P¨v‡j‡Äi gy‡LvgywL K‡i| GiB Ask wn‡m‡e
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bvbv cÖ‡kœi m„wó K‡i| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv A¨vKv‡Wwgwkqvb I ZvwË¡Kiv GB Awf‡hvM mvg‡b wb‡q
Av‡mb, Bmjvgcwš’iv Av`‡Z wkqv‡`i g‡Zv GKwU (Hkx) ivóª cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z Pvq| wKš‘
mgmvgwqK mKj BmjvwgK ZvwË¡KB GB Awf‡hvM bvKP K‡i‡Qb; we‡kl K‡i BDmyd Avj
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†ek wKQz mgmvgwqK M‡elKMY Bmjvwg ivóª‡K Bmjv‡gi K¬vwmK¨vj ivóª Z_v wLjvd‡Zi mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| †hgbÑgynv¤§v` Avmv` (1980) Bmjv‡g ivóª I miKv‡ii
g~jbxwZ (The Principles of state and government in Islam) bvgK eB
wj‡L‡Qb, hv Bmjvwg iv‡óªi mgmvgwqK ZvwË¡K wfwËi Ici Ab¨Zg GKwU iPbv| g~jZ GB
eBwU we‡kl GKwU D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L †jLv n‡qwQj| wZwb cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii Aax‡b
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1961 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ|
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I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ wbR¯^ g~jbxwZ MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv, eZ©gv‡b gymwjg †`k¸‡jv
mvgªvR¨ev`x‡`i †_‡K ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i‡Q Ges GLb `iKvi wbR¯^ cwjwm wb‡q mvg‡b
GwM‡q hvIqv|10 GB `„wófw½ mvg‡b †i‡L wZwb Bmjvwg iv‡óªi c‡¶ hyw³ Zz‡j a‡ib|
Zuvi g‡ZÑBmjvwg ivóª nIqvi Rb¨ msweavwbKfv‡e Bmjvwg ivóª bvgKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb †bB;
eis Bmjv‡gi mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK welqvw` cÖeZ©b Kiv `iKvi| AviI A‡bK
Bmjvgcwš’‡`i g‡Zv wZwbI Bmjvg I ivRbxwZ GKB Ges kwiqvn gvbyl‡K mwVK c‡_i
w`‡K cwiPvwjZ K‡i e‡j gZvgZ w`‡q‡Qb|11 Avmv` mKj †cÖ¶vcU †_‡KB †mKz¨jvi iv‡óªi

10. Asad, 1980: 1

11. Asad; 1980: 2-3
we‡ivax wQ‡jb| KviY, Gi fv‡jv I Lvivc Ges mwVK I †ewV‡Ki gv‡S cv_©K¨ Kivi g‡Zv
w¯’wZkxj †Kv‡bv wbqgKvbyb (Norms) †bB; eis RbM‡Yi B”QvB GLv‡b me| Aciw`‡K
Bmjv‡g i‡q‡Q wKQz ¯’vqx ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva|
nvwg` Gbv‡q‡Zi (1982) AvaywbK Bmjvwg ivR‰bwZK ZË¡ (Modern Islamic
Political Thought) G wel‡q Av‡iKwU †gŠwjK iPbv| wZwb mywbœ-wkqv `yB ZË¡ †_‡KB
AvaywbK iv‡óªi aviYv¸‡jv Z_v RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, MYZš¿ BZ¨vw` Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb;
hw`I wZwb Bmjvgcwš’‡`i Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wØgZ †cvlY K‡iwQ‡jb| †hgbUv wZwb
hyw³ Zz‡j a‡ibÑ
ÔBmjvwg ms¯‹…wZ‡Z ag© I ivRbxwZ GKxKi‡Yi Av‡iKwU fzj aviYv
n‡jvÑgymjgvb‡`i mKj ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ I cÖwZôv‡bi e¨vcv‡i ag©xq `„wófw½
i‡q‡QÑGB wPšÍv jvjb Kiv; GgbKx HwZnvwmK ev¯ÍeZv¸‡jvi †ÿ‡ÎI| hw`I
ev¯Í‡e n‡q‡Q Gi wecixZÑAwaKvsk gymwjg Zv‡`i BwZnv‡mi e„nr mgqwU‡Z
Av`‡Z Ggb kvmbe¨e¯’vi Aax‡b emevm K‡i‡Q, hv Lye KgB Bmjvwg g~j¨‡ev‡ai
av‡i Kv‡Q wQj Ges kwiqvn‡K Zviv ïay wek¦vmx‡`i (gymwjg‡`i) †Pv‡L ˆeaZv
cvIqvi Rb¨B a‡i ivLZ|Õ12
A¨vš’wb eøv‡Ki (2001) Bmjvwg ivR‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡i BwZnvm (The History of Islamic
Political Thought) Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© iPbv| wZwb ÔK¬vwmK¨vj Bmjvwg ivóªÕ Z_v
ivRbxwZi mv‡_ mgmvgwqK Bmjvgcwš’‡`i wPšÍvaviv‡K †gjv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| wZwb Awf‡hvM
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Bmjvg gvby‡li Rxe‡bi e¨vL¨v Kivi GKwU kw³kvjx gva¨g, †mUv AZx‡ZB †nvK wKsev
eZ©gv‡b|13
d¨vìg¨vb Zvi eB Bmjvwg iv‡óªi cZb I DÌvb (The Fall and Rise of The Islamic
State)-G Gfv‡e hyw³ Zz‡j a‡ib, AvR‡Ki Bmjvwg ivóª wb‡q GB weZ‡K©i g~j KviY,
Av`‡Z Gi †Kv‡bv g‡Wj eZ©gvb we‡k¦ Dcw¯’Z bv _vKv| wZwb Bmjvgcwš’‡`i Bmjvwg
iv‡óªi aviYv‡K Gfv‡eB msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡QbÑ
ÔBmjvgcwš’iv K¬vwmK¨vj Bmjvwg iv‡óªi g‡Zv kwiqvnwfwËK Bmjvwg iv‡óªi aviYv
KvíwbK Ges wKQz wKQz †¶‡Î ev¯Íe A‡_© Zz‡j a‡i, hv g~jZ AwaKvsk mg‡q wQj
GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vi Aaxb| Z‡e G ai‡bi kvmbe¨e¯’v cybiæÌv‡bi
AvnŸvb g~jZ Av‡Mi kvmb¸‡jvi mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i †givgZ Kiv, GKwU
kwiqvnwfwËK mgvR Ges miKvie¨e¯’v cÖwZôvi AvnŸvb|14Õ
12. Enayet, 1982: 1
13. Black, 2001: xvi
14. Feldman, 2008: 112-113
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n‡jvÑivRbxwZ I a‡g©i GKwU wePvwiK HwZn¨MZ (Juridic Tradition) m¤úK©|
wKš‘ ZLb †_‡KB GwU GKwU digvj Ges wm¤^wjK m¤ú‡K© cwiYZ n‡Z ïiæ
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ms‡hvM Ki‡Z Pvq, hv‡Z ivRbxwZ nq a‡g©i Aaxb; †hgbUv HwZnvwmKfv‡e we`¨gvb
wQj|Õ15
GB ZvwË¡K‡`i †jLvwjwLi cvkvcvwk nvjøvK wfbœ GK †cÖ¶vcU †_‡K Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|
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© M„nxZ `„óvšÍg~jK c`‡¶c wQj|17
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15. Ayubi, 1991: 2

16. Hallaq, 2013: 7
17. Hallaq, 2013: 7
18. Bülbül 2020b: 258
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cybR©vMiY Qvov Bmjv‡gi cybR©vMiY m¤¢e bq|Õ †ebbvwe‡K g‡b Kiv nq eZ©gvb mg‡qi
Be‡b Lvj`yb|
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KviY, mgvR me©`v we`¨gvb _v‡K, wKš‘ ivóªkw³i DÌvb-cZb i‡q‡Q|Õ
KviRvwf g‡b K‡ibÑÔgymjgvb‡`i eZ©gvb mf¨Zvi fv‡jv w`K¸‡jv MÖnY Kivi AwaKvi
i‡q‡Q|Õ Nvbywm hyw³ Zz‡j a‡ibÑÔBD‡ivwcqvbiv gymjgvb mf¨Zvi Dcv`vbmg~n MÖnY K‡i
wb‡R‡`i Dbœqb wbwðZ K‡i‡Q| myZivs gymjvgvb‡`iI cwðgv mf¨Zvi fv‡jv w`K¸‡jv MÖnY
Kiv `iKvi| †hgbÑ MYZš¿; hv MZ `yBkZ eQ‡i kvm‡bi m‡e©vËg c×wZ wn‡m‡e mve¨¯Í
n‡q‡Q|Õ
GB ZvwË¡KMY Gfv‡eB cwðgv ivR‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡ ivóªaviYvi e¨vcv‡i BwZevPK g‡bvfve e¨³
K‡i‡Qb|
Bmjvwg iv‡óªi G `ywU gZev`B wb‡R‡`i ZË¡‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi gymwjg
ZvwË¡K‡`i iPbv, wLjvdZ I gymwjg mvgªvR¨¸‡jvi AwfÁZv‡K mvg‡b G‡b‡Q| cÖm½Z, Avj
dvivwe‡K gymwjg ivR‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡i RbK g‡b Kiv nq| Zuvi †miv Ae`vb Avj gvw`bvZzj
dvw`jv (On the Perfect State) wQj Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m ivR‰bwZK wel‡qi Ici cÖ_g
ZvwË¡K iPbv, hv GKv‡Wwgqv‡Z ¯^xK…Z| dvivwei cvkvcvwk eû gymwjg ZvwË¡K GKv‡Wwgqv‡Z G
wel‡q †jLvwjwL I wPšÍvavivi mgš^‡q Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb|
19. Bülbül 2020b: 258
dvivwe ci Avj gvIqvw`©i Avj AvnKvg Avm-myjZvwbq¨vn, wbRvgyj gyj‡Ki wmqv‡mZbvgv,
Bgvg MvRvwji ivRbxwZ, ivR‰bwZK kw³ I kvmK‡`i cÖwZ Dc‡`k wel‡q bvbv iPbv wQj
AveŸvwm I †mjRyK Avg‡j GB wel‡q me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GB wZbRb ZvwË¡KB miKvi
wKsev miKvi mswkøó wel‡q KvR K‡i‡Qb| gvIqvw`© wQ‡jb wePvicwZ, wbRvgyj gyjK wQ‡jb
†mjRyK mvgªv‡R¨i DwRi Ges MvRvwj wQ‡jb gv`ivmv‡q wbRvwgqvi cÖavbÑ hv g~jZ †m
mg‡qi ivRbxwZwe`, Avgjv I K‚U‰bwZK ˆZwi‡Z cÖwm× wk¶v cÖwZôvb wQj|
AveŸvwm-cieZ©x mg‡q Be‡b ZvBwgqv Ae`vb iv‡Lb, hLb gymwjg we‡k¦i me RvqMvq Pig
wek„•Ljv weivRgvb wQj; we‡klZ g‡½vwjqvbiv AveŸvwm wLjvd‡Z AvµgY KiwQj| wZwb
g‡b Ki‡Zb, gymjgvb‡`i ag© I ag©xq AbymiY †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvIqvB Gme cZ‡bi
KviY| GRb¨ mevB‡K Bmjv‡gi w`‡K wd‡i Avm‡Z n‡e| Avi Gfv‡eB †Kej Bmjv‡gi
cybR©vMiY m¤¢e|
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we‡klZ Zuvi weL¨vZ KvR Ô†gvKvwÏgvÕi Rb¨| GB QqRb ZvwË¡K iv‡óªi Rb¥ (DÌvb),
wLjvdZ, BgvgZ cÖm½, kvm‡Ki `vwqZ¡, DwRi wb‡qvM Ges kwiqvn AvBb cÖYqb BZ¨vw`
wel‡q g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q‡Qb| iv‡óªi Rb¥ mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRb, bvwK ag©xq cÖ‡qvRb; GB wel‡q
Zuv‡`i wPšÍvavivq wfbœZv †`Lv hvq| †KD †KD GUv‡K mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRb wn‡m‡e D‡jøL
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Aciw`‡K †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ZvwË¡K GUv‡K ag©xq cÖ‡qvRb e‡j‡Qb| Avevi †KD †KD mvgvwRK
I ag©xq `yB w`‡KB cÖ‡qvRb e‡j gZ w`‡q‡Qb| ivóªZË¡ wb‡q cÖ_g hy‡Mi gymwjg ZvwË¡K‡`i
g‡a¨ G weZK© GLbI envj Av‡Q; we‡klZ c~‡e© D‡jøwLZ Bmjvwg ivóªmsµvšÍ `ywU
g‡bvfv‡ei gv‡S|
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MÖæc¸‡jvi DÌv‡bi ci Av‡gwiKv hLb AvdMvwb¯Ívb I Biv‡K nvgjv K‡i| G cwifvlvwU
AviI RwUj nqÑhLb AvBG‡mi DÌvb Ges bvbv Pigcwš’ MÖæc¸‡jv Avie emšÍcieZ©x mg‡q
wmwiqv‡Z Bmjvwg ivóª cÖwZôvi †NvlYv †`q| Avevi Av‡gwiKv-Zv‡jevb wKsev Av‡gwiKv-Avj
Kv‡q`v m¤ú‡K©i welqwU‡ZI bvbv weZK© m„wó nq| KviY, Av‡gwiKv †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi
weiæ‡× hy‡× Zv‡jevb I Avj Kv‡q`v‡K mnvqZv KiZ|20
m¤cÖwZ Av‡gwiKv-Zv‡jev‡bi gv‡S HwZnvwmK GKwU Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ n‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b cwðgviv
GKmgq Zv‡jevb‡`i Pigcwš’ wn‡m‡e mve¨¯Í KiZ|21 GB Pigcwš’ MÖæc¸‡jv, we‡klZ
ISIS Bmjvwg iv‡óªi bvbv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwifvlv †hgbÑevBqvZ, wLjvdZ BZ¨vw` Zv‡`i

20. Bayman, 2015: 6-11

21. BBC, 2020
D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Y e¨envi K‡i|22 Z‡e Bmjvgcwš’iv (Z_v ivR‰bwZK Bmjvgcwš’iv) Zv‡`i
cÖ¯ÍvweZ wLjvdZ‡K GKwU iv‡óªi g‡Wj wn‡m‡e KL‡bv ¯^xK…wZ †`qwb|
Aciw`‡K, wewfbœ †`‡ki Bmjvwg `j¸‡jvi gv‡S MYZ‡š¿i w`‡K cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi cÖeYZv †ek
†Rv‡i‡kv‡iB jÿ Kiv hv‡”Q| GB cÖwµqvq cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q bZzb bZzb ivR‰bwZK `j|
†hgbÑZzi‡¯‹ Rvw÷m A¨vÛ †W‡fjc‡g›U cvwU© (G‡K cvwU©), gi‡°v‡Z wcwRwW BZ¨vw`|
Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`‡k `‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©b Avbv n‡q‡Q|
†hgbÑwZDwbwkqvi Avb-bvn`v cvwU©| ivRbxwZ‡Z GB `j¸‡jvi, we‡kl K‡i Zzi‡¯‹i G‡K
cvwU©i mdjZv‡K GLb A‡bK Bmjvgcwš’ wb‡R‡`i ivR‰bwZK g‡Wj g‡b K‡i| Avevi Avie
emšÍcieZ©x mg‡q Ôgymwjg MYZvwš¿K ivóªÕ bv‡g GKwU bZzb cwifvlv mvg‡b G‡m‡Q| we‡kl
K‡i iwk` Nvbywm cÖvqB GB cwifvlvwU e¨envi K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b Ôgymwjg MYZvwš¿K ivóªÕ
wKsev Ôgymwjg MYZš¿Õ GKv‡Wwgqv‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU cwifvlv|
GB eBwU‡Z Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q AvaywbK mg‡q gymwjg ZvwË¡K‡`i ivóª aviYv¸‡jv| we‡kl K‡i
BDmyd Avj KviRvwf I iwk` Avj Nvbywmi ÔBmjvwg ivóªaviYvÕ wel`fv‡e we‡kølY Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Bmjvgcwš’‡`i ivóªmsµvšÍ mgmvgwqK `„wófw½ †evSvi Rb¨ GB `yRb ZvwË¡K Lye
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviRvwf cÖvqkB Uª¨vwWkbvj Bmjvgcwš’‡`i; we‡kl K‡i gymwjg eªv`viû‡Wi
ZvwË¡K wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nb, hw`I Zuvi wPšÍvaviv †ek wKQz RvqMvq wfbœ| wZwb g~jZ Avj
IqvmvwZq¨vn Z_v ga¨gcš’v Aej¤^b K‡ib|23 Avi Nvbywm Avie emšÍcieZ©x mg‡q widwg©÷
Bmjvgcwš’‡`i AvBWj wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nb|
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†P‡q‡Qb| Avi mgmvgwqK Bmjvgcwš’iv mf¨Zvi wewbg©v‡Yi gva¨‡g Bmjvwg cybR©vMiY
Pvb| A_©vr eZ©gvb mf¨Zvi mv‡_ mgwš^Z c×wZi (Integrated Approach) gva¨‡g
mf¨Zvi wewbg©vY| GB `„wófw½ †_‡K g~javivi Bmjvgcwš’iv Bmjvwg ivRbxwZi †gŠwjK
welqmg~n Abymi‡Yi c‡¶ hyw³ Zz‡j g~jZ cwðgv ivóªaviYv‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i‡Qb| Avi
Zzjbvg~jK mgmvgwqK Bmjvgcwš’iv cwðgv ivóªaviYv‡K MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b mgmvgwqK
Bmjvgcwš’‡`i cwðgv ivóªaviYv, A_©vr MYZ‡š¿i cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve cÖKv‡ki †cQ‡b
ev¯Íe ivRbxwZ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq; †hLv‡b Ab¨ mKj c×wZ B‡Zvg‡a¨ AZ¨vPvi wKsev
AZ¨vPvix kvmK‡`i miv‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| ¯úófv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, Bmjvwg ivóªaviYv GLb
gymwjg MYZvwš¿K ivóªaviYvi w`‡K iƒc wb‡”Q|

22. Wagemakers, 2015

23. Wardeh, 2001: 2-3
GB eB‡Z welqmswkøó K‡qKwU cÖ‡kœvËi cvIqvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖ_gZ, Bmjv‡g iv‡óªi Ae¯’vb Kx?
wØZxqZ, Bmjvg wK iv‡óªi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó iƒc‡iLv †`q?
Z…ZxqZ, mgmvgwqK gymwjg ZvwË¡KMY we‡klZ Bmjvgcwš’iv ivóªZ‡Ë¡ Kxfv‡e A¨v‡cÖvP
K‡i‡Qb?
PZz_©Z, KviRvwf I Nvbywm Kx ai‡bi Bmjvwg iv‡óªi iƒc‡iLv w`‡q‡Qb?
GB eBwU †jLv n‡q‡Q cÖvBgvwi I †m‡KÛvwi Dfq Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi Ici wfwË K‡i| GLv‡b
e¨eüZ cÖvBgvwi ZË¡-Dcv˸‡jv ZvwË¡K‡`i †gŠwjK MÖš’ _‡K †bIqv| Dc‡ivwjøwLZ
ZvwË¡K‡`i iPbvmg~n †hgbÑAvj dvivwei Ab `¨v cvi‡d± †÷U (Avj gvw`bvZzj dvw`jv),
Avj gvIqvw`©i Avj AvnKvgym myjZvwbq¨vn : `¨v jm Ad BmjvwgK Mfv‡b©Ý, wbRvgyj
gyj‡Ki wmqv‡mZbvgv, Avj MvRvwji wKZve Avj gymZvRwni24, Be‡b ZvBwgqvi kwiqwZ
ivóªe¨e¯’v (wmqvmvZ Avk-kvwiqvn), Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi †gvKvwÏgv, gI`~`xi Bmjvwg AvBb I
msweavb, mvB‡q¨` KzZz‡ei Bmjvwg mgvR wecø‡ei aviv, Zzivwei Bmjvwg ivóª, KviRvwfi
Bmjvwg ivóªZË¡ Ges Nvbywmi Bmjvwg iv‡óª MY¯^vaxbZv n‡”Q cÖavb iPbv¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg|
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wbnvqvÕi g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© MÖš’¸‡jv cÖv_wgK ZË¡-DcvË wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| hw`I
eB‡q e¨eüZ Z‡_¨i weivU GKwU Ask †m‡KÛvwi cÖK…wZi, wKš‘ †m¸‡jv Gme ZvwË¡K‡`i
wb‡q †jLv eB, w_wmm, Rvb©vj, RxebxMÖš’, mv¶vrKvi (†m‡KÛvwi) BZ¨vw`|
eBwU GKwU f‚wgKv, PviwU g~j Aa¨vq Ges GKwU djvdj Aa¨v‡q wef³| cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Bmjvwg iv‡óªi HwZnvwmK Ges ZvwË¡K wfwË wb‡q| HwZnvwmK
cUf‚wg‡Z gw`bvq bwe -Gi mg‡qi iv‡óªi wfwË ¯’vcb, †Lvjvdv‡q iv‡k`v †_‡K ïiæ
K‡i Dmgvwb mvjZvbvZ ch©šÍ iv‡óªi wewfbœ w`Kmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi ZvwË¡K
ch©v‡jvPbvq Avj dvivwe, Avj gvIqvw`©, wbRvgyj gyjK, Avj MvRvwj, Be‡b ZvBwgqv I
Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi ivóªwPšÍv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wØZxq Aa¨v‡q AvaywbK mg‡q ivóªaviYv ÔcwðgvÕ I ÔBmjvwgKÕÑ`yB aviv‡ZB Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cwðgv †cÖ¶vcU †_‡K †mvk¨vj K›Uªv± ZË¡, gvK©mev` Ges AvaywbK iv‡óª MYZ‡š¿i
aviYv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi Bmjvwg `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wek`fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv

24. Fadaih al-Batiniyah wa Fadail al-Mustazhiriyyah

n‡q‡Q Rvgvj DwÏb AvdMvwb, gynv¤§v` Ave`yû, iwk` wi`v, Aveyj Avjv gI`~`x, nvmvb Avj
evbœv, mvB‡q¨` KzZze, gvwjK †ebbvwe Ges nvmvb AvZ-Zzivwei ivóªwPšÍv|
Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q BDmyd Avj KviRvwfi wPšÍvavivq ivóªaviYv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv; we‡klZ
AvaywbK ivóªZË¡ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb †h BwZevPK ivR‰bwZK wdKn‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb,
Zvi wek` eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk AvaywbK iv‡óªi bvbv cwifvlv wb‡q DÌvwcZ weZK© I
cÖ‡kœ KviRvwfi DËi Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q; we‡klZ MYZš¿, cvj©v‡g‡›U gwnjv‡`i AskMÖnY,
ivR‰bwZK Bmjvg BZ¨vw` wel‡q|
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MY¯^vaxbZvÕ| GB Aa¨v‡q Nvbywmi bm, k~iv Ges Avie emšÍcieZ©x mg‡q gymwjg MYZ‡š¿i
w`‡K hvÎvmsµvšÍ Zuvi `„wófw½ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
me©‡kl Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q GB M‡elYvi djvdj m¤ú‡K©|
 Bmjv‡gi cÖv_wgK hy‡M ivR‰bwZK KZ…©Z¡ I ivóª

gw`bv : Bmjv‡g iv‡óªi wfwËcÖ¯Íi

ivm~j -Gi AvMg‡bi mgq Avie wQj ZrKvjxb c„w_exi `yB e‡ov mvgªvR¨ †ivgvb I
cviwmK‡`i gv‡S A‡bKUv wew”Qbœ GKwU DcØxc| ag©xq w`K †_‡K wLªóev` (†ivgvb‡`i ag©
wn‡m‡e) I Ri_ªy¯¿ev` (cviwmK‡`i ag© wn‡m‡e) wQj cÖfvekvjx| Avi Bûw`iv Qwo‡q-wQwU‡q
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Av‡qvR‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb KiZ| Ab¨w`‡K n‡Ri †K›`ªwe›`y nIqvq ag©xq kn‡ii cvkvcvwk
g°v cwiYZ n‡qwQj e¨emvwqK †K‡›`ªI|27 ivR‰bwZKfv‡e Avi‡e wQj †Mv·Kw›`ªK
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I ˆe‡`wkK m¤ú‡K©i g‡Zv 25wU ivóªxq wefvM wQj|28Õ
KzivBk †MvÎ g°vi kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv KiZ| Gm‡cvwm‡Zvi g‡ZÑ
ÔAvie e‡ov `ywU mf¨Zv †_‡K `~‡i _vK‡jI wb‡Riv wewQbœ wQj bv| Gi RbMY wQj
m‡PZb; A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ m¤úK©
ˆZwi KiZ Ges GB A‡j †ek cÖfve ivLZ|Õ29

25. Esposito, 1999: 1-4

26. Esposito, 1999: 4
27. Etheredege, 2010: 29
28. Hamidullah, 1941: 6
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bv †mLv‡b| mgv‡Ri mKj †¶‡Î GK A_©‰bwZK AmgZv we`¨gvb wQj| `vmZ¡ wQj LyeB
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wQj bv †Kv‡bv AwaKvi; GKvskI bv| Kb¨v mšÍvb‡K †Zv ixwZg‡Zv cvc g‡b Kiv n‡Zv Ges
mšÍvb f‚wgô nIqvi ci KL‡bv KL‡bv eveviv Kb¨v‡K RxešÍ Kei w`Z| KziAvb GB mgq‡K
AvBqv‡g Rv‡nwjqvZ Z_v AÜKvi hyM e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Q|
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mgv‡Ri m`m¨ nIqvi cÖ_g avc| ivm~j -Gi `vIqv‡Z ZrKvjxb mgv‡R Pjgvb mgm¨v
I ˆelg¨¸‡jv D‡V AvmZ| cÖ_g w`‡K wbKUvZ¥xq, eÜzgnj Ges mgv‡Ri Zzjbvg~jK
`wi`ª‡kªwY bwewRi `vIqv‡Z mvov w`‡qwQj| wKš‘ we‡ivwaZv Av‡m mgv‡Ri abx †bZ…¯’vbxq
†kÖwYi c¶ †_‡K| KviY, GB †kÖwYi g‡a¨ wb‡Ri HwZn¨, ms¯‹…wZ I †bZ…Z¡ nviv‡bvi cÖej
fq wQj| Avwewmwbqvi ev`kvn bv¾vwki Kv‡Q Rvdi Be‡b Avey Zvwje -Gi e³e¨
D‡jøL Ki‡jB ivm~j -Gi `vIqv‡Zi welqwU ¯úófv‡e †evSv hv‡e30Ñ
Ô†n ev`kvn! Avgiv wQjvg AÁ RvwZ| g~wZ©c~Rv KiZvg, g„Z e¯‘i †MvkZ †LZvg Ges
Akøxj I Lvivc Kv‡R wjß _vKZvg, wbKUvZ¥xq‡`i mv‡_ m¤úK© wQbœ KiZvg,
cÖwZ‡ekx‡K AeÁv KiZvg| Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ mejiv `ye©‡ji nK AvZ¥mvr KiZ|
GgZve¯’vq Avjøvn Avgv‡`i gv‡S Avgv‡`i ga¨ †_‡KB GKRb‡K bwe K‡i cvVv‡jb|
Avgiv Zuv‡K m¤£všÍ eskxq, mZ¨ev`x e‡j Rvwb Ges wek¦¯Í I m”PwiÎiƒ‡c Zuv‡K
†`‡LwQ| wZwb Avgv‡`i GKgvÎ Avjøvni Bev`Z Kivi Ges Zuvi GK‡Z¡ wek¦vm Kivi
AvnŸvb Rvbv‡jb| Avgiv Avjøvn‡K Qvov Ab¨ †hme e¯‘ Z_v cv_i I g~wZ© BZ¨vw`i
c~Rv KiZvg, Zv wZwb Qvo‡Z ej‡jb|
wZwb mZ¨ K_v ejv, AvgvbZ i¶v Kiv Ges wbwl× KvR I i³cvZ †_‡K weiZ _vKvi
wb‡`©k w`‡jb| wZwb Avgv‡`i Akøxj KvR, wg_¨v K_v, BqvwZ‡gi m¤ú` AvZ¥mvr Ges
wbivciva bvix‡`i cÖwZ Acev` Av‡ivc Ki‡Z wb‡la Ki‡jb| Avgv‡`i GK
Avjøvni Bev`Z Ki‡Z Ges Zuvi mv‡_ KvD‡K kwiK bv Ki‡Z ej‡jb| bvgvR
co‡Z I RvKvZ w`‡Z ej‡jb| G AvnŸv‡b mvov w`‡q Avgiv Zuvi cÖwZ Cgvb
Avbjvg| wZwb Avjøvni Zid †_‡K †hme weavb w`‡jb, Zuvi AbymiY Ki‡Z
jvMjvg| GK Avjøvni Bev`Z Ges Zuvi mv‡_ KvD‡K kwiK Kijvg bv| wZwb †hme
wRwbm nvivg †NvlYv Ki‡jb, Avgiv Zv n‡Z weiZ _vKjvg| Avi †hme wRwbm
nvjvj †NvlYv Ki‡jb, Zv †g‡b wbjvg| G‡Z Avgv‡`i RvwZ Avgv‡`i kÎæ n‡q †Mj
Ges ïiæ Kij wbg©g wbh©vZb|Õ
29. Esposito, 1999: 4
30. Be‡b wnkvg, ১৯৮৮ : ৮১
ivm~j -Gi GB `vIqvwZ Kvh©µg e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ cvjøv w`‡q wbh©vZ‡bi gvÎvI †e‡o
†Mj| d‡j gymwjgiv Avi g°v‡K wbivc` g‡b Kij bv| GgZve¯’vq Zuviv eva¨ n‡jv bZzb
†Kv‡bv wbivc` f‚wg LyuR‡Z| ZviB Ask wn‡m‡e cÖ_‡g Avwewmwbqv Ges cieZ©x mg‡q
gw`bvq wnRiZ ïiæ nq|
gw`bvq bwewRi wnRi‡Zi m‡½ m‡½ Bmjvg GKwU ivR‰bwZK kw³ wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk
K‡i| eQ‡ii MYbvq ai‡j GUv wQj 622 wLªóvã| ivm~j -Gi GB wnRiZwU wQj
gw`bvevmx‡`i mv‡_ `ywU Pzw³i dj| Pzw³ `y‡Uv ÔevBq¨vn Avj AvKvevÕ wKsev ÔAvKvevi
kc_Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ| gw`bv gymjgvb‡`i ag©xq I ivR‰bwZK †K›`ª nIqvi †cQ‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
GB Pzw³ `ywUi wKQzUv e¨vL¨v Kiv Riæwi g‡b KiwQ|
ivm~j hLb cÖPÐ wbh©vZb I we‡ivwaZvi †gvKvwejvq Bmjv‡gi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx †Kv‡bv f‚wg
wKsev †MvÎ LyuRwQ‡jb, wVK ZLbB AvKvevi kc_ AbywôZ nq| wbivc` f‚wgi Rb¨ cÖwZeQi
n‡R Avmv †jvK‡`i Zuvey‡Z Zuvey‡Z wM‡q wZwb wbR cwiKíbvi K_v ej‡Zb, wKš‘ Avi‡ei
†Kv‡bv †MvÎB KzivBk‡`i f‡q Zuv‡K AvkÖq w`‡Z mvnm KiZ bv| Be‡b wnkvg, Be‡b
BmnvK, AvZ-Zvevwii MÖš¸ ’ ‡jv‡Z G wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY cvIqv hvq| †Mvθ‡jvi Kv‡Q
ivm~j -Gi AvnŸv‡bi k㸇jv mvg‡b ivL‡j cÖZxqgvb nq, wZwb wbQK gymjgvb‡`i
e¨w³MZ, mvgwóK wbivcËv ev ag©xq wewaweavb cvj‡bi Rb¨ bq; eis GKwU ag©xq-
ivR‰bwZK kw³‡K Avkªq †`Iqvi Rb¨B AvnŸvb Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb|
cieZ©x mg‡q gw`bv †_‡K AvIm I LvRivR †Mv‡Îi wKQz †jvK ivm~jyjøvn -Gi Kv‡Q
Av‡mb| Zuviv Zuv‡K MÖn‡Y m¤§Z nb| g°vq Avmv GB †Mv‡Îi †jvKRb AvKvevq wgwjZ n‡q
GKwU kc_I MÖnY K‡ib| Be‡b wnkvg kc‡_i evK¨¸‡jv‡K Gfv‡eB eY©bv K‡i‡QbÑ
Ô1. Avjøvni mv‡_ KvD‡K kwiK bv Kiv
2. Pzwi bv Kiv
3. e¨wfPvi bv Kiv
4. mšÍvb nZ¨v bv Kiv
5. KviI weiæ‡× wg_¨v Acev` bv iUv‡bv Ges
6. Avjøvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji †Kv‡bv fv‡jv Kv‡R we‡ivwaZv bv Kiv|Õ31

31. Vanauker, 2016: 5

 cÖ_g hy‡Mi gymwjg wPšÍvwe`‡`i iPbvq ivóªZË¡

Dch©y³ Bmjvwg kvm‡bi GB ivR‰bwZK I HwZnvwmK DÌv‡bi cvkvcvwk ZvwË¡Kfv‡eI

Bmjvwg ivR‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡i weKvk N‡U; we‡kl K‡i AveŸvwm kvm‡bi mgq Aóg I beg
kZvãx‡Z| AveŸvwm‡`i ivRavbx evM`v‡` †gŠwjK Ávb I Abyev`wkí e¨vcK cÖmvi jvf
K‡i| cviwmK iPbv¸‡jvi Abyev‡`i d‡j cviwmK ivR‰bwZK ZË¡ Ges wMÖK mvwnZ¨¸‡jv
Abyev‡`i d‡j †ivgvb‡`i ivR‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ gymwjg ivR‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡i GK Af‚Zc~e©
wgjb N‡U|
cvkvcvwk eû gymwjg wPšÍvwe` G mg‡q ivR‰bwZK ZË¡ wb‡q MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zuv‡`i g‡a¨
Avj dvivwe, Avj gvIqvw`©, wbRvgyj gyjK, Bgvg MvRvwj, Be‡b ZvBwgqv I Be‡b Lvj`yb
Ab¨Zg| GB gbxlxMY mgmvgwqK BmjvwgK ivR‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡i †¶‡Î AwaKZi cÖvmw½K|
Gme ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ZvwË¡KMY mgvR I iv‡óªi MVb, wLjvdZ I BgvgZ, ivóª I ag©, †jvKcÖkvmb
Ges iv‡óª kwiqvn AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM wb‡q we‡klfv‡e Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb|

Avj dvivwei ivóªaviYv

Avey bv‡Qi gynv¤§v` Avj dvivwe m¤¢eZ 870 mv‡j AvR‡Ki ZzwK©wgwb¯Ív‡bi dvive bvgK
GjvKvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| dvivwei Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Lye KgB Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| †Qv‡Uv eq‡mB
wZwb evM`v` I Biv‡Ki wewfbœ kn‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡qwQ‡jb e‡j Rvbv hvq| 943 mv‡j wZwb
wmwiqv‡Z P‡j Av‡mb Ges GLv‡bB 950 mv‡j B‡šÍKv‡ji c~e© ch©šÍ Ae¯’vb K‡ib| wZwb
Bivwb bvwK ZvwK©k es‡kv™¢‚Z, Zv wb‡q M‡elK‡`i gv‡S gZwfbœZv Av‡Q| †KD †KD Zuv‡K
ZvwK©k Avevi †KD †KD Bivwb es‡kv™¢‚Z e‡j g‡b K‡ib|32
gymwjg `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ Avj dvivwe wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg, whwb iv‡óªi `vk©wbK w`K wb‡q KvR
K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡K Bmjvwg A_ev gymwjg ivR‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡i RbK wn‡m‡e g‡b Kiv nq|
32. Rudolph, 2012: 363–74
ga¨hy‡Mi ¯‹jviiv Zuv‡K A¨vwi÷U‡ji ci wØZxq wk¶K (gyqvwjø‡g mvwb) g‡b Ki‡Zb| wZwb
cÖvPxb gymwjg `vk©wbK‡`i g‡a¨ wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg, whwb wMÖK ZË¡‡K gymwjg mgv‡R cwiwPZ
Kwi‡qwQ‡jb| cvkvcvwk cÖvPxb ivR‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ gymwjg ivR‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡i wgjb
NwU‡qwQ‡jb| ga¨hy‡M wMÖK ZË¡ hLb g„ZcÖvq, ZLb G‡K RxešÍ ivLvi †cQ‡b †h KqRb
gymwjg `vk©wbK f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Qb, Zuv‡`i gv‡S dvivwe GKRb|
dvivwei g‡Z, ivRbxwZ I `k©‡bi GK‡Î Pjv Riæwi| wZwb e‡jbÑ
Ô`k©b n‡jv Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© mZ¨ Ávb cÖ`v‡b GKwU ZvwË¡K wkí ev aviv| Avi
ivRbxwZ n‡jv, KvR¸‡jv wbfz©j Ki‡Z Ges myLx nIqvi Rb¨ c_cÖ`k©‡bi GKwU
aviv| Zv‡`i Aek¨B HK¨ Riæwi| G `„wófw½‡Z `vk©wbK I ivRbxwZwe` GKB
ch©v‡qi| `k©b I ivRbxwZ H‡K¨i gva¨‡g G‡K Aci‡K Riæwi Ávb Ges cÖZ¨vwkZ
AvPiY cÖ`vb K‡i|Õ33
dvivwei weL¨vZ eB On the Perfect State (Avj gw`bvZzj dvw`jv) GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨
iPbv; cvkvcvwk gymwjg ivR‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡i cÖ_g eB| GB eB‡Z wZwb Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Ávb
(Knowledge of Existance), mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, †bZvi ¸Yvewj, GKwU cwic~Y©
ivóª Ges `ye©j ivóª m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|
Avj dvivwe Zuvi ivóªaviYvi ïiæ‡ZB mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi
g‡Z, `ywbqv‡Z fv‡jvfv‡e (Highest Perfection) †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ gvbyl GKv mewKQz
mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i bv; eis GKR‡bi AciRb‡K cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB Av`vb-cÖ`vb bxwZ
gvbyl‡K GKB m¤ú‡K© (mevi mv‡_ mevi) m¤úwK©Z K‡i| myZivs †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ G‡K
Ac‡ii mgš^q Riæwi| DËgfv‡e †eu‡P _vK‡Z GB mgš^q gvbyl‡K mgv‡Ri Ask n‡Z
cÖwZÁve× K‡i| dvivwe mgvR‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e `yB fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb : cwic~Y© I Acwic~Y©|
GKwU cwic~Y© mgvR‡K wZwb AvqZ‡bi wfwˇZ AveviI wZbfv‡M fvM K‡i‡QbÑe„nr, ga¨g
I †Qv‡Uv| Zuvi g‡Z, e„nr mgvR n‡jvцhLv‡b we‡k¦i mKj mgvR GKm‡½ emevm K‡i|
dvivwe Av`‡Z GLv‡b ÔmgvR (Society)Õ kãwU e¨envi Ki‡jI g~jZ wZwb ivóª‡KB †evSv‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb| ga¨g mgvR n‡jvÑwe‡k¦i †Kv‡bv GK RvwZi mgš^‡q GKwU mgvR| Avi †Qv‡Uv
mgvR n‡jvÑK‡qKwU kn‡ii RbM‡Yi wgjb ev mgvR|
Zuvi g‡Z, Ac~Y©v½ mgvR ev ivóª n‡jvцKv‡bv GKwU MÖvg, iv¯Ív wKsev GKwU evwo wb‡q †h
mgvR MwVZ nq Zv| GB A‡_© evwo n‡jv me‡P‡q †Qv‡Uv mgvR|

33. Suleimenov and all, 2017

cwic~Y© ivóª
dvivwei g‡ZцmUvB cwic~Y© ivóª, hvi D‡Ïk¨ myL (Happiness) AR©b| myL Ggb GK
Dcv`vb, hv mew`K †_‡K my›`i| Zuvi g‡Z, c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li †eu‡P _vKvi KviY n‡jv myL
AR©b| Zuvi g‡Z, Avjøvn Avgv‡`i m„wó K‡i‡Qb myL AR©b Ki‡ZÑhv P‚ovšÍ cwic~Y©Zv (The
Ultimate Perfection)|34
dvivwei g‡ZÑiv‡óª myL AR©b Kivi Rb¨ G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ mgš^q Riæwi| Avi GB mgš^q
AwR©Z n‡jB GKwU ivóª cwic~Y© iv‡óª cwiYZ nq| dvivwe cwic~Y© ivóª‡K GKwU cwic~Y© gvbe
kix‡ii mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| GKwU gvbekixi KZ¸‡jv A½-cÖZ‡½i mgš^‡q MwVZ| kixi‡K
wVKg‡Zv Pvjv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU A‡½iB wbw`©ó wKQz `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K A½-cÖZ½ wb‡Ri
KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ mgš^q K‡i| AvZ¥v n‡jv kix‡ii †bZ…¯’vbxq A½, hv
MV‡bi w`K †_‡K me‡P‡q cwic~Y©| AvZ¥v‡K Zvi Aaxb¯’ A½¸‡jv mnvqZv K‡i Ges GB
mnvqZvi cÖwµqv kix‡ii mKj ¯Íi wbR j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ m¤úv`b K‡i| myZivs GLv‡b
GKwU c`‡mvcvbwfwËK (Hierarchical) Kvh©µ‡gi welq i‡q‡Q, hv kix‡ii wewfbœ A½
KZ…©K D`&hvwcZ| GKwU cwic~Y© iv‡óªi kvmKI kix‡ii wVK AvZ¥vi g‡ZvB| myZivs GKwU
cwic~Y© iv‡óªi Rb¨ GKRb cwic~Y© kvmK Ges Gi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î bvMwiK‡`i
mwVK mgš^q I mnvqZv Riæwi|

34. Al Farabi, 1995: 25-46

 iwk` Nvbywmi Bmjvwg iv‡óªi iƒc‡iLv

Nvbywm g~jZ Zuvi ivóªmsµvšÍ wPšÍvaviv Bmjvwg iv‡óª Rb¯^vaxbZv eB‡Z Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|
eBwU Aviwe‡Z †jLv, Al-Hurriyat al-Ammah Fid-Daivlah al-lslamiyyah| AwZ
m¤cÖwZ Public Freedoms in Islamic state bv‡g Gi Bs‡iwR fvm©b hy³iv‡óªi Bqv‡j
BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm †_‡K †ei n‡Z hv‡”Q| GLv‡b Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ eBwUi ZzwK© fvm©b Aa¨qb
Kiv n‡q‡Q| eBwU PviwU g~jfv‡M wef³, †hLv‡b wZwb g~jZ wZbwU welq Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|
cÖ_gZ : Bmjvwg iv‡óª Rb¯^vaxbZv Ges gvbevwaKvi, wØZxqZ : Bmjv‡g MYZ‡š¿i ¯^iƒc Ges
Z…ZxqZ : Bmjvwg ivóªZË¡| GB wZbwU g~j wel‡qi gva¨‡g wZwb Zvi Bmjvwg iv‡óªi aviYv Lye
¯úófv‡e Ges `xN© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| G wel‡q AvgivI wKQzUv Av‡jvPbv Kie|

Bmjv‡g gvbevwaKvi I e¨w³¯^vaxbZv

cwðgvZ‡Ë¡ e¨w³¯^vaxbZv : Nvbywm Zuvi eB‡qi ïiæ‡ZB cwðgvZ‡Ë¡ e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi welqwU
dzwU‡q Zzj‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î wZwb Mfxi `vk©wbK Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i mvaviYfv‡e
eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Nvbywmi g‡ZÑcwðgvZ‡Ë¡ e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi BwZevPK35 w`K †_‡K †bwZevPK36
w`KwU‡ZB †ewk †dvKvm Kiv nq| Nvbywm cwðgvZ‡Ë¡i e¨w³¯^vaxbZv‡K mxgve× D‡jøL K‡i
Gi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡ZÑe¨w³¯^vaxbZv mKj w`K †_‡KB nIqv DwPZ; ïay
ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv, mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv wKsev A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv bq| wZwb Awf‡hvM
K‡ib, cwðgvZ‡Ë¡ e¨w³¯^vaxbZv‡K ïay ivR‰bwZK I AvBbMZ ¯^vaxbZvq mxgve× Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Av`‡Z GUv msweav‡bi ïayB GKwU Aa¨vqцhLv‡b wek¦v‡mi ¯^vaxbZv, wPšÍvi ¯^vaxbZv,
msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv, Bev`‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv, åg‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv, Kv‡Ri ¯^vaxbZv BZ¨vw`
welq¸‡jv ev¯Í‡e GLbI Aaiv| Gi gva¨‡g Nvbywm g~jZ BwZevPK ¯^vaxbZvi wel‡q wZwb
Zuvi g‡bvfve cÖKvk Ki‡Z Pv‡”Qb|
wZwb cwðgv‡`i ÔgvbylÕ mve¨¯Í Kivi µvB‡Uwiqvi wel‡q mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb; †hLv‡b Zviv
†Kej Zv‡`i bvMwiK‡`iB gvbyl g‡b K‡i| GB gvbyl-bvMwiK µvB‡Uwiqvi gva¨‡g Zviv
g~jZ Ab¨ †`‡ki bvMwiK‡`i e¨w³¯^vaxbZv‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q Ô†gŠjev`x
35. Positive freedom
36. Negative freedom
ûgwKÕ GKwU eûj cÖPwjZ kã; hvi gva¨‡g Zviv gymjgvb Ges Avie‡`i w`‡K AvOzj
†Zv‡j| Nvbywmi g‡Zѯ^vaxbZvi welqwU mvg‡b G‡j mevi ¯^vaxbZv wb‡q wPšÍv Kiv DwPZ|
ïay gvbeRvwZi GKwU Ask (wb‡Ri bvMwiK‡`i) wb‡q wPšÍv Kiv mwVK n‡e bv| Nvbywm
GLv‡b gvK©mev‡` ¯^vaxbZvi welqwU Av‡jvPbvq wb‡q Av‡mb| wKš‘ Zuvi g‡ZÑZvivI
(gvK©mev`xivI) cÖK…Z ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| †kl K_v, Nvbywmi
g‡ZÑe¨w³¯^vaxbZv Z‡Ë¡ mevi Av‡M gvby‡li Ae¯’vb (gh©v`v) wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
gvbevwaKvi I e¨w³¯^vaxbZv : Bmjvwg †cÖ¶vcU : Nvbywmi g‡ZÑe¨w³¯^vaxbZv Bmjvg,
Bmjvwg ms¯‹…wZ Ges Bmjvwg mf¨Zvi GKwU †gŠwjK g~j¨‡eva| GUv Bmjvwg AvwK`vi wfwËI
e‡UÑhv mgvR, ivóª I mf¨Zvi wfwËg~j| Nvbywmi g‡ZÑGKRb gvbyl‡K gymjgvb n‡Z n‡j
mevi Av‡M Riæwi GKRb Ô¯^vaxb gvbylÕ nIqv| †mUv mKj w`K †_‡KBÑwe‡eKevb nIqv,
¯^vaxb wPšÍvi AwaKvix nIqv| Bmjv‡g GKRb gvbyl ZLbB Kvwjgv co‡Z cv‡i Z_v
gymjgvb n‡Z cv‡i, hLb †m †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi ej cÖ‡qvM †_‡K cy‡ivcywi gy³|
Nvbywmi g‡ZÑe¨w³¯^vaxbZvi welqwU Hw”QK bq; eis GKwU Avek¨Kxq| GUv mKj ch©v‡q
cÖwZôv Kiv Riæwi| wZwb Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g hy‡Mi e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi welqwU D‡jøL K‡ib| Zuvi
g‡ZÑBmjv‡gi cÖ_g hy‡M e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi welqwU †Kej `vmZ¡ †_‡K gyw³i mv‡_
IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ wQj|
gvKvwm`yk-kvwiqvni Av‡jv‡K wZwb e‡j‡QbÑ
Ô¯^vaxb gvbyl A_© `vm bq Ggb gvbyl|Õ37
wZwb D‡jøL K‡ib, †mB mgv‡R e¨w³-¯^vaxbZvi me‡P‡q ûgwK wQj `vm‡Z¡i welqwU|
Nvbywmi g‡ZÑ`vmcÖ_vi weiæ‡× Bmjv‡gi Ae¯’vb cÖgvY K‡i, Bmjvg gvbyl‡K `ywbqvi mKj
ai‡bi `vmZ¡ †_‡K gy³ K‡i GKgvÎ Avjøvni e‡›`wM Kivi GK ˆecøweK AvnŸvb G‡b‡Q|
wZwb D‡jøL K‡ib, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv ïay wKQz AbygwZ wKsev jvB‡mÝ †`Iqvi bvg bq; eis
GKwU AvgvbZ, GKwU `vwqZ¡ Ges m‡Z¨i c‡_ wU‡K _vKvi kc_|
Nvbywm G wel‡q gymwjg ¯‹jvi‡`i gZvgZ Zz‡j a‡ib| we‡kl K‡i, gvMwie ¯‹jvi‡`i;
†hgbÑwZDwbwkqvi gynv¤§v` AvZ-Zvwni Be‡b Avkûi, gi‡°vi Avjøvj Avj-dvwm, my`v‡bi
nvmvb Zzivwe, Avj‡Rwiqvi gv‡jK †ebbvwe Ges cvwK¯Ív‡bi Avjøvgv BKevj‡`iÑhviv
Rb¯^vaxbZv‡K GKwU cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi bq; eis AvBbMZ AwaKvi wn‡m‡e mve¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb|

37. Ghannouchi-2, PP; 16

wZwb g‡b K‡ib, Bmjv‡g gvbevwaKv‡ii wfwË n‡jv wek¦vm (Cgvb)| wek¦v‡mi †¶‡Î, Bmjvg
GKRb gvbyl‡K cy‡ivcywi AwaKvi w`‡q‡QÑwek¦vm Kivi (Cgvb Avbvi) wKsev wek¦vm bv Kivi
(Cgvb bv Avbvi)| Nvbywmi g‡ZÑGUv Bmjv‡g wek¦v‡mi †¶‡Î e¨w³¯^vaxbZv| Bmjv‡g KviI
wek¦v‡mi e¨vcv‡i †RvivRywi Kivi my‡hvM †bB| wZwb m~iv n‡Ri 40 b¤^i AvqvZ D‡jøL K‡ibÑ
ÔZv‡`i‡K Zv‡`i Nievwo n‡Z Ab¨vqfv‡e ewn®‹…Z Kiv n‡q‡Q ïay G Kvi‡Y, Zviv
e‡jÑÒAvgv‡`i cÖwZcvjK Avjøvn|Ó Avjøvn hw` gvbeRvwZi GK`j‡K Ab¨ `j Øviv
cÖwZnZ bv Ki‡Zb, Zvn‡j weaŸ¯Í n‡q †hZ wLªóvb msmvi weivMx‡`i Dcvmbv ¯’vb,
wMR©v, Bûw`‡`i Dcvmbvjq Ges gmwR`mg~n; hv‡Z AwaK ¯§iY Kiv nq Avjøvni
bvg| Avi Avjøvn wbðqB Zv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡ib, †h Zuv‡K (Zuvi ag©‡K) mvnvh¨ K‡i|
Avjøvn wbðqB gnvkw³gvb, Pig civµgkvjx|Õ38

Avi we‡klZ m~iv evKvivi 256 b¤^i AvqvZ, ÔØx‡b †Kv‡bv Rei`w¯Í †bBÕ D‡jøL K‡ib|
Nvbywm Be‡b Avkûi †_‡K eY©bv K‡ib, †mLv‡b wZwb e‡j‡QbÑÔBmjvg GKR‡bi ag©,
Rxeb, wPšÍv, cwievi, m¤ú` Ges Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvi i¶v Ki‡Z `vqe×Zv w`‡q‡Q|Õ39 wZwb
e‡jbÑmgZv Bmjvwg mgv‡R bvMwiK‡Z¡i Ab¨Zg wfwËÑhv gymwjg I Agymwj‡gi gv‡S
c„_K nq bv| A_©vr bvMwiK myweavi †¶‡Î mevi Rb¨ GKB AvBb| Zuvi g‡ZÑ Bmjvg
ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv Ges Ab¨ ag© cÖmv‡i Zv‡`i K_v ejvi ¯^vaxbZv †`q| GLv‡b Nvbywm g‡b
K‡ib, Avey eKi -Gi mgqKvi wiÏvi hy× GRb¨B msMwVZ n‡qwQj, Zviv wQj iv‡óªi
mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Rb¨ ûgwK| wZwb AviI D‡jøL K‡ib, wPšÍvi ¯^vaxbZv Bmjv‡g Ab¨Zg
AwaKv‡ii GKwU| cvkvcvwk A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv; Bmjv‡g GKR‡bi B”Qvg‡Zv m¤ú` AR©‡bi
my‡hvM i‡q‡Q|
Nvbywm mvgvwRK AwaKvi‡K Bmjv‡gi Av‡iKwU AwaKvi wn‡m‡e mve¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb, hv Zuvi
g‡Z Avek¨Kxq GKwU welq| mvgvwRK AwaKv‡ii Ask wn‡m‡e wZwb PvKwi, KvR Kivi
AwaKvi, ¯^v¯’¨ myi¶vi AwaKvi, cwievi KvVv‡gv, wk¶vi AwaKvi Ges mvgvwRK wbivcËvi
AwaKv‡ii welq¸‡jv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| cvkvcvwk b¨vqwePv‡ii AwaKvi Ges ivR‰bwZK
Avkª‡qi AwaKvi‡KI hy³ K‡i‡Qb|

Bmjvg I MYZš¿
Nvbywmi MYZš¿ m¤ú‡K© wPšÍvaviv g~jZ eB‡qi Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q; hw`I
eB‡qi AwaKvsk Av‡jvPbvB MYZ‡š¿i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| GB Aa¨vqwU wKQz msÁv Z_v
cwifvlvi e¨vL¨v w`‡q ïiæ n‡q‡Q, †hgbUv Nvbywm eY©bv K‡ibÑ
38. Abyev` : https://hadithbd.com/quran/tafsir/?pageNum_tafsirquran=3&totalRows_tafsirquran=78&sura=22
39. Ghannouchi, 2015: 435
 ÔivR‰bwZK AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv cwifvlvwU GKwU mvsweavwbK cwifvlv; hvi A_©ÑD¤§vn
n‡jv ¶gZvi Drm Ges miKvi cwiPvjbvq m‡e©v”P mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i AwaKvix GB
A‡_©ÑmiKvi wbe©vPb, Gi Kg©`¶Zv g~j¨vqb, Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kiv, ¶gZvi
fvMvfvwM Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b ¶gZvPz¨Z Kiv| ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv n‡jvÑ GKwU
eva¨Zvg~jK AwaKvi, hv ivóª KZ…©K RbM‡Yi Rb¨ ¯^xKvi ev cÖYqb Kiv nq| G¸‡jv
n‡jv, mivmwi wKsev c‡iv¶fv‡e wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g miKvi cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY I
miKvi‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv, AvBbmfvq AskMÖnY, ivR‰bwZK `j MVb Ges †UªW
BDwbqb MVb cÖf„wZ|Õ40
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bmjvwg miKv‡ii g~jbxwZ

Nvbywm Bmjvwg iv‡óªi g~jbxwZmg~n Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© cwðgv ivóªZ‡Ë¡i wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K
Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| cvkvcvwk Bmjvwg †cÖÿvc‡U iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_vI Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
cwðgv ivóªZË¡ : Nvbywm e„nr cwim‡i `vk©wbK weZK© bv K‡i cvðv‡Z¨i ivóªZ‡Ë¡i
ˆewkó¨mg~‡ni GKwU mvivsk Uvb‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| wZwb ïiæ K‡i‡Qb, cvðv‡Z¨ AvBb I a‡g©i
m¤ú‡K©i AbymÜv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q| Zuvi g‡ZÑcÖ‡Z¨K mf¨Zvq ag© GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq Ges
gvbyl cÖvPxbKv‡j wb‡R‡`i cÖfzi Kv‡QB AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡iwQj|41
GgZve¯’vq, AvBbmg~n cÖ_‡g ag© Z_v bwe‡`i gva¨‡g Iwni ØvivB cÖewZ©Z nq| wKš‘
cieZ©x mg‡q ˆ¯^ivPvix kvmKiv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ¶gZvi P‚ovq cÖwZwôZ K‡i Ges g‡b
Ki‡Z _v‡K, c„w_ex‡Z ZvivB cÖfzi Qvqv42ÑÔAvwgB ivóª, Avwg c„w_ex‡Z cÖfzi Qvqv|Õ Zviv
Zv‡`i g‡Zv K‡i AvBb cÖYqb Kij Ges ag©xq †bZviv Zv‡`i mg_©b †`Iqv ïiæ Kij|
KL‡bv KL‡bv ag©xq †bZvivI wb‡R‡`i cÖfzi ¯’v‡b †i‡L AvBb ˆZwi Kij; we‡klZ ivRv I
†cvciv BD‡ivcxq RbM‡Yi Rxeb‡K Ryjyg Øviv AwZô K‡i Zzjj| GB BwZnvm¸‡jv
40. Ghannouchi, 2015: 87
41. Ghannouchi, 2015: 98
42. Ghannouchi, 2015: 98
we‡kølY K‡i Nvbywm D‡jøL K‡ibÑGB cwiw¯’wZB AvR‡Ki cvðvZ¨ iv‡óªi aviYvwU G‡m‡Q,
hv g~jZ `ywU ˆewkó¨‡K aviY K‡iшeaZv (Legitimacy) I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Sovereignty)|43
cÖ_gZ, ˆeaZv AvaywbK iv‡óªi GKwU †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨| A_wiwU‡K Aek¨B Pjgvb AvBb I
weavb †g‡b P‡j‡Z n‡e; hw` Zviv (wb‡RivI) AvBb f½ K‡i, Z‡e Zv‡`i wePvi wefv‡Mi
gva¨‡g kvw¯Í †c‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk G‡K mgv‡Ri we`¨gvb g~j¨‡eva I D‡Ïk¨ †g‡b Pj‡Z
n‡e| †gvÏvK_v, iv‡óªi Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e RbM‡Yi ¯^v‡_©, Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡bi
Av‡jv‡K Ges AvBb cÖYqb I †`k cwiPvjbvi myweav‡_©|
wØZxqZ, wZwb mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K AvaywbK iv‡óªi GKwU †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
Zuvi g‡ZÑmve©‡fŠgZ¡ iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P A_wiwU; we‡kl K‡i AvBb cÖYq‡bi †¶‡ÎцhLv‡b
iv‡óªi Ici †Kv‡bv A_wiwU †bB| GUv iv‡óªi †h‡Kv‡bv A_wiwUi †P‡q m‡e©v”P| wZwb ej‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb, ivRv wKsev †cvciv iv‡óªi mywcÖg A_wiwU n‡Z cv‡i bv|
Bmjvwg †cÖ¶vc‡U ivóª : Nvbywm g‡b K‡ib, Bmjv‡g kvmb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Bmy¨ Ges
cÖvK…wZKfv‡e mvgvwRK cÖ‡qvRbxqZv| wZwb `vk©wbK BKevj †_‡K D×…wZ K‡ibÑ
ÔAvcwb GKw`K †_‡K ZvKv‡j Bmjvg‡K GKwU ag© wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z cv‡ib, Avi
Aciw`‡K GKwU ivóª|Õ44
Nvbywmi g‡ZÑBmjvwg ¯‹jvi‡`i mw¤§wjZ BRgvi gva¨‡g G welqwUi mvgvavb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wZwb AviI D‡jøL K‡ib, ïay gyZvwRjv I Lv‡iwR‡`i GKwU †QvÆ MÖæcB Gi we‡ivwaZv
K‡i‡Q, †hLv‡b Zviv g‡b K‡iÑivRbxwZ Avek¨K bq; hw`I Zviv wb‡RivB cieZ©x mg‡q
ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ði m‡½ RwoZ n‡q‡Q|
KviRvwfi g‡Zv NvbywmI Awf‡hvM K‡ib, gymwjg †`kmg~‡n cwðgv wPšÍv Ges mvgªvR¨ev`x
wk¶ve¨e¯’vi cÖfv‡e ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` gymwjg ZvwË¡K‡`i Øviv M„nxZ n‡q‡Q A_ev Zviv
Bmjv‡gi mw¤§wjZ c×wZ (ag© I ivRbxwZ) a‡i ivL‡Z m‡Pó nbwb| G wel‡q ev¯Íe mv¶x
wn‡m‡e Nvbywm Avwj Ave‡` iv¾vK Ges Zvi eB‡qi D`vniY Uv‡bb; †hgbUv KviRvwfI D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb|
cieZ©x mg‡q wZwb gvMwi‡ei †ek K‡qKRb ZvwË¡‡Ki bvg D‡jøL K‡ib, hviv ag© I ivRbxwZi
c„_KxKiY Pvq Ges GUv cÖgvY Ki‡Z PvqÑBmjv‡g †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK welq †bB| Ggb
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Nvbywm Bmjvwg ivóª wel‡q Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm, bm I BRgv †_‡K wKQz cÖgvY
Dc¯’vcb K‡ib|

43. Ghannouchi, 2015: 99

44. Ghannouchi, 2015: 115
1. HwZnvwmK `wjj : gw`bvq GKwU wbw`©ó f‚wg‡Z AvBb I cÖkvmb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU
ivR‰bwZK kw³ wQj| †mB mgv‡R wQj mevi Kgb GKwU Uv‡M©UÑcvi¯úwiK Pzw³ Ges G‡K
Ac‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK©| †mB mgvRwU wgwjUvwi, wePvivjq, Ab¨ †`‡k `~Z †cÖiY Ges eZ©gvb
mg‡q iv‡óªi †h Ab¨vb¨ KvR¸‡jv i‡q‡QÑGi cÖvqB me¸‡jvB ZLb ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡Zv| †mB
mgvRwU Zvi AvBb cÖYq‡b KziAvb I nvw`m‡K cÖv_wgK Drm Ges G `y‡Uvi wfwˇZ
BRwZnv`‡K wØZxq Drm wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡iwQj|
2. BRgv : Nvbywm D‡jøL K‡ib, Djvgv‡`i mw¤§wjZ BRgv n‡jvÑBmjv‡gi mKj hy‡MB GKwU
miKvi Ges kvmb _vKv Riæwi, hviv Bmjv‡gi AvBbmg~n ev¯Íevqb Ki‡e| Zuvi g‡Z, GB
BRgv Djvgv‡`i Giƒc hyw³i mv‡_ m¤úwK©ZÑÔIqvwRe cwic~Y© Ki‡Z hv Riæwi, †mUv KivI
IqvwRe|Õ Zuvi g‡ZÑcÖ‡Z¨K gymwj‡gi Rb¨ GUv Riæwi, †m Bmjvwg AvBb Z_v Avjøvni
wewaweavb ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡e| Avi G c×wZ ZLbB ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e, hLb GKwU
¯^vaxb miKvi cÖwZwôZ n‡e| myZivs Bmjvwg miKvi Kv‡qg Kiv GKwU Avewk¨K welq|
3. Bmjv‡g miKv‡ii mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡mg~n : Nvbywmi g‡ZÑhw`I Bmjv‡g miKvi GKwU
Riæwi welq, wKš‘ Gi gv‡b GUv bqÑGUv Bmjv‡gi GKwU A½| KviY, G m¤ú‡K© ¯úó
†Kv‡bv bm Z_v †U·U †bB| Z‡e hw` Bmjvwg ivóª bv nq, Zvn‡j G msµvšÍ AvBb I
weavb¸‡jv AKvh©Ki n‡q co‡e| hw` miKvi cwiPvjbv GKwU mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ nq, Z‡e
b¨vqwePvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU c×wZ cÖ‡qvRb| Nvbywmi g‡Z, GB b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôvi
Rb¨ Bmjvg mgv‡R we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| Avi Bmjv‡gi b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ GKwU Bmjvwg
miKvi _vKv Riæwi|
Bmjvwg iv‡óªi g~jbxwZmg~n : Nvbywmi g‡ZÑBmjvwg iv‡óªi `ywU Avewk¨K g~jbxwZ i‡q‡Q :
K. bm (†U·U) L. k~iv|
K. bm (†U·U)
Nvbywmi g‡Z, Bmjv‡g miKvi Z_v KZ…©c‡¶i ˆeaZvi cÖv_wgK Drm Gi †U·Umg~n|
A_©vr Iwni gva¨‡g cvIqv Drmmg~n ÑKziAvb I nvw`m| Nvbywm GLv‡b KziAv‡bi †ek wKQz
AvqvZ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb, †hLv‡b Avjøvn Zuvi AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi Av‡`k w`‡”Qb Ges hviv
GUv‡K AeÁv K‡i, Zv‡`i mZK© Ki‡Qb| cvkvcvwk wZwb nvw`m †_‡K G msµvšÍ
nvw`m¸‡jv eY©bv K‡ib| Nvbywm GLv‡b GUvB cÖgvY Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, Bmjv‡g GKwU
miKvie¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q Ges GB e¨e¯’v g~jZ Avjøvn Zvqvjv w`‡q‡Qb| gymjgvb‡`i Avjøvni
AvBb‡K AvB‡bi m‡e©v”P Drm wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv DwPZ|
 Bmjvwg ivóª Ges gymwjg MYZvwš¿K ivóª

Bmjv‡g ivóª m¤úK©xZ ZË¡ Ges iv‡óªi Ae¯’vb

Bmjv‡g ivóª I miKvie¨e¯’v cÖgvwYZ nq Bmjvwg kwiqvni `wjj (†U·U), BwZnvm, cÖK…wZ I
ZvwË¡K M‡elYvi Øviv| KviRvwf I Nvbywm `yR‡bB wKQz Kgb cÖgvY D‡jø‡Li gva¨‡g AvaywbK
Bmjvwg ivR‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡ GKwU iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Zz‡j a‡ib| †U·U wn‡m‡e Zuviv
KziAv‡bi wewfbœ AvqvZ-nvw`m D‡jøL K‡i iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bvbv AvBb I weav‡bi
welqvewj D‡jøL K‡ib| `yR‡biB G wel‡q hyw³ n‡jvÑGKwU ivóª Qvov GB AvqvZ¸‡jv
A_©nxb n‡q co‡e|
HwZnvwmKfv‡e gw`bv †_‡K B¯Ívš^yj ch©šÍ Z_v bwe -Gi mgqKvj †_‡K Dmgvwb
mvjZvbvZ ch©šÍ gymwjg mgv‡R ivR‰bwZK KZ…©Z¡ I ivóª wQj GKwU ev¯ÍeZv| ZvwË¡Kfv‡e
Avj dvivwe †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Nvbywm ch©šÍ gymwjg ZvwË¡Kiv Bmjvwg ˆbwZKZv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai
Av‡jv‡K GKwU ivóªZË¡ wewbg©v‡Y KvR K‡i‡Qb| ZvwË¡KMY; we‡klZ BDmyd Avj KviRvwfi
g‡ZÑ Bmjvg me©`v msMwVZfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z Av‡`k K‡i| Avi msMwVZfv‡e KvR Kivi
Rb¨ ivóª GKwU Riæwi Dcv`vb|
gymwjg ZvwË¡K‡`i ivóªmsµvšÍ `xN© ZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbv mKj hy‡Mi iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgvY K‡i|
cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q †hgbUv eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q, Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g hy‡Mi QqRb ZvwË¡KB iv‡óªi
Aw¯Í‡Z¡i K_v ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb; hw`I Zuv‡`i eY©bvq ag©-ivóª m¤úK© wb‡q wfbœ
wfbœ gZ wQj| Zv‡`i †KD †KD ivR‰bwZK KZ…©Z¡‡K (ivóªxq kw³‡K) GKwU ag©xq welq e‡j
hyw³ w`‡q‡Qb| †KD ivóª‡K mvgvwRK I gvbweK cÖ‡qvRb e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Avevi †KD-
ev g‡b K‡i‡Qb, ag© (Øxb) I mvgvwRK/gvbweK (`ywbqv) †hŠ_fv‡e `y‡Uvi Rb¨B ivóª‡K
cÖ‡qvRb| iv‡óªi cÖwZôvmsµvšÍ G welqwU GLv‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| we‡kl K‡i AvaywbK mg‡q
Bmjvwg Z‡Ë¡i wfwˇZ GKwU iv‡óªi msÁv cÖ`v‡b welqwU LyeB Riæwi|
Av‡jvwPZ QqRb ZvwË¡‡Ki g‡a¨ Avj dvivwe I Be‡b Lvj`yb ivóª‡K GKwU mvgvwRK I
gvbweK cÖ‡qvRb e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb; hw`I Zuviv †Kv‡bvfv‡e a‡g©i welqwU A¯^xKvi
K‡ibwb| G `yRb ZvwË¡K g‡b K‡ib, mgv‡Ri GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‡jvÑag©| Avj
dvivwei g‡Z, GB we‡k¦ cwic~Y© Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivL‡Z (euvP‡Z) mgvR (ivóª) Riæwi Ges
gnvb Avjøvn Zvqvjv Avgv‡`i myL AR©b Ki‡Z m„wó K‡i‡Qb, hv P‚ovšÍ cwic~Y©Zv| GB welwU
mgvR Qvov m¤¢e bq| †Kbbv, gvbyl cÖ‡qvRbxq welqvw` GKv mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
dvivwe mgvR‡K `yB fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb : cwic~Y© I Acwic~Y©| Zuvi g‡ZÑcwic~Y© mgvR
wbf©i K‡i RbM‡Yi G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ mgš^‡qi Ici| iv‡óªi RbMY wbLyuZfv‡e G‡K
Ac‡ii mv‡_ mgš^q Ki‡Z cvi‡j ZLb †mUv n‡q D‡V GKwU cwic~Y© ivóª| †hgbUv cÖ_g
Aa¨v‡q eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q, GKwU cwic~Y© ivóª GKwU cwic~Y© gvbe‡`‡ni g‡Zv| GKwU gvbe‡`n
ZZ¶YB cwic~Y©fv‡e Pj‡Z mÿg, hZ¶Y Zvi A½-cÖZ½¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i KvR¸‡jv Kivi
gva¨‡g cwic~Y© mgš^q Ki‡e| Gi cvkvcvwk dvivwe cwic~Y© iv‡óªi kvmK nIqvi c~e©kZ© I
¸Yvewj wb‡qI Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
Avj dvivwei g‡Zv Be‡b Lvj`ybI g‡b Ki‡Zb, c„w_ex‡Z euvPvi Rb¨ gvbyl G‡K Ac‡ii
mv‡_ mgš^q Ki‡Z eva¨| Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi ivóªZ‡Ë¡ `ywU cwifvlv Lye RiæwiÑAvmvweq¨vn
(†MvôxZË¡) I Dgivb (Avmvweq¨vi RxebKvj/ivóª ¶gZvi RxebKvj)| ÔAvmvweq¨vnÕ g~jZ
iv‡óªi DÌv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z, Avi ÔDgivbÕ cZ‡bi mv‡_| Be‡b Lvj`yb g‡b K‡ib, k³
Avmvweq¨vni Rb¨ wKsev Avmvweq¨vn‡K kw³kvjx Ki‡Z ag© Riæwi| wZwb AviI g‡b K‡ib,
ag©xq weavb GB Rxeb (`ywbqv) Ges cieZ©x Rxeb (AvwLivZ) `y‡Uvi Rb¨B DcKvix|
†Kbbv, Avjøvn gvbyl m„wó K‡i‡Qb, Avi wZwbB Rv‡bb Kxfv‡e c„w_ex Pvjv‡Z nq| myZivs
`ywbqv I AvwLivZ `yB RM‡ZB mdjZvi Rb¨ ag©xq weavbB m‡e©vËg|
MvRvwj I Be‡b ZvBwgqv g‡b K‡ibÑivóª¶gZv GB `ywbqv‡Z gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ ag©xq welq|
MvRvwj †hgbUv e‡j‡QbÑÔag© (Øxb) I A_wiwU (mvjZvbvZ) n‡jv †Rvov| ag© n‡jv A_wiwUi
(mvjZvbvZ) wfwË Avi myjZvb Gi cvnviv`vi| wfwË Qvov †Kv‡bv wKQz mn‡RB cwZZ n‡e
Ges Avi cvnviv`vi bv _vK‡j Pzwi n‡q hv‡e|Õ45 ZvBwgqv g‡b Ki‡Zb, kvmKiv n‡jb
`ywbqv‡Z Avjøvni Qvqv| Zuvi g‡ZÑkvmK wbe©vPb Kiv GKwU Avewk¨K ag©xq `vwqZ¡|
Avj gvIqvw`© I wbRvgyj gyjK hyw³ Zz‡j a‡ibÑivóª n‡jv ag©xq (Øxb) I mvgvwRK (`ywbqv)
mgwóMZ wKsev †hŠ_ cÖ‡qvR‡b m„wó| gvIqvw`©i g‡ZÑ BgvgZ n‡jv Øxb‡K msi¶Y Ki‡Z
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