MONITORING

PD measurement is suitable to detect damages in the insulation of power

transformers at an early stage which helps minimising the risk of failure

Column by the University Transformer Research Alliance (UTRA) www.university-transformer-research.com

Partial discharge monitoring of power

transformers by UHF sensors
ABSTRACT PD monitoring can be used to prevent bility in a two-step procedure, including
harmful events during service. There- the sensor characteristic. UHF sensor
Electrical energy networks’ reliability is fore, continuous monitoring can be ben- positions must be selected for good cov-
driven by both the quality and the reliabil- eficial compared to singular diagnostic erage of the active part, high sensitivity,
ity of its electrical equipment, e.g., power measurements; diagnostic PD measure- and safety reasons.
transformers. Local failures inside their ments provide snapshot information
oil / paper insulation can cause a break- which lacks trend information. Also, KEYWORDS
down resulting in major outage and temporary measurements can cause
penalty costs. Power transformers are misleading interpretations due to the power transformer condition assess-
tested on partial discharge (PD) activity volatile nature of PD. UHF PD monitoring ment, UHF PD calibration, UHF PD
at a factory routine test. In addition, UHF systems can be calibrated for compara- monitoring, UHF sensor positioning

22 TRANSFORMERS MAGAZINE | Volume 7, Issue 3 | 2020

 Stefan TENBOHLEN

The electromagnetic UHF method is often used for

on-site diagnostics, because of its higher signal-
to-noise ratio; the electromagnetic emissions of
PD are recorded using a UHF antenna which is
installed into the transformer tank

1. Introduction surements according to IEC 60270 [2],

or by electromagnetic measurements in
Power transformers are essential to the the ultra-high frequency range (UHF:
reliability of the electrical grid. Hence, 300 MHz – 3 GHz) [3]. DGA only pro-
the reliable operation of power trans- vides an indication of the presence of PD.
formers is vital for supply security. An increasing number of transformers
Transformer failures regularly lead to are monitored using direct methods. PD
significant damage and associated costs. measurement is suitable to detect dam­
All critical internal faults should be de- ages in the insulation of power trans-
tected at first appearance. Therefore, dif- formers at an early stage and thereby
ferent diagnostic methods have been de- helps minimising the risk of failure [4].
veloped to meet the increasing demands Its significance is emphasised by a stan-
for on- and off-site measurements [1]. In dardised electrical measurement accord­
particular, partial discharges (PD) mea- ing to IEC 60270, which is required for all
surement has been established to detect acceptance certificates at routine testing.
local defects in the paper / oil insulation. The apparent charge QIEC is an indicator
Defects can be both initiated and subse- of transformer quality. The electromag-
quently enlarged by the destructive na- netic UHF method gains importance in
ture of PD. terms of monitoring and on-site diagnos-
tics [5]. The electromagnetic emissions of
There are three different ways of PD PD are recorded using a UHF antenna
monitoring: indirect detection by dis- which is installed into the transformer
solved gas analysis (DGA) and direct tank. The principle propagation paths of
detection by either electrical PD mea- the methods are shown in Fig. 1.

Corona

Electrical PD
Quadrupole
(IEC 60270 )

pC

Internal PD
UHF
Sensor
mV
UHF
PD

Figure 1. Signal propagation of UHF and electrical PD measurement at a power transformer with internal PD (red) and external PD (blue) [6]

w w w . t ra n sfo r m e r s - m a g a z i n e . co m 23
MONITORING

A UHF sensor consists of a broadband an- internal PD measurement are used for
practical applications.
tenna optimised for the UHF frequency
range radiated by PD, and of its mechani- 2.1 UHF drain valve sensor

cal adaption for the installation on power A UHF drain valve sensor is designed for
transformers, which are equipped with
transformers standard DN50 or DN80 gate valves,
shown in Fig. 2a. A conventional gate
valve with suited straight duct is shown
Electrical signals propagate by the gal- for UHF sensors [8]. Both UHF sensors in Fig. 2b. Ball and guillotine valves
vanic coupling of the winding and are types are presented in the next chapter. can also be used for sensor installation.
decoupled by the measurement capaci- Then a recommendation for the place- Fig. 2c demonstrates a counterexample
ty of the bushing for online monitoring ment of window type UHF sensors at that is not suitable. It illustrates a globe
or with an external coupling capacitor new power transformers is given. For valve without a straight opening. Other
(not shown). Electromagnetic signals the UHF method, a calibration proce- non-suited valve types without a straight
travel directly through the oil-filled dure is now available [9, 10]. The cali- opening (diaphragm and butterfly
volume of the transformer. Usually, the bration process is required to ensure valves) are also popular in some regions.
Faraday shielding of the transformer both reproducibility and comparability It is recommended to use only straight
tank and low-pass filters provided by of UHF measurements: only a calibrat- opening valves on new transformers to
high voltage bushings shield UHF PD ed UHF measurement procedure can provide sensor compatibility.
measurements against external dis- be introduced supplementary to IEC
turbances [7]. Therefore, it is less sus- 60270 in the acceptance tests of power Sensor application is possible even on
ceptible to external interferences com- transformers. transformers in service, which is ad-
pared to the electrical method. This vantageous, especially for diagnostic
is advantageous for measurements in 2. UHF sensors measurements on site. Nevertheless,
noisy environments for on-site / online permanent installation as part of an on-
measurements and for monitoring. CI- A UHF sensor consists of a broadband line PD monitoring system is possible
GRÉ Working Group WG A2-27 rec- antenna optimised for the UHF fre- as well. First, the UHF sensor is mount-
ommends in brochure 343 to provide quency range radiated by PD, and of ed on the valve. Secondly, the valve is
DN50 valves to all transformers for the its mechanical adaption for the instal- opened slowly and deaerated by a small
later fitting of UHF probes. Alterna- lation on power transformers. Mainly ventilation valve on the sensor’s mount-
tively, dielectric windows can be used two different mechanical adaptions for ing plate. Afterwards, the oil valve can
be opened completely, and the sensor is
inserted into the transformer tank. The
head of the UHF sensor (the antenna)
has to only reach into the transformer
a) in order to provide sufficient sensitiv-
ity. Usually, insertion depth of approx.
50 mm is a reasonable value [12]. If the
UHF antenna remains inside the pipe
of the gate valve, the sensor only pro-
vides low sensitivity due to electromag-
netic shielding [3]. Besides sensitivity
considerations, a minimum distance
between the UHF sensor and parts on
a high potential must be preserved to
ensure safe operation.
b) c)
Gate valve Globe valve
2.2 UHF plate sensor
straight
opening
UHF plate sensors, as shown in Fig. 3a,
can be mounted directly onto the tank
without wall, which is suitable for newly-built
straight transformers or for transformers in
opening repair. A dielectric window is inte-
grated into the tank wall. It consists
of a stainless-steel welding ring and a

Figure 2. a) UHF drain valve sensor for DN50 / DN80 gate valves [11]; b) Gate valve example for oil valves suited for UHF sensor installation [12]; c)
Globe valve example for oil valves not suited for UHF sensor installation [12]

24 TRANSFORMERS MAGAZINE | Volume 7, Issue 3 | 2020

high-performance high-temperature There are two main types of UHF PD sensors:
and oil-resistant plastic which serves
as the oil barrier for the antenna. The drain valve and plate sensor; plate sensors
plastic allows UHF signals to pass can be replaced without oil handling, which
through with low damping. The plate
sensor itself is mounted into the dielec- is not the case for the drain valve sensor
tric window. Its UHF antenna reaches
into the transformer tank through the
window. In contrast to the drain valve
sensor, plate sensors are suitable for the and the significance is limited. the UHF sensor must be included sep-
replacement without oil handling. CI- arately into the entire calibration path.
GRÉ Working Group WG D1-37 rec- Both the measurable electrical and These characteristics must be obtained
ommends a design for the welding ring UHF PD levels are influenced by: by the UHF sensor manufacturer as a
and dielectric window (shown in Fig. pre-condition and then be included
3b in the brochure TB 662 [13]. • Type and magnitude of the PD source into the system calibration [10].
• Position of the PD and the related
Fig. 3b shows a dielectric window and signal attenuation of the individual Therefore, UHF calibration is a two-
a welding ring suited for transformer coupling path inside the transformer step process. The first step results in the
tank wall installation. Plate sensors can • Sensor sensitivity (the UHF sensor, calibration factor K M and eliminates
be welded into the transformer tank at or the coupling capacitor and the the influence of the signal recorder and
any suited position. Even if no sensors quadrupole, respectively) additional accessories, such as cable
are installed initially, cheap dielectric • Attenuation of measurement cables damping. This is achieved by the use
windows with blank covers can be and the sensitivity of the particular of a defined impulse, which is injected
welded onto the tank wall during pro- measurement device. into the UHF measurement system (no
duction, which allows an easy retrofit UHF sensor used). Hence, all deviations
of UHF PD monitoring during ser- For both PD measurement methods, in the measurement can be corrected.
vice. Fig. 3c shows a test installation of the coupling path inside the trans­ The second step results with the cali-
three UHF plate sensor prototypes on a former cannot be calibrated, which is bration factor KS. It takes into account
power transformer. why the actual PD source-level remains an individual sensor’s characteristics,
unknown in both cases. The goal of namely its antenna factor (AF) into the
3. Calibration of UHF PD calibration is to ensure comparability calibration. The AF represents the abil-
between different measurement de- ity of a sensor to convert the electric
measurements
vices, which can be achieved by elim- field strength into a voltage signal. It
The comparability of electrical PD inating the influences of sensors and can be measured, for example, by using
measurement systems is associated recording device [9, 14]. a defined and reproducible setup, such
with their standardised calibration as a GTEM cell [15, 16]. The product of
procedure. This enabled the introduc- The standardisation of UHF PD mea- both factors with the measured voltage
tion of acceptance levels using the ap- surement can also be achieved by using of the PD pulse UPD results yields the
parent charge according to IEC 60270 calibration. In contrast to the electrical calibrated field strength, which allows
in the transformer routine tests using PD calibration, the UHF calibration the comparability between different
the apparent charge level, even though process consists of two steps because measurements. [10]
the actual PD charge remains unknown the specific antenna characteristics of

a) b) c)

Figure 3. a) UHF plate sensor for the direct installation on the transformer tank wall [11]; b) 3D drawing of a welding ring (left), dielectric window
(middle), and a UHF plate sensor (right) [11], c) Test installation of UHF plate sensors on a power transformer

w w w . t ra n sfo r m e r s - m a g a z i n e . co m 25
MONITORING

U
UHF S /
PD
V/m

final
calibration
point
Total UHF Calibration Factor
UHF
measurement
Amp.
Coax cable
device = [1/m]
UHF Preamplifier
Sensor (if used)

“Calibrated Field Strength”

KA KM

= [V/m]
KUHF

Figure 4. Determination of the calibrated field strength

The standardisation of UHF PD measure- mum possible spatial distance from

one another and in an area with low
ment can also be achieved by using calibra- electric field stress, i.e., away from the
windings and HV lead terminals. Ex-
tion, which consists of two steps periments performed on a trans­former
show that UHF sensors installed on
the walls along the length of the trans-
4. Sensor placement recom- ly. The axially reflected waves emerge former tank perform better when the
mendation for UHF PD mon- from the top and bottom of the wind- propagation of the electromagnetic
ings and eventually propagate through waves from the source to the sensor
itoring the oil space in the tank. A similar phe- is direct, i.e., with minimal obstruc-
nomenon happens with the radially tions. If the PD occurs near the lead
4.1 For partial discharge detection
reflected waves after reaching the op- exits, then the propagation path can
To be used as a tool for acceptance posite side of the windings. The prop- be assumed to be direct. However, PD
test, it is necessary that the sensitivity agation characteristics of the waves, occurring inside the windings will in-
of a PD measuring technique is suffi- which can be observed in Fig. 5, have variably have an indirect propagation
cient to detect all PDs within a power implications on the sensor positioning path to such sensors. Therefore, sensor
transformer. Based on experimental in that the sensors should be ideally positioning should be done based on
results obtained from a 300 MVA, 420 placed above and below the highest the signal attenuation with respect to
kV transformer, a single UHF sensor and lowest points of the windings, re- both the signal propagation distance
is unable to provide sensitive coverage spectively. The different colours show and the propagation path. Evaluation
of the entire tank without the signal the electromagnetic field emitted by a of the sensor performance shows that
becoming noisy [17-19]. Therefore, at PD in the centre of the main insulation the sensors with the lowest signal at-
least two sensors are required to pro- gap between HV and LV winding 12 tenuation are located near the outer
vide complete coverage of the tank. ns after the PD inception. Simulation return limbs of the yoke. Therefore, it
In addition, two sensors are necessary results show that above the top height can be stated that the receiving sensors
for the performance check procedure. of the winding, detection of EM waves located at these positions have a rela-
Based on simulations carried out on is indeed possible. Thus, the dotted tively better performance compared
a validated model of a power trans- lines in Fig. 5 represent the installation to the rest. Another beneficial aspect
former [20], results show that when a height thresholds of UHF PD sensors. of placing a sensor close to the outer
PD source is situated inside the wind- return limb is the low value of the en-
ings, the electromagnetic waves can- Experimental results show that in­stalling countered electric field stress since the
not propagate through the outer layer one sensor on each lengthwise wall sensor is not in close proximity to the
windings. Therefore, after hitting the of the transformer tank provides com- windings. Hence, it is preferable to po-
inner surface of the outer winding, the plete coverage of the tank. The sensors sition the sensors near the outer limbs
waves are reflected radially and axial- should be ideally placed at the maxi- of the core in a diagonal formation on

26 TRANSFORMERS MAGAZINE | Volume 7, Issue 3 | 2020

 Proper sensor place-
Bushing Turret ment at the tank is es-
sential for high-sen-
Tank
sitivity; at least two
CORE
sensors should be in-
Top Height Threshold stalled to ensure com-
plete coverage of the
tank and detection of
Artificial PD Source
the UHF PD electro-
Windings magnetic waves
Bottom Height Threshold

Figure 5. Electromagnetic wave propagation in the tank after 12 ns (side view)

the opposite sides of the tank wall, as

shown in Fig. 6a. The general regions
where sensors can be installed are de-
noted by the blue circles, with a diam-
eter of approximately 100 cm. These
positions also satisfy the requirements
of the height thresholds, and two sen-
O
sors placed at these positions should L

be adequate for the factory acceptance T

C
test.

4.2 For partial discharge localisation a)

The possibility of localisation of a PD

sources is a benefit of the UHF meth-
od. Four or more sensors are required
to triangulate the PD sources. The fol-
lowing requirements should be met
for best sensitivity: the sensors should
not be placed close to each other and O
L
on the same tank wall, and the sensors T
C
should not form a geometrical plane.
These factors will result in insufficient
deviations between the time difference b)
of arrival (TDOA) of the signal at the
sensors when the location of the PD
source is changed, thus leading to lower
sensitivity for localisation.

Based on the aforementioned obser- OLTC

vations from the measurement data,

the optimal configuration would be c)
four sensors in a cross-diagonal ar-
rangement, as shown in Fig. 6b. The Figure 6. a) Sensor positioning for PD detection on opposite sides (view from the HV side)
cross-diagonal formation maximises b) Sensor positioning for PD localisation (view from the HV side)
the spatial distance not only between c) Sensor positioning on the cover plate of the tank

w w w . t ra n sfo r m e r s - m a g a z i n e . co m 27
MONITORING

In the case study, the PD trend analysis is UHF signals occur in this timeframe
which triggered the amplitude alarm of
used as an indicator to determine if the insu- the system. During this time frame, the
lation defects are getting worse on 50-year- amplitude and number of PDs stayed
constant and did not get worse, so it
old 110 / 10 kV, 120 MVA step-up generator was decided to keep the transformer in
transformer service. After 3 h of high amplitudes,
the PD event vanished, and PD activity
was normalised. The measured com-
bined dissolved fault gases represented
the sensors on the same side but also 5. UHF PD monitoring case by the Hydran value started to increase
between those on the opposite sides. study: 120 MVA generator approx. 4 h after the PD event was over.
Additionally, the formation of a geo- step-up-unit Fig. 7c shows the trend view of the PD
metrical plane, which can lead to sig- amplitude correlated to the Hydran value.
nificant errors in localisation in certain This case study presents PD monitor-
scenarios, e.g., when a PD source is lo- ing data of an approx. 50-year-old 110 The alarm threshold for the fault gas
cated along the normal at the geomet- / 10 kV, 120 MVA unit generator trans- value was exceeded approx. 7 h after the
rical centre of the plane, is prevented. former, which has by now been moni- PD event started. This delay is caused
Both factors should aid in localisation tored for more than six years. Prior to by the gas solubility and dispersion in
based on TDOA. Reliability can be im- this, the transformer was out of service the transformer. The event illustrates
proved by adding additional sensors. It for eight years. A condition assessment the advantage of direct PD monitor-
should be noted that depending on the before bringing the unit back into ser- ing. The UHF PD monitoring system
design of the tank and the presence of vice indicated PD: conventional PD provides an instant alarm in case of PD
flux shunts, it may not always be pos- measurements, according to IEC 60270 events, and PD can be observed using
sible to install the sensors at the pro- [2], indicating that the transformer had PRPDs and trend views. In contrast, the
posed locations. several active PD sources at nominal DGA monitoring alarm occurs with
voltage UN. several hours delay (in this case) and no
Based on the phenomenon shown in detailed information about the causing
Fig. 5, it can be observed that installing Due to the lack of standard rules and PD itself.
sensors on top of the transformer tank threshold values to assess old transform-
will have benefits with respect to sig- ers, it was decided that the unit can only Conclusion
nal attenuation and propagation time be put back into service with continu-
compared to the positions at the tank ous PD monitoring. For permanent ob- In this contribution, the placement of
wall. Additionally, there is the added servation of PD data, an online UHF PD UHF PD sensors in power transform-
convenience of the installation as monitoring system with a single UHF ers was discussed, and a case study
there are fewer obstructions between drain valve sensor was installed. Fur- of continuous UHF PD monitoring
the sensors and the active parts of the thermore, voltages, load currents, top- data obtained from a 120 MVA power
transformer. The results obtained from oil / ambient temperatures, mechanical transformer was presented. Out of the
the simulations confirm that the sen- vibrations, and dissolved gases (using two types of UHF PD sensors intro-
sors on top of the tank can measure a GE Hydran sensor), were record­ed. duced, the drain valve sensors can be
the signals with the aforementioned The PD trend is used as an indicator installed in transformers equipped with
advantages. The proposed alternative to determine if the insulation defects standard DN50 or DN80 gate valves,
positioning of such sensors is shown in are worsening. PRPD monitoring data whereas UHF plate sensors are installed
Fig. 6b, and Fig. 6c, where two sensors confirms the presence of more than in dielectric windows provided on the
should be placed in a diagonal forma- one PD source. The PDs are not present transformer tank wall. The former type
tion on top of the tank instead of on the permanently despite constant voltage is limited by the number and the loca-
sidewall. conditions. Because the measured PDs tion of available gate valves, while the
show no clear trends, alarm thresholds dielectric windows can be placed on the
For safety reasons, dielectric windows are set slightly over the “normal” PD be- transformer tank wherever desirable on
need to be placed in regions with low haviour. Alarm parameters are given by new transformers.
electric field strength. In the areas with the maximum signal amplitude of UHF
high electrical field strength, the air PD (in mV) and by the counted PD Comparability of UHF PD measure-
inside the pocket of the dielectric win- events per minute. Fig. 7a shows a UHF ments can be achieved using calibra-
dow could lead to PD. It is advisable to PRPD pattern and Fig. 7b the same tion. The UHF calibration process
follow these estimated guidelines re- PRPD data time-resolved, whereas the consists of two steps because the spe-
garding the minimum installation dis- colour gradient in Fig. 7a represents cific antenna characteristics of the
tances with respect to the HV winding. the number of recorded PD per minut­e UHF sensor must be included sepa-
For windings rated at 420 kV, 230 kV, and in Fig. 7b the UHF amplitude in rately into the entire calibration path.
and 130 kV, the minimum distances of mV. The UHF PRPD pattern in Fig.
1.5 m, 1 m, and 0.8 m, respectively, are 7a shows the PRPD data from Fig. 7b The sensor placement strategies for
recommended. from t1 = 240 min to t2 = 420 min. High window type UHF sensors were based

28 TRANSFORMERS MAGAZINE | Volume 7, Issue 3 | 2020

on the experimental data and electro- The UHF PD monitoring system provides
magnetic simulations. Both the sensor
sensitivity and electric field strength an instant alarm in case of PD events, and
were taken into account while making
the recommendations. The benefits
PD can be observed using PRPDs and trend
and demerits of placing sensors on views
various sides of the transformer tank
were also discussed. With respect to
factory acceptance tests, two sensors
are deemed to be sufficient. However, tempt was made in correlating the PD Bibliography
for PD source localisation, four or six activity to the amount of gas dissolved
sensors are recommended. in oil. The alarm of the DGA moni- [1] S. Tenbohlen, M. Heindl, M. Jovale-
toring system sounded approximately kic, A. Müller und M. Siegel, Trends of
The power transformer used in the 7 hours after the end of the PD event the Diagnosis of High Voltage Equip-
case study had multiple active PD and provided no information about ment (Trends in der Diagnostik von
sources. However, the PD activities the cause, thus highlighting the im- Hochspannungs-Betriebsmitteln), in
did not show a clear trend, and they portance of direct PD monitoring us- ETG Diagnostik Elektrischer Betriebs-
normalised after a certain time. An at- ing UHF sensors. mittel, Fulda, Germany, 2012

a)

b) c)

Figure 7. a) UHF PRPD (section 240 min – 420 min in b)), b) time-resolved PRPD (2-dimensional simplification, no #PDs shown) c) UHF PD value
(in mV) correlated with Hydran value (in ppm)

w w w . t ra n sfo r m e r s - m a g a z i n e . co m 29
MONITORING

[2] International Electrotechnical [11] BSS Hochspannungstechnik GmbH, [17] C. P. Beura, M. Beltle, S. Ten-
Commission (IEC), IEC 60270 High BSS Hochspannungstechnik, 2019, bohlen, Positioning of UHF PD Sen-
Voltage Test Techniques - Partial www.bss-hochspannungstechnik.de sors on Power Transformers based on
Discharge Measurements, Geneva, the Attenuation of UHF Signals, IEEE
Switzerland, 2015 [12] M. Siegel, M. Beltle, S. Tenbohlen, Transactions on Power Delivery, Bd.
S. Coenen, Application of UHF Sen- 34, No. 4, pp. 1520-1529, 2019
[3] S. Coenen, Measurements of Par- sors for PD Measurement at Power
tial Discharges in Power Transform- Transformers, IEEE Transactions on [18] R. Lebreton, G. Luna, S. Louise,
ers using Electromagnetic Signals Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, pp. Detection and localization of partial
(Dissertation), Stuttgart, Books on 331-339, 2017 discharges in power transformers
Demand GmbH, 2012 using four or more UHF sensors, In-
[13] CIGRÉ WG D1.37, Technical ternational Conference on Condition
[4] J. Fuhr, Procedure for Identifica- Brochure 662: Guidelines for partial Monitoring, Diagnosis and Mainte-
tion and Localization of Dangerous discharge detection using convention- nance – CMDM, Budapest, Hungary,
PD Sources in Power Transformers, al (IEC 60270) and unconventional 2013
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and methods, Paris, France, CIGRÉ, 2016
Electrical Insulation, Bd. 15, No. 5, [19] S. Coenen, M. Hässig, M. Siegel, J.
2005 [14] M. Siegel, S. Tenbohlen, Compar- Fuhr, S. Neuhold, T. Brügger, S. Hoeck,
ison between Electrical and UHF PD T. Linn, Placement of UHF Sensors
[5] M. D. Judd, Power Transformer Measurement concerning Calibration on Power Transformers, ETG Confer-
Monitoring Using UHF Sensors: In- and Sensitivity for Power Transform- ence, Berlin, Germany, 2018
stallation and Testing, IEEE Interna- ers, International Conference on Condi-
tional Symposium on Electrical Insu- tion Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD), [20] C. P. Beura, M. Beltle, S. Tenbohlen,
lation, Anaheim, USA, 2000 Jeju, Korea, 2014 Attenuation of UHF Signals in a 420
kV Power Transformer based on Ex-
[6] S. Tenbohlen, M. Siegel, M. Beltle, [15] M. Siegel, S. Tenbohlen, Design of periments and Simulation, Interna-
M. Reuter, Suitability of Ultra High an Oil-filled GTEM Cell for the Char- tional Symposium on High Voltage
Frequency Partial Discharge Mea- acterization of UHF PD Sensors, In- Engineering (ISH), Budapest, Hungary,
surement for Quality Assurance and ternational Conference on Condition 2019
Testing of Power Transformers, in Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD), Jeju,
CIGRÉ SC A2 & C4 JOINT COLLO- Korea, 2014 [21] C. P. Beura, M. Beltle, S. Ten-
QUIUM, Zürich, 2013 bohlen, M. Siegel, Quantitative Anal-
[16] M. D. Judd, M. Siegel, S. Coenen, ysis of the Sensitivity of UHF Sensor
[7] M. D. Judd, Partial Discharge UHF PD Sensor Characterisation Positions on a 420 kV Power Trans-
Monitoring for Power Transformers using GTEM Cells, ETG Conference, former Based on Electromagnetic
Using UHF Sensors Part 2: Field Ex- Berlin, Germany, 2018 Simulation, MDPI Energies 2020, 13, 3
perience, IEEE Electrical Insulation
Magazine, Bd. 21, No. 3, 2005

[8] CIGRÉ WG A2.27, CIGRÉ Tech- Author

nical Brochure 343: Recommenda- Stefan Tenbohlen received his diploma and PhD in
tions for Condition Monitoring and
Condition Assessment Facilities for Engineering from the Technical University of Aachen,
Transformers, Paris, CIGRÉ, 2008 Germany, in 1992 and 1997, respectively. In 1997, he
joined ALSTOM Schorch Transformatoren GmbH,
[9] M. Siegel, S. Tenbohlen, Calibra- Mönchengladbach, Germany, where he was responsible
tion of UHF Partial Discharge Mea- for basic research and product development. From 2002
surement for Power Transformers - 2004, he was the Head of the Electrical and Mechanical
and a Comparison to the Calibration
Design Department. In 2004, he was appointed Professor and Head of the
of Electrical PD Measurement, Elec-
trical Insulation Conference (EIC), Institute of Power Transmission and High Voltage Technology of the Uni-
Montreal, Canada, 2016 versity of Stuttgart, Germany. In this position, his main research fields are
high voltage technique, power transmission, and electromagnetic compati-
[10] M. Siegel, S. Coenen, M. Beltle, bility (EMC). Prof. Tenbohlen holds several patents and has published more
S. Tenbohlen, M. Weber, P. Fehlmann, than 500 papers. He is a member of the IEEE, CIGRÉ, German committees
S. M. Hoek, U. Kempf, R. Schwarz, T. of A2 (power transformers, D1 (emerging technologies), C4 (system techni-
Linn, J. Fuhr, Calibration Proposal
for UHF Partial Discharge Measure- cal performance), several international working groups.
ments at Power Transformers, MDPI
Energies, 12, 3058 2019 [email protected]

30 TRANSFORMERS MAGAZINE | Volume 7, Issue 3 | 2020