Unit III - A

Doors and Windows
Introduction of doors
• Broad classification as exterior or interior.
• Wood, metal, plastic, glass, or combinations of these materials are used
to manufacture doors.
• Considerations for selection of door include:
1. Fire resistance
2. Cost
3. Protection/Privacy
4. Esthetics/Architectural Style
Types of doors
1. Ledged Door
2. Ledged and Braced Door
3. Ledged, Braced and Framed Door
4. Paneled Door
5. Glazed Door
6. Flush Door
7. Revolving Door
8. Sliding Shutter Door
9. Collapsible Steel Door
10. Rolling Steel Shutter Door
1. Ledged Door
• As ledged door is formed of vertical boards, known as bottoms, which
are secured by horizontal supports, known as ledge.
• Battens are 10cm to 15cm wide and 20mm to 30mm thick.
• Ledges are 10cm to 20cm wide and 30mm thick.
• Three ledges are employed-top, middle and bottom.
2. Ledged and Braced Door

• These are similar to ledged doors except that diagonal members,
known as braces are provided.
• The braces are generally 10cm to 15cm wide and 30mm thick.
• The braces give rigidity to the door and hence, door of this type are
useful for wide opening.
3. Ledged, Braced and Framed Door

• In this type of doors, a framework for shutters is provided to make the
doors stronger and better in appearance.
• It can be used for external use.
• The braces should be inclined upwards from the hanging side.
4. Paneled Door
• These types of doors are widely used in almost all types of buildings.
They are strong and give better appearance than battened doors.
• The panels are made from timber, plywood, block board or glass. The
thickness of panel is about 20mm.
• The number panel varies from 1 to 6.
5. Glazed and Sash Door

• Glazed doors are provided where additional light is required to be
admitted to the room through the door or where the visibility of the
interior of the room is required from the adjacent room.
• Such doors are commonly used for hospitals, offices, libraries,
showrooms, shopping units, etc.
6. Flush Door
• Flush doors are becoming popular these days because of their pleasing
appearance, simplicity of construction, less cost, better strength and
greater durability.
• They are used for residential as well as public and commercial buildings.
• These doors consist of solid or hollow core covered on both sides with
plywood etc.
7. Revolving Door
• A revolving door consists of a central support to which four radiating
shutters are attached.
• Revolving doors keep the opening automatically closed when it is not in
use.
• These doors are provided where there is constant foot traffic.
• These doors are provided at the entrance of public building like, banks,
hotels, offices, hospitals, theatres, etc. These doors are also suitable for
the entrance of air-conditioned buildings.
8. Sliding Shutter Door

• In this type of doors, the shutter slides on the sides with the help of
runners.
• The shutter of this type of door consists of one or more panels which
can slide either on one side or both the sides.
• They are commonly used for the entrances of go downs, sheds, shops,
showrooms, garages, etc.
9. Collapsible Steel Door

• A collapsible door consists of a mild steel frame.
• Two vertical pieces of a mild steel channels, about 15mm to 20mm
wide are joined together with the hollow portion of the channels inside.
• A vertical gap of about 12mm to 15mm is thus created. Such piece are
spaced at about 12cm Center to Center and are joined together by
cross iron pieces.
• The cross iron pieces are 10mm to 15mm wide and 15mm thick.
• These doors are used for main entrance of residential buildings, shops,
garages, public buildings, sheds, go downs, etc.
10. Rolling Shutter Door

• These are commonly used for shops, go downs, stores, etc.
• The door shutter acts like a curtain and thus provide protection and
safety against fire and thefts.
• The shutter moves in two vertical guide channels installed at their ends.
• The channel is made up of steel sheets and deep enough to
accommodate the shutter and keep it in position.
Introduction of Windows
• Many types of windows are available.
• Most types have unique proportions.
• Windows are made from wood, metal, or plastic.
• Construction differs by manufacturer.
• It is important to obtain window specifications from the manufacturer.
Types of Windows
1. Casement windows
2. Steel windows
3. Bay windows
4. Clear story windows
5. Corner windows
6. Dormer windows
7. Skylight windows
8. Sliding windows
9. Glazed windows
10. Pivoted windows
1. Casement Windows
• These are the windows, the shutters of which open like doors.
• The construction of casements window is just smaller to door
construction.
• A casement window consists of a frame, horizontal rails and panels or
glass panels.
2. Steel Windows
• Steel window can be fixed directly in the masonry opening on the wall
or it may be fitted in a wooden frame fixed in the window opening in
the wall.
3. Bay Windows
• These windows project outside the external walls of a room.
• They may be square, splayed, circular or polygonal in shape.
• These windows admit more light, increase opening area and improve
the appearance of the building.
4. Clear Story Windows

• These windows are provided near the top of the main roof.
• These windows are provided in a room which has greater ceiling height
than the surrounding rooms.
• Clear story windows provide ventilation to the inside of the room and
improve the appearance of the building.
5. Corner Windows
• These are the windows provided at the corner of a room.
• By use of this window, it is possible to ensure light and ventilation from
two directions at the right angles.
• It also improves the elevation of the building.
6. Dormer and Gable Windows

• It is a vertical window provided in the sloping roof.
• The main purpose of providing dormer window is to admit light and the
air in the building.
• It also serves as an architectural feature to the building.
• It is simply a vertical window.
7. Skylight Windows
• These are the windows, provided on the sloping surface of a pitched
roof.
• The opening for the skylight is made by cutting the common rafter
suitably.
• The skylight is provided with a view to permit the natural light in the
room below it.
8. Sliding Windows
• In this type of windows, the shutter slides on the sides with the help of
runners.
• The shutter of this type of windows consists of one or more panels
which can slide either on one side or both the sides.
• They are commonly used for the residential buildings, hospital, etc.
9. Glazed Windows
• A glazed window is a type of casement windows, in which the panels
are fully glazed.
• The framework of each shutter consists of two vertical styles, top rail
and a bottom rail.
10. Pivoted Windows

• In this type of windows, the shutters are swing round the pivoted,
which are fixed to the windows frame.
• The shutter can swing can rotate either horizontally or vertically.
Fixtures and Fastenings for Doors and Windows

The following are the fixtures and fastenings which are generally used
for doors and windows:
1. Hinges
2. Bolts and Locks, and
3. Handles.
Hinges
• The following are the various types of hinges commonly used.
(i) T-hinge. It is used for ledged doors, ledged and braced doors and
framed and braced doors.
(ii) Strap hinge. It is mainly used for heavy doors.
(iii) Parliamentary hinge. When it is required to avoid obstruction due
to shutters, parliamentary hinges are used. With the help of such
hinges, the shutters will lie along the wall.
(iv) Butt hinge. This type of hinge is commonly used for doors and
windows.
(v) Rising hinge. With the help of this type of hinge, it is possible to raise
the door shutter nearly 10mm above the floor level when the door is
opened and thereby clearing the carpet on the floor. Such hinges are
used in partition walls for automatic closing of the door after opening.
Bolts and Locks

The following types of bolts and locks are generally used:
(i) Barrel bolt and tower bolt. These are used for fixing to the back faces
of doors and windows. They are made of iron, brass, aluminium or
bronze.
(ii) Aldrop bolt. This type of bolt is generally used on the external faces
of doors.
(iii) Hasp and Staple. These are also used on the external faces of doors.
(iv) Hook and Eye. This is also known as thump and latch and is used to
secure doors and windows in position.
(v) Mortice Lock. This type of locking arrangement is used in doors
having a thickness of 4.5cm. It is fixed in a mortice formed on the edge
of a door.
(vi) Rim Lock. This type of lock is used for thin doors.
(vii) Cupboard Lock. This is an inferior type of lock and is used for
temporary and inferior works.
Handles
There are various types of handles which are fixed to the door and
window shutters to facilitate the opening and closing of the shutters.

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Unit III - A

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Doors and Windows

2. Ledged and Braced Door

3. Ledged, Braced and Framed Door

5. Glazed and Sash Door

8. Sliding Shutter Door

9. Collapsible Steel Door

10. Rolling Shutter Door

4. Clear story windows

10. Pivoted windows

4. Clear Story Windows

6. Dormer and Gable Windows

10. Pivoted Windows

Fixtures and Fastenings for Doors and Windows

Bolts and Locks

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