DOOR’S

DOORS
• Door is defined as openable barrier secured in
an opening left in a wall for the purpose of
providing access to the users.
• It basically consists of 2 parts
1)Frame
2)Shutter
• The door shutter is held in position by the
door frame which in turn is fixed in the
opening of the wall by some suitable means.
 MATERIALS
• Usual materials- wood, glass, plywood,
metals.
• Wood is common material used as it can be
moulded in variety of shapes.
• Glass is used for panels to admit more light.
• Plywood can be used as a covering material.
• PVC door shutters are used in doors of
kitchen, bathroom and toilets as there t
 TYPES OF DOORS
• LEDGED DOORS:

* Ledged door is formed of

the vertical boards, known
as battens which are
secured by horizontal
supports known as the
ledges.
* Simplest form of door
and used where strength
and appearance are not
important.
• LEDGED AND BRACED DOORS:

* These doors are

similar to ledged
doors except that
the diagonal
members known as
the braces.
* Door of this type
are useful for wide
openings.
• LEDGED AND FRAMED DOORS:

* In this type of doors , a

framework for shutter is
provided to make the
doors stronger and better
in appearance.
• LEDGED , FRAMED AND BRACED DOORS:

* This door is similar

to the ledged and
framed door type
except that the
braces are
introduced.
* This type of door
is more durable and
stronger and hence
it can be adopted
for external use.
• FRAMED AND PANELLED DOORS:

* This is the most usual variety

of door and it consists of a
framework in which panels are
fitted.
* For small openings shutter
are of single leaf while double
leafed shutters are used for
large openings.
• GLAZED OR SASH DOORS:

* In order to admit
more light , in addition
to that coming from
the windows, the fully
glazed or partly
panelled and partly
glazed doors are used.
* Glazed or sash doors
are useful for hospitals
, offices , libraries ,
showrooms , banks and
shopping units.
• FLUSH DOORS:

* A flush door consists of a

framework of rails and
styles and it is covered with
plywood or hardboard.
* Flush doors are
commonly used, especially
for interior work.
* Flush doors are
economical, easy to clean,
better in appearance,
reasonably strong and
crack proof.
• LOUVERED DOORS:

* In this type of doors, the

shutters are provided with
louvers , either fully or
partly.
* The louvers are arranged
at such an inclination that
the horizontal vision is
obstructed.
* They are used for sanitary
blocks of public buildings,
residential buildings ,etc.
• COLLAPSIBLE STEEL DOORS:
* A collapsible steel door
consists of a mild steel
frame. The 2 vertical
pieces of mild steel
channels are joined
together with the hollow
portion of the channel
inside.
* It is used for compound
gates, residential buildings,
schools, godowns,
workshops, public
buildings, etc.
• REVOLVING DOORS:
* The revolving door essentially
consists of a centrally placed
pivot in a circular opening.
* The revolving shutters or
leaves which are 4 in number
are radially attached to the
pivot.
* It is used for buildings ,
where there is heavy rush of
foot traffic , and also for air
condition buildings . hence
they are provided in big hotels,
banks, offices and theatres.
• ROLLING STEEL DOORS:

* A rolling steel
door consists of a
frame, a drum and
a shutter of thin
steel plates.
* They are usually
provided for
garages,
showrooms, shops ,
godowns and
factory buildings
 • SLIDING DOORS:

* Sliding door is a type

of door which opens
horizontally sliding
whereby the door is
either mounted or
suspended from a track.
* Commonly used for
shower doors,
wardrobe doors and
glass doors.
• SWING DOORS:

* Pin hinges allow

door to swing in
any direction.
* Found in
restaurants,
department stores
and hotels
WINDOW’S
WHAT ARE WINDOWS?
•It is defined as opening made in the wall for providing daylight
vision and ventilation.
•It Consist of frames and shutters.

CLASSIFICATION OF WINDOWS:
1. Fixed windows. 8. Bay window.
2. Pivoted windows. 9. Clerestory window.
3. Double hung window. 10. Corner window.
4. Sliding window. 11. Dormer window.
5. Casement window. 12. Gable window.
6. Glazed window. 13. Sky light.
7. Louvered windows. 14. Fan light.
15. Ventilators.
FIXED WINDOW.

• The glass pane or the glazed shutter is

permanently fixed in the wall.
• Used in situation where light or vision is
needed
• No ventilation is possible through fixed
windows
PIVOTED WINDOW.

• The Sutter of the window is capable of rotating about

a pivot fixed to window frame.
• It has no rebate.
• Shutter can rotate horizontally or vertically,
depending on the position of pivot.
DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW
• It consist of a pair of shutter arranged one above the other.
• It can slide vertically with in the grooves provided in a frame.
• A pair of metal weights connected by cord passing over pulleys is provided for
each shutter.
• In such windows it is possible to have controlled ventilation
SILDING WINDOW
• In this type the shutter moves on roller bearing and can slide horizontally
or vertically.
CASEMENT WINDOW
• Windows where shutter open like door are called casement windows.
• This windows has frame composed of stiles top rails, bottom rail, vertical and
horizontal sash bars with glass panes
GLAZED WINDOW
• Here the window shutter consist of vertical stiles, top rail and bottom rail.
• The glazing bar have rebates for fixing glass panels.
• The glass panels are secured in position either by small fillets or putty
known as glazing beads.
LOUVERED WINDOW
• The stiles of shutter are grooved to
receive a series of louvers which may be
of glass or woods
• The louvers are set within the grooves in
inclined position
• For economical construction the angle of
inclination of louvers or blades should be
45 degrees
• This type of window provides ventilation
and light even when opening is closed
• Commonly used in bathroom, WC and
Privates area
BAY WINDOW

• A window projecting outward from walls of a room is termed as bay window

• It may be square, rectangular or polygonal in plane
CLERESTORY WINDOW:
• Used to achieve better ventilation
and cooling effecting living
rooms.
• They are provided near the top of
the roof.
• Window shutter is horizontally
pivoted and the window can be
opened or closed by use of two
cords.
CORNER WINDOW:
• This window is essentially
located in the corner of a room.
• by this, it is possible to ensure
light and ventilation from two
directions.
Dormer window:
• It is vertical window built in the slpoping
side of a pitched roof.
• It is provided to achieve proper ventialtion
and lighting of the enclosed space.
GABLE WINDOW:
• The window provided in the
gable end of a pitched roof is
known as gable window.
SKY LIGHT.
• It is provide on the sloping
surface of a pitched roof.
• Opening is made by cutting
the common rafter suitably.
• The opening is treated by
lead flashing.
FAN LIGHT:
• Fan light ensures cross ventilation in the
room.
• Also assist in providing natural light.
• It is fitted between the head of door frame
and transome and maybe hung.
VENTILATORS:
• It is defined as a narrow window of small height
provided near the roof of the room for ventilation.
• Construction is similar to that of fan light.
• Shutter is horizontally pivoted.
Plastering
This is a process of covering rough surface with a plastic material to
obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean and durable surface.
Plastering conceals defective workmanship and covers up
unsound and cheap quality materials also provides base for
decorating surfaces.
External plastering also turned as rendering is done with the
object of improving the resistance of surface to rain, water
protection.

The plastic material or plaster is made by working together a

mixture of building materials which may be cement, lime, or
clay, fine aggregates and water.
Certain additives are sometimes added to improve its adhes
veness, durability, and lustre.
 Materials used in plaster :
• Lime plaster : lime is used in plastering may be fat lime or hydraulic lime.
Mortar of lime plaster is usually prepared by mixing sand and lime in equal
proportion and sometimes cement is added for strength.

• Cement plaster : cement plaster is an ideal coating for external

rendering. It is specially suited for dump conditions where non-absorbent
wall surface is essential.

• Mud plastering : this type of plastering is commonly seen in kuchha

construction in villages and in other structure of temporary character.

• Stucco plastering: stucco is name given to a decorative type of plaster

which gives an excellent finish. The surface plastered with stucco compares
very much with marble finish both is smoothness and elegance. Used for
interiors as well as exteriors.

• Plaster on lath : lath thing may be of wood or that of expanded meal.

Special materials used in plastering :

1. Plaster of Paris : used only in interiors.

2. Keene’s cement : hardest form of gypsum plaster. Used for decorative
plastering work and ornamental work.
3. Barium plaster : used as protection around x ray rooms.
4. Acoustical plaster : serves propose of a sound repellent finish.

Defects in plaster work :

1. Cracking
2. Blowing or blistering of plaster
3. Falling out of plaster
4. efflorescence
Types of Plaster Finishes used in Building
Construction are:

Different types of plaster finishes with different appearances are

available as follows.
1. Smooth cast finish
2. Rough cast finish
3. Sand faced finish
4. Pebble dash finish
5. Scrapped finish
6. Depeter finish
7. Textured finish
 Smooth Cast Plaster Finish
To obtain smooth cast finish, mortar used
should be in the ratio 1: 3 [cement: sand]. Fine
Sand should be taken to prepare the mortar.
For spreading the mortar, skimming float or
wood float is best suitable tool. Hence, smooth
and levelled surface is obtained finally.

Rough Cast Plaster Finish

Rough cast finish is also called as spatter dash
finish. Mortar used to get rough cast finish
consist coarse aggregate along with cement
and sand. Their ratio is about 1: 1.5: 3. The size
of coarse aggregate used is 3mm to 12mm.
Large quantity of mortar is taken by trowel and
it is dashed into the surface and levelled using
wooden float. Usually this type of plaster finish
is preferred for external renderings.
 Sand Faced Plaster Finish
To get sand faced finish two coats of plastering
is required. For first coat, 12mm thick layer of
cement sand mortar in 1: 4 ratio is preferred.
The first coat should be provided in zigzag
lines. And then it is allowed for curing for
7days.
After that 8mm thick layer of second coat with
cement and sand in 1:1 ratio is applied. Level
the surface using sponge. Finally take some
sand and screened it to obtain uniform grain
size. The screened sand is applied on the
second coat using skimming float or wooden
float. Finally, sand faced finish with uniform
grain size of sand is obtained.
Pebble Dash Plaster Finish
Pebble dash finish requires mortar layer of
12mm thickness with cement and sand in
the ratio of 1: 3. After plastering pebbles of
size 10mm to 20mm are dashed on to the
plastered surface. Then press them into the
plastered surface using wooden float
slowly. After hardening they provide
aesthetic appearance to the structure
Scrapped Plaster Finish
To obtain scrapped finish, apply final coat of 6
to 12 mm thickness and allowed it to dry. After
some time using steel blade or plate scrap the
plastered layer up to 3mm depth. Scrapped
finish is less liable to cracks.

Depeter Plaster Finish

This is also similar to pebble dash finish. But in
this case pieces of gravel or flints are used in
place of pebbles.
Textured Plaster Finish
Textured finish is obtained from the stucco
plastering in which different textures or shapes
are made on the final coat using suitable tools.
 Pointing
It is the art of finishing the mortar joints in
exposed brick or stone masonry with suitable
cement or lime mortar, in order to protect the
joints from weather effects and also to improve the
appearance of building structure.
Often an entire wall, or even a whole structure, is
pointed because defective points cannot easily be
detected, and adjacent joints may also be in need of
repair. The mortar is packed tightly in thin layers and
tooled to a smooth, concave, finished surface.
Types of pointing:

1. Flush pointing
2. Recessed pointing
3. Beaded Pointing
4. Struck Pointing
5. Rubbed, keyed or grooved pointing
6. Tuck Pointing
7. V- pointing
8. Weathered pointing
Flush pointing:
In This type of pointing mortar is pressed hard
in the raked joints and by finishing off flush
with the edge of masonry units. The edges are
neatly trimmed with trowel and straight edge.
It does not give good appearance. But, flush
pointing is more durable because of resisting
the provision of space for dust, water etc., due
to this reason, flush pointing is extensively
used.

Recessed pointing:
In case of recessed pointing mortar is pressing
back by 5mm or more from the edges. During
placing of mortar the face of the pointing is
kept vertical, by a suitable tool. This type of
pointing gives very good appearance.
Beaded pointing:
It is a special type of pointing which is formed
by a steel or ironed with a concave edge. It
gives good appearance, but it will damage
easily when compared to other types.

Struck pointing:
This is a modification of flush pointing in which
the face the pointing is kept inclined, with its
upper edge pressed inside the face by 10mm.
struck pointing drains water easily.
Rubbed, keyed or grooved pointing:
This pointing is also a modification of flush
pointing in which groove is formed at its mid
height, by a pointing tool. It gives good
appearance.

Tuck pointing:
In case of tuck pointing mortar is pressed in
the racked joint first and finishing flush with
the face. While the pressed mortar is green,
groove or narrow channel is cut in the centre
of groove which is having 5mm width and
3mm depth. This groove is then filled with
white cement putty, kept projecting beyond
the face of the joint by 3 mm. if projection is
done in mortar, it is called bastard pointing or
half tuck pointing.
V- Pointing:
This pointing is formed by forming V-groove in the
flush-finishing face.

Weathered pointing:
This pointing is made by making a
projection in the form of V-shape.
Paint’s
Paints is applied on timber, metal, brick, or other materials in the
form of a liquid which, or drying, forms a thin film on the painted
surface.

The essential function of the paints film is to provide protection or decoration

or both
Composition
Paint is composed of two basic ingredients: pigment and a vehicle. A thinner
may be added to change the application characteristics of the liquid.

PIGMENT.— Pigments are insoluble solids, ground finely

enough to remain suspended in the vehicle for a considerable
time after thorough stirring or shaking. Opaque pigments give
the paint its hiding, or covering, capacity and contribute other
properties (white lead, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide are
examples). Color pigments give the paint its color. These may be
inorganic, such as chrome green, chrome yellow, and iron oxide,
or organic, such as toluidine red and phthalocyanine blue.
Transparent or extender pigments contribute bulk and also
control the application properties, durability, and resistance to
abrasion of the coating. There are other special-purpose
pigments, such as those enabling paint to resist heat, control
corrosion, or reflect light.
VEHICLES, OR BINDERS.— The vehicle, or binder, of paint is the
material holding the pigment together and causing paint to
adhere to a surface. In general, paint durability is determined by
the resistance of the binder to the exposure conditions. Linseed
oil, once the most common binder, has been replaced, mainly by
the synthetic alkyd resins. These result from the reaction of
glycerol phthalate and an oil and may be made with almost any
property desired. Other synthetic resins, used either by
themselves or mixed with oil, include phenolic resin, vinyl, epoxy,
urethane, polyester, and chlorinated rubber. Each has its own
advantages and disadvantages. When using these materials, it is
particularly important that you exactly follow the manufacturers’
instructions
Types
Paints, by far, comprise the largest family of structural coatings you will be
using to finish products, both interior and exterior. In the following section,
we’ll cover some of the most commonly encountered types

OIL-BASED PAINTS.— Oil-based paints consist mainly of a drying

oil (usually linseed) mixed with one or more pigments. The
pigments and quantities of oil in oil paints are usually selected on
the basis of cost and their ability to impart to the paint the
desired properties, such as durability, economy, and color. An oil-
based paint is characterized by easy application and slow drying.
It normally chalks in such a manner as to permit recoating
without costly surface preparation. Adding small amounts of
varnish tends to decrease the time it takes an oil-based paint to
dry and to increase the paint’s resistance to water. Oil-based
paints are not recommended for surfaces submerged in water.
ENAMEL.— Enamels are generally harder, tougher, and more
resistant to abrasion and moisture penetration than oil-based
paints. Enamels are obtainable in flat, semigloss, and gloss. The
extent of pigmentation in the paint or enamel determines its gloss.
Generally, gloss is reduced by adding lower cost pigments called
extenders. Typical extenders are calcium carbonate (whiting),
magnesium silicate (talc), aluminum silicate (clay), and silica. The
level of gloss depends on the ratio of pigment to binder.

EPOXY.— Epoxy paints area combined resin and a polyamide

hardener that are mixed before use. When mixed, the two
ingredients react to form the end product. Epoxy paints have a
limited working, or pot, life, usually 1 working day. They are
outstanding in hardness, adhesion, and flexibility-plus, they resist
corrosion, abrasion, alkali, and solvents.
 The major uses of epoxy paints are as tile-like glaze coatings
for concrete or masonry, and for structural steel in corrosive
environments. Epoxy paints tend to chalk on exterior
exposure; low-gloss levels and fading can be anticipated.
Otherwise, their durability is excellent.

LATEX.— Latex paints contain a synthetic chemical, called latex,

dispersed in water. The kinds of latex usually found in paints are
styrene-butadiene (so-called synthetic rubber), polyvinyl acetate
(PVA or vinyl), and acrylic. Latex paints differ from other paints in
that the vehicle is an emulsion of binder and water. Being water-
based, latex paints have the advantage of being easy to apply.
They dry through evaporation of the water. Many latex paints
have excellent durability. This makes them particularly useful for
coating plaster and masonry surfaces. Careful surface preparation
is required for their use.
RUBBER-BASED.— Rubber-based paints are solvent thinned and
should not be confused with latex binders (often called rubber-
based emulsions). Rubber-based paints are lacquer-type products
and dry rapidly to form finishes highly resistant to water and mild
chemicals. They are used for coating exterior masonry and areas
that are wet, humid, or subject to frequent washing, such as
laundry rooms, showers, washrooms, and kitchens.

PORTLAND CEMENT.— Portland cement mixed with several

ingredients acts as a paint binder when it reacts with water. The
paints are supplied as a powder to which the water is added
before being used. Cement paints are used on rough surfaces,
such as concrete, masonry, and stucco. They dry to form hard, flat,
porous films that permit water vapor to pass through readily.
When properly cured, cement paints of good quality are quite
durable. When improperly cured, they chalk excessively on
exposure and may present problems in repainting.
ALUMINUM.— Aluminum paints are available in two forms:
ready mixed and ready to mix. Ready-mixed aluminum paints
are supplied in one package and are ready for use after normal
mixing. They are made with vehicles that will retain metallic
brilliance after moderate periods of storage. They are more
convenient to use and allow for less error in mixing than the
ready-to-mix form.
VARNISHES

In contrast to paints, varnishes contain little or no pigment and do not

obscure the surface to which applied. Usually a liquid, varnish dries to
a hard, transparent coating when spread in a thin film over a surface,
affording protection and decoration Of the common types of
varnishes, the most important are the oils, including spar, flat, rubbing,
and color types. These are extensively used to finish and refinish
interior and exterior wood surfaces, such as floors, furniture, and
cabinets. Spar varnish is intended for exterior use in normal or marine
environments, although its durability is limited. To increase durability,
exterior varnishes are especially formulated to resist weathering.
Varnishes produce a durable, elastic, and tough surface that
normally dries to a high-gloss finish and does not easily mar.
Often, a lower gloss may be obtained by rubbing the surface with
a very fine steel wool. However, it is simpler to use a flat varnish
with the gloss reduced by adding transparent-flatting pigments,
such as certain synthetic silicas. These pigments are dispersed in
the varnish to produce a clear finish that dries to a low gloss, but
still does not obscure the surface underneath (that is, you can still
see the grain of the wood)
SHELLAC

Shellac is purified lac formed into thin flakes and widely used as a
binder in varnishes, paints, and stains. (Lac is a resinous substance
secreted by certain insects.) The vehicle is wood alcohol. The
natural color of shellac is orange, although it can be obtained in
white. Shellac is used extensively as a finishing material and a
sealant. Applied over knots in wood, it prevents bleeding.

LACQUERS

Lacquers may be clear or pigmented and can be lusterless,

semigloss, or glossy. Lacquers dry or harden quickly, producing a
firm oil- and water-resistant film. But many coats are required to
achieve adequate dry-film thickness. It generally costs more to use
lacquers than most paints
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