Internet Usage and Search Engine

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Internet

Interconnected Network
Internet-International Network

 Internet is a "Network of networks

 It consists millions of private & public networks of local to global scape

 Father of Internet - "Vint Cerf”

History of Internet

 ARPANET - Adavance Research projects Agency Network

 Year - 1969

 The University of California in Los Angeles and the University of Utah joined as the

launch of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, ARPANET

 Goal - To connect computers at different university & U.S. Defence

 "NSFnet"

 year 1980

Another Federal Agency NSF "National Science Foundation"

 It has created a new high-capacity network

 It was more capable than ARPANET

 NSFnet allowed only the academic research on its network & not any kind of

private business on it
Internet

 Private organization & people started working to build their own network which

were later inter- connected with ARPANET & NSFnet to form internet

ARPANET + NSFnet ---- Internet

Dial Up Connections

Dial-up is a means of connecting to the Internet with the help of a pre-existing

telephone Line

 Whenever the user triggers a dial-up connection, the modem first dials the

Internet service provider's (ISP) phone number, which is set up to receive dial-

up calls and then the ISP establishes the connection

 Internet service provider's (ISP) - These are the companies that provide us

internet facility

BroadBand Connections

Broadband connection is used to access high speed internet . Telephone lines are used

to connect to the Internet


Digital Subscriber Line

 It is a popular broadband connection, in which Internet access digital data is

transmitted over local telephone network wires (copper). It works like dial-up

service, but at a much faster rate. For this, a DSL modem is required, to which the

telephone line and the computer are connected.

 It has a transfer speed of 256 Kbit/s

Cable modem

 Internet facilities are available through coaxial

Its transmission speed can be 1.5 Mbps or higher

Broadband over power line

Broadband connection service on low and medium voltage electric power

distribution network is called broadband over power line. Its transfer speed is up

to 3

Wireless connections

Wireless broadband connects a home or business to the Internet using a radio

link between a customer's location and a service provider

A. Wireless fidelity

It is used to transfer data over radio frequencies


Application - In Restaurants, Coffee Shops, Hotels, Airports and City Parks, etc

B- Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

WiMAX was organized by the WiMAX Forum in August 2001

 The WiMAX system is designed to provide Internet services to residential and

enterprise customers

 WiMAX is mainly used to provide internet access like Wi-Fi, but at a much

higher speed for longer distances and more users

C. Mobile Wireless Broadband Services

• Mobile Wireless Broadband Services. Broadband services are also available from

mobile and telephone service providers. These types of services are generally

appropriate for mobile customers. The speed achieved by this is very less
Protocol

1. TCP / IP – (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)

• It provides end to end connectivity • It includes formatting of data, addressing

routes of transmission and method of receiving it, etc

TCP -

• This is called connection-oriented protocol • It establishes the connection prior to the

communication

• It divides the data into small packets and sends it to the destination

• It works on transport layer of OSI model

IP –

• It is a connectionless protocol

• It is used for addressing through which data reaches the final destination

• It transmits the data in form of packets

• It ensures no guarantee of successfully transmission of data. In order to make it

reliable,

it must be paired with reliable protocol such as TCP/UDP


IP – Address –

Every computer connected to the Internet has a special digital address for special

identification, which is called IP Address

• This special address will be provided by the Internet Service Provider

• IP address is a unique address

• No two computers connected on the Internet can be the same IP Address.

• Static IP Address- If a computer is provided with a permanent IP address, it is called a

Static IP Address

• Dynamic IP Address - If a new IP address is given every time a computer is connected

to the Internet, then it is called Dynamic IP Address

Types of IP Address –

1) Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)

• The most used internet protocol is developed in 1970

• It is of 32-bit

• IPv4 consists of four groups of digits from 0 to 255

• It is separated by a dot (.)

Ex – 173.225.0.14
2) Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv4)

• Developed in 1991

• It is of 128 bits

• IPv6 consists of eight groups of four hexadecimal numbers separated by colons (:).

Ex – 2001 : odbc : 1276 : oa8c : 0000 : 0001 : 0576 : 008b

FTP (File transfer Protocol )

• It transfers files between two computers through the Internet

• Through this protocol, Internet users can upload files from their computers to various

websites or download them from the websites to their PCs

• Ex- FTP Software – File Zila, gFTP etc.

SMTP (Simple mail Transfer Protocol)

• It is a push protocol

• It is used to send e - mails

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

• It is a pull protocol

• It is used to receive e-mails from mail server


POP3 - Post office Protocol version 3 / POP3

• It is used to retrieve e-mails from mail server

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

• VoIP also called IP technology Internet telephony, broadband phone, digital phone etc

• VoIP provides phone services over the internet & transmit multimedia using broadband

internet connection instead of analog or regular phone line

Telnet -

• This protocol facilitates remote login

• The Telnet session is triggered by entering a valid username and password.

• You can 'login' on any computer and work on it in such a way that you have the

computer's keyboard, so this facility is also called remote login

Http - Hyper text transfer protocol

• It is used to access the data from world wide web (www)

• It is used to transfer the data in the form of hypertext audio & video etc.
WAP - Wireless Application Protocol

• In wireless devices such as mobiles, it is used to provide Internet services such as

web browsers

Usenet Protocol –

• Under this service, a group of Internet users can exchange their views/ advice etc.

among themselves on any particular subject. Where e-mail is limited to one-to-one,

Usenet may be divided into more than one

MAC Address

Media Access Control

1. Mac address is physical

2. Address, which uniquely identifies each device on a network

3. It is a unique address

4. It is also called physical address, hardware address or BIA (Burned In Address)

5. It is provided by device's vendor at the time of manufacturing and embedded in

its NIC

6. It is of 48- bits

7. It is of 12 - digit
Ex – OO: AO: C9 : 14: C8: 35

6 - digit prefix 6 - digit suffix

• First 6-digits MAC Address identifies the manufacturer, called as OUI (Organizationa

Unique Identifier)

• The latter indicate the unique address of the 6-digit computer

Terms Related to Internet

1. World wide web

• Inventor - Tim Berners Lee

• year - 1989

• It is a type of data base which is spread all over the world

• Web or www is a collection of websites or webpages stored in web servers &

connected to local computers through the internet

2. Web Page

• Web page is an electronic page

• A web page can contain text, images, diagrams, audio, video or hyperlinks

• It is created using HTML


Two types of webpages -

a) Static webpage b) Dynamic webpage

a) Static webpage - Whose content cannot change

b) Dynamic webpage - Whose content change every time

Home pages - First page of website

3. Website

• A website is a collection of webpages in which all web pages are linked to each other

by hyperlinks

4. Web Browser

• A web browser is an application software that is used to search and display the

content of the World Wide Web

Two types -

a) Text web browser) - Text based information is displayed in this web browser like -

Lynx which provides access to internet in text mode only.

b) Graphical Web Browser

EX - 1st Graphical Web Browser - "Mosaic" by National Center for Super Computing

Application (NCSA)
5. Web Server –

Web server is a computer where the web content is stored

6. Search Engine

This is a type of website, in which any topic is written in the search bar, so that

all the related information is displayed

• 1st search engine – "Archie" Developer – Alan Image in 1970


 Ex –

1. Google – famous & mostly used

company – google Year – 1997

Lang – 149

2. Bing – Company – Microsoft Year –

2009

Lang – 40

3. Yahoo – Founder – Jerry Yang a david filo


Company – yahoo inc Year – 1999
Lang – 40

4. Baidu – China
Year - 2000
6. URL (Uniform Resource Locator) -

• It is a web address

• Web addresses on the Internet identify the location of a specific web •

Inventor – "Tim Berners Lee"

Year – 1991

• Tim Berners Lee created 1st URL

Ex - " http://www.google.com / services / index.html"

http – protocol

www – World wide web

google.com – domain name

/services/ - directory

Index.html – web page

7. Domain Name –

• Each website in the network is given a special name which is the address of

that website.

•A domain name is a way to identify a locate computers connected to the internet

•The domain name consists of the name of the website and the extension

•The name and the extension name are separated by a dot (.)

•A domain name can contain a maximum of 64 characters (characters), which can be

either numbers or letters Ex – Google.com, yahoo.com etc.


8. Blogs

•This is a web page or website, in which the opinion / advice of a particular person,

links to other sites are regularly recorded

•Any normal blog contains text, images and links to other blogs, web pages or media

related to any other

Languages used on www

1. HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language

It is a language to create web

Hypertext

•Hypertext is text displayed on a web page that is linked to another web page

•It appears dark blue or underline on the screen

•Hyper text is a text which contains link to other text

•Information related to hypertext can be accessed by clicking on it with the mouse or

keyboard

2. XML - Extensible markup language

• It is designed to store & transport data

• XML tags are not predefined.


3. XHTML - Extensible HTML

This language includes features of both HTML and XML languages.

4. Java Script -

• It is a scripting programming language

• It is used to create web pages in which the need to write instructions is less

5. PHP - Hypertext Pre-Processor

• Developer - Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994

• It is used to create dynamic web pages

• The website of facebook and yahoo was prepared in PHP language

Internet Services

1. Chatting

2. E - mail (Electronic mail)

3. Video conferencing

4. Downloading

5. E-learning etc

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