Web Programming

UNIT 1
INTERNET & HTML
 NETWORK
• Large number of separate but interconnected
computers is called as computer network.

• Three types
– Local Area Network (LAN)
– Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
– Wide Area Network (WAN)
NETWORK OF NETWORKS
A NETWORK CONNECTED TO INTERNET
INTERNET
• INTRODUCTION
– The Internet is a global system of interconnected
computer networks
– that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/
IP) to serve billions of users worldwide.
– It is a network of networks that consists of millions
of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks, of local to global scope.
– that are linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless and optical networking technologies.
INTERNET
 INTERNET
• INTRODUCTION
– The Internet carries a vast range of information
resources and services, such as the inter-linked
hypertext documents of the World Wide Web
(WWW) and the infrastructure to support
electronic mail.
 INTERNET
• INTRODUCTION
– A collection of interconnected networks forms
INTERNET.
– The internet as we know today is actually a very
large wide area network (WAN) connecting
computers and networks around the world.
– Internet makes it possible for millions of computer
users to connect to one another via telephone
line, cables and satellites.
 ORIGIN OF INTERNET
• In 1969, the U.S. Defence Department funded a project to
develop a network, which can withstand the bombing.
• Basically the idea was to develop a very secure network
which can work even after a nuclear attack. This project
was known as ARPANET.
• The proposed network was not supposed to have a central
control – which would be an obvious target.
• Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet
Networks (LANs) and workstations were developed to get
connected to LAN. These workstations and LANs were then
connected to the ARPANET.
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF INTERNET

• 1950: Development of Computers.

• 1960 & Early 1970: Packet switching networks
(like ARPANET) were developed using variety
of protocols.
• ARPANET led to the development of protocols
of internetworking the process of linking
collection of network.
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF INTERNET
• 1981: Access to ARPANET was expanded when
National Science Foundation (NSF) created a new
high speed network.
Objectives:
• To interconnect supercomputing centres so they
could access one another’s resources.
• To give academic and research centres access to
one another for purpose of exchanging
information.
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF INTERNET
• 1982: The Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was
standardized and concept of world wide
network of fully interconnected TCP/IP network
called internet was introduced.
• 1990: ARPANET was decommissioned since
speed was no longer sufficient . NSFNET fully
replaced ARPANET
• 1995: NSFNET was decommissioned and
Internet got commercialised.
 Uses of Internet
• Internet
– the most useful technology of the modern time
– helps us not only in our daily lives.
– also our personal and professional lives developments.
– in several different ways.
– For the students and educational purposes
– business professionals and the professions like doctors, access
the internet to filter the necessary information for their use.
– the largest encyclopedia for everyone, in all age categories.
– maintaining contacts with friends and relatives who live
abroad permanently.
 Advantages of Internet
Services: Many services are provided on the internet like net banking, job
searching, purchasing tickets, hotel reservations, guidance services on array of
topics engulfing the every aspect of life.

 Communities: Communities of all types have sprung up on the internet. Its a great way
to meet up with people of similar interest and discuss common issues.

 Shopping: There are many online stores and sites that can be used to look for products
as well as buy them using credit card.

 Entertainment: Internet provides facility to access wide range of Audio/Video songs,

plays films. Many of which can be downloaded. One such popular website is YouTube.

 Software Downloads: You can freely download innumerable, software like utilities,

games, music, videos, movies, etc from the Internet.
 Advantages of Internet
 E-mail: Email is an essential communication tools in todays world.

 24 hours a day - 7 days a week: Internet is available, 24x7 days for

usage.

 'Information: There is a huge amount of information available on the

internet for just about every subject.

 One can find any type of data on almost any kind of subject by using
search engines like google, yahoo, msn, etc.

 Online Chat: Chat facility can be used to meet new people, make new
friends, as well as to stay in touch with friends.
 Limitations of Internet
 Theft of Personal information: With the use of Internet there are
chances that personal information such as name, address, credit card,
bank details and other information can be accessed by unauthorized
persons.

 Virus threat: Virus is a program created to disrupts the normal

functioning of computer systems.

  Spamming: It is often viewed as the act of sending unsolicited email.

This multiple or vast emailing is often compared to mass junk mailings.

  Phishing : Phishing attack refers to sending a convincing mail to

targeted user with an embedded url .
 Features of Internet
 Email
 Video Conference
 File Transfer
 Remote Login
 News
 Chat
 Cloud
 Levels of Internet Connectivity
• Level 1 - Access through a gateway
• Level 2 - Access via modem to host connected
to network
• Level 3 - Direct Internet Access
TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS
• There are various type of connectivity to get
hook on to Internet.
 Gateway Access
 Dial-up Connection
 Leased Connection
 DSL
 Cable Modem Connection
 VSAT
 Level 1 Connectivity
• Services are limited to what gateway supports
• Examples
– Department's / University's Computer Network.
– America On-Line, CompuServe, Prodigy, etc.
– Sub-network is not really on the Internet but has
access to it in accordance with traffic allowed
through gateway
Level 1 Gateway Connection
 Level 2 Connectivity
• Services are limited to what the connected-to
host (H2) provides
• Everything is accomplished through the H2
• File transfers from Internet to H1 require two
downloads: Internet to H2 and H2 to H1
• Level 2 connectivity is the most prevalent of
Internet access.
Level 2 Internet Connection
 Level 3 Connectivity
• Some local companies provide Serial Line
Interface Protocol (SLIP) or Point-to-Point
Protocol (PPP) Internet access
– Gateway Access is also known as Level-One connection.
It is the access to the Internet from a network, which is
not on the Internet. The gateway allows the two
different types of networks to “talk” to each other. But
the users of the Gateway Internet have limited access to
the Internet. They might not be able to use all the tools
available on Internet. The local Internet Service Provider
(ISP) normally defines this limitation.
– eg : VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited). All access to
Internet from India are through VSNL gateway.
Dial-up Internet Connection
 DIAL – UP
CONNECTION
• Dial-up access is really just like a phone connection

• Connection through modem and a public telephone

network.

• It uses analog telephone lines

• Encoding & Decoding of analog signals is done by

modem

• Using a dial-up line to transmit data is similar to using the

telephone to make a call

 DIAL – UP
CONNECTION
‘Dial-up’ connection is also known as Level Two connection. This
provides connection to Internet through a dial-up terminal
connection. The computer, which provides Internet access is
known as ‘Host’ and the computer that receives the access, is
‘Client’ or ‘Terminal’.
 PROCESS OF DIAL-UP
1. The client computer modem dials the preprogrammed
phone number
2. Verification of user’s account by ISP
3. Connection is established and data can be
transmitted.
4. When either modem hangs up, the
communication ends.
ADVANTAGES

• Low cost

• Safety

• Availability

DISADVANTAGES

• Low Speed

• Requires phone line

• Route busy
 ISDN
• Integrated Services Digital Network

• Standard for digital telecommunications that allows fast

digital
dialup connections

• It put together speech and information on the same line

• An ISDN line can provide two data channels each operating

at 64kbps

• ISDN service is available where the distance from the client

to
ADVANTAGES

• Multiple digital channels

• Speedy establishment of connection

• It can be used for other activities like

– videoconferencing

– remote network maintenance

DISADVANTAGE

• It is very costly than the other typical telephone

system
SATELLITE CONNECTION
Digital Subscriber Line - DSL
 DSL
• Digital Subscriber Line

• High-speed data service that works over POTS copper

telephone lines

• Uses a different part of the frequency spectrum than analog

voice signals

• DSL Internet speeds started out at 960 Kbps download & 120
Kbps upload.

• Price not much more than the price of dial up, but twice
the speed .
Two types of DSL

ADSL:-
• Type of DSL that provides different bandwidths in the
upstream and downstream directions
• It can support downstream bandwidths of up to 8
mbps and upstream bandwidths of 1.5 mbps
• Eg:- RADSL, VDSL.
SDSL:-
• Equal bandwidth for upstream and
downstream activities
• More popularly used in business
• It can offer 1.5 Mbps both for download and
upload
• Egs:- HDSL and SHDSL
• Following are the several versions of DSL technique
available today:

• Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)

• Symmetric DSL (SDSL)

• High bit-rate DSL (HDSL)

• Rate adaptive DSL (RDSL)

• Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL)

• ISDN DSL (IDSL)

ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
ADSL is the short for asymmetric digital subscriber line. It
supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving
data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to 640
Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate).
ADSL requires a special ADSL modem.
ADSL+2 - ADSL Extension
ADSL2+ service is most commonly offered in highly-
populated metropolitan areas and subscribers must be in
close geographical locations to the provider's central office
to receive ADSL2+ service.
 SDSL - Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line. It is a
technology that allows more data to be sent over existing
copper telephone lines (POTS). SDSL supports data rates
up to 3 Mbps. SDSL works by sending digital pulses in the
high-frequency area of telephone wires and cannot operate
simultaneously with voice connections over the same
wires. SDSL requires a special SDSL modem. SDSL is
called symmetric because it supports the same data rates
for upstream and downstream traffic.
 VDSL - Very High DSL is a DSL technology that offers
fast data rates over relatively short distances — the shorter
the distance, the faster the connection rate.
 ADVANTAGES
• DSL simultaneously keeps your Internet
connection and phone lines open
• Downloads are faster than uploads
• DSL uses the existing wiring infrastructure of
your telephone lines
• DSL is secure
• It is always on
DISADVANTAGES
• DSL efficiency is related to distance
• Large amount of uploading is not
possible
• DSL is limited to a certain perimeter
• No standardization
• Compared to dial up ,it is expensive
CABLE MODEM
 CABLE MODEM
• Cable modems provide Internet access using the same
cables
that transmit cable television

• Cable modems are primarily used to deliver

broadband internet access in the form of cable
internet

• Cable modem connections are faster than dial-up and DSL

connections.

• Connection speed fluctuate depending on the number

ADVANTAGES
• High connection speed
• Convenient
• Does not affect your phone line
• Connection speed is not affected by the distance from
ISP operation center
• Easy setup with self installation kit
DISADVANTAGES
• Higher price than dialup and DSL connection
• Higher security risk than dialup or DSL
• Not available to all cable TV networks
• Bandwidth is shared over the same cable line
• Connection speed is affected by the number of people
using the internet at the same time in your
neighborhood
WI-FI
 WI-FI
• Wireless Fidelity

• Vic Hayes has been named as father of Wi-Fi

• Big internet buzz word & growing very rapidly

• Wi-Fi usually requires the ISP to invest quite a bit in

transceivers

• Practical range is about 90 meters (300 feet) from

the transceiver using normal powered transmitters

• At least 7 or more end users can be sharing the same

master
ADVANTAGES

• Flexible working
• Reduced set up cost
• Avoid deterioration with time
• Eliminate re-configuring computers
• Password and security
DISADVANTAGES

• Signal strength sensitivity

• Climatic conditions
 WLAN
• Wireless Local Area Network
• Provide wireless network communication over short
distances
• Uses radio or infrared signals instead of traditional network
cabling
• Built by attaching a device called the access point
• IEEE 802.11 is the foremost standard for wireless LANs
WIMAX
 SATELLITE CONNECTION
• Internet access provided through satellites

• Data is being sent from the satellite to a user's equipment and then

translated and decoded.

• Delivered through satellite dish

• Equipment required-mini dish satellite receiver and satellite

modem

• It is one of the high-speed option available today

• Upload speed-128 kbps

• Download speed-400 kbps

ADVANTAGES
• High speed internet access

• Does not tie up with local phone service

or cable TV subscription
• Connection speed is not affected by phone
or cable wiring
 DISADVANTAGES
• More expensive than DSL and cable
• Large setup fee. Expensive equipment upfront. Has to be set
up by trained technician.
• Short delay of signal transmission may affect real time
applications
• Fair access policy limits the ability to download large files
in reasonable amount of time
• Connection speed is slower than DSL and cable
• Weather problem. In severe snowstorms and heavy rain,
users
may experience signal fade
 VSAT
• Short for Very Small Aperture Terminal, an
earthbound station used in satellite communications
of data, voice and video signals, excluding broadcast
television.
• A VSAT consists of two parts, a transceiver that is
placed outdoors in direct line of sight to the satellite
and a device that is placed indoors to interface the
transceiver with the end user’s communications
device, such as a PC.
 VSAT
• The transceiver receives or sends a signal to a satellite
transponder in the sky. The satellite sends and receives
signals from a ground station computer that acts as a hub
for the system.
• Each end user is interconnected with the hub station via the
satellite, forming a star topology. The hub controls the
entire operation of the network. For one end user to
communicate with another, each transmission has to first
go to the hub station that then retransmits it via the satellite
to the other end user’s VSAT.
VSAT
VSAT
 WiMax
• Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access
• Broadband wireless access technique
• Offers fast broadband connections over long distance
• Range of up to 30 miles
• Improves non-line-of-sight performance
• Great advantage to rural communities where cable & DSL
wasn't available & to developing nations
 ADVANTAGES
• Wimax coverage
• Wimax high speed
• Multi-functionality within Wimax Technology

DISADVANTAGES
• Lack of quality

• Wimax range

• Wimax bandwidth
• High cost