Introduction to Chemistry-Matter n Energy

What is Chemistry?
▪ A branch of science that studies the properties of
matter and the changes it undergoes. e.g. melting
ice, boiling/freezing water(physical change), rust
on iron (chemical change)

▪ An experimental science obviously, as a great deal

of knowledge comes from laboratory research

▪ Almost everything surrounding us is nothing but a

chemical or mixture of chemicals like air we
breathe, water we drink, foods we take, clothes
we wear etc
 What is Matter?
Anything that occupies space and has
mass is Matter. e.g.

table, book, pen

Water, milk, petrol

oxygen gas, nitrogen gas, methane gas

 Matter
▪ States of Matter
▪ Classification of Matter
1. Pure substances:
•Atoms/Elements
•Molecules/Compounds
2. Mixtures
▪ Properties of Matter
▪ Energy
States of Matter
States (or phases) of Matter……..
The four fundamental states
 States of Matter
Solids
• A solid’s particles are packed closely together.
• The forces between the particles are strong enough that the
particles cannot move freely; they can only vibrate.
• As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape and
a definite volume.
• Solids can only change shape under force, as when broken or
cut.
• A solid can transform into a liquid through melting, and a
liquid can transform into a solid through freezing. A solid can
also change directly into a gas through a process called
sublimation.
 States of Matter
Liquids
• Able to flow; the molecules have enough energy to move
around, which makes the structure mobile.

• No definite shapes; assume the shape of their containers

• but have definite volume (not changed) if the temperature

and pressure are constant.

• Less rigid than solids

• A liquid can be converted to a gas at constant pressure through heating to the

substance’s boiling point or

• At constant temperature through reduction of pressure. This process of a

liquid changing to a gas is called evaporation.
 States of Matter
Gases
• Gas molecules have enough kinetic energy that the effect of
intermolecular forces is small (or zero, for an ideal gas)

• Thus they are spaced very far apart from each other; the typical distance between
neighboring molecules is much greater than the size of the molecules themselves

• No definite shapes and volume

• A gas at a temperature below its critical temperature can

also be called a vapor. A vapor can be liquefied through
compression without cooling.

• It can also exist in equilibrium with a liquid (or solid), in which case the gas
pressure equals the vapor pressure of the liquid (or solid).
The critical temperature of a substance is the temperature at and above which vapor of
the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how much pressure is applied.
 States of Matter
Plasma: an ionized gas
• A gas is usually converted to a plasma in one of two ways, e.g.,
either from a huge voltage difference between two points, or by
exposing it to extremely high temperatures.

• Heating matter to high temperatures causes electrons to leave the atoms,

resulting in the presence of free electrons. This creates a so-called partially
ionised plasma.

• At very high temperatures, such as those present in stars, it is assumed that

essentially all electrons are "free", and that a very high-energy plasma is
essentially bare nuclei swimming in a sea of electrons. This forms the so-called
fully ionised plasma.

• this electron "sea" allows matter in the plasma state to conduct electricity,
produce magnetic fields and electric currents, and respond strongly to
electromagnetic forces.

• The plasma state is not freely existing under normal conditions on Earth, it is
quite commonly generated by either lightning, electric sparks, fluorescent
lights, neon lights or in plasma televisions. The interior of the Sun is an example
of fully ionized plasma, along with the solar corona and stars.
 States of Matter
Transitions between the four fundamental states of
matter and relevant processes

The transition of states occur when we add or take

away heat (thermal) energy
Classification of Matter
Classification of Matter
Pure Substances
 Pure Substances
A pure substance is a matter that has
• only one component
• a definite/constant composition of elements
• distinct (unique) properties

Gold (Au) Water (H2O) table salt (NaCl)

 Atoms and Elements
• The smallest bits of any matter are called Atoms.
• Each element is a physical combination of entirely one
type of atoms.
• Atoms of one element is different to the atoms in any
other element.

Gold is an element Carbon is an element

made up of only gold made up of only carbon
atoms atoms
 Elements
Total number of elements have
been discovered or synthesized

118
 Symbol of Elements
• Chemists use alphabetical symbols to represent the names of the
elements (see Table next slide)
• The first letter of the symbol for an element is always capitalized,
but the second letter is never capitalized
• What will be happened if the second letter in Co is capitalized?
Co is the symbol for the element cobalt, whereas
CO is the formula for a compound named carbon monoxide,
which is made up of two different elements carbon and Oxygen

• The symbols for some elements are derived from their Latin
names-
Symbol of gold is Au from it’s Latin name aurum
Symbol of iron is Fe from it’s Latin name ferrum
Symbol of sodium is Na from it’s Latin name natrium
 Common Elements and Their Symbols
Name Symbol Name Symbol
Hydrogen H Iron Fe (Latin ferrum)
Oxygen O Mercury Hg (Greek hydrargyrum)
Copper Cu (Latin cuprum) Silicon Si
Nitrogen N Zinc Zn
Carbon C Lead Pb (Latin plumbum)
Sulfur S Nickel Ni
Chlorine Cl Magnesium Mg
Arsenic As Sodium Na (Latin natrium)
Gold Au (Latin aurum) Silver Ag (Latin argentum)
All known elements are arranged on a chart called the
Periodic Table of Elements
 The elements can be divided into three categories

The elements can be divided into three categories

1. Metals: a good conductor of heat and electricity.

2. Nonmetal: is usually a poor conductor of heat and electricity.

3. Metalloid: has properties that are intermediate between those

of metals and nonmetals.
 (a) (b)
Natural abundance of Abundance of elements
the elements in percent in the human body in
by mass. percent by mass.
 Molecules & Compounds
• A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join
together in fixed proportions chemically
• A compound is a molecule that contains at least two
different elements
• All compounds are molecules but not all molecules
are compounds
hydrogen (H2) water (H2O)
oxygen (O2) carbon di oxide (CO2)
nitrogen (N2) methane (CH4)

These molecules are not compounds These molecules are compounds as each
as each is composed of similar is made from more than one different
element elements
An Overall picture
H
H
H
H H atom H H element
H H
H

H H H2 molecule

O
H2O compound
H H
Mixtures
 Mixtures
A mixture is a physical combination of two or more pure
substances in which the substances retain their own identities

Air: nitrogen,
oxygen, water,
CO2

soft drinks: milk : Cement:

water, CO2, water, fat, calcium, silicon,
sugar, acid proteins, lactose, aluminum, iron
minerals, vitamins
 Types of mixtures
Homogeneous mixture

• Has same proportions of its components

throughout a given sample i.e.
composition is uniform

• Cannot see individual components

• Components cannot be separated easily

Heterogeneous mixture

• proportions of its components vary

Sand + Iron
throughout the sample i.e. composition
is not uniform filings

• Can see individual components

• Components can be separated easily

 Remember it!!!!

Any mixture, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous,

can be prepared and then separated by physical means into
pure components without changing the identities of the
components
 SET A

SET B
Don’t be puzzled with Mixtures and Compounds !!

Mixtures can be separated by

physical method into their pure
components/substances

Compounds can be separated only

by chemical method
Properties of Matter
 Properties of Matter

Physical Properties Chemical Properties

 Physical Properties
A physical property can be measured and observed without
changing the composition or identity of a substance
heat heat
Ice Water Vapor
mp bp
• melting point and freezing point of any substance is a physical
property.
• Cause we can measure the melting point/ freezing point of
ice/water without changing the chemical identity of the
constituent molecule of of H2O.
• And physical change is a reversible process.
Some Physical Properties:
# melting point # boiling point # density
# freezing point # mass
 Chemical Properties
• A Chemical property can be observed only when matter undergoes a
chemical change

• After this change matters loose their identities and a chemically

different new substance is formed

Burning
• H2(Gas) + O2(Gas) H2O (Liquid)

• After the change, the original substances, hydrogen and oxygen gas,
will have vanished and a chemically different substance—water—will
have taken their place

• Chemical change is an irreversible process. We cannot recover

hydrogen and oxygen from water by a physical change such as boiling
or freezing.
- Rot/ferment
- Corrosion/decay
- Grow
- Gas formation
- Digestion
 Physical Changes Chemical Changes
Crushing a can Formation of rust on iron

Chopping wood Combustion (burning) of wood

Breaking a glass Metabolism of food in the body

Dissolving sugar and water Boiling an egg

Cutting paper in small pieces Rotting bananas

Mixing sand and water Grilling a hamburger

Mixing red and green marbles Milk going sour

 Types of energy: Kinetic
Mechanical Energy
The energy stored in objects; as objects move faster, more
energy is stored. Examples of motion energy include wind,
a flowing river, a moving car, or a person running.

Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is the movement of electrons (the tiny
particles that make up atoms, along with protons and
neutrons). Electrons that move through a wire are called
electricity. Lightning is another example of electrical energy.

Thermal (Heat) Energy

Thermal energy is created from the vibration of atoms and
molecules within substances. The faster they move, the
more energy they possess and the hotter they become.
Thermal energy is also called heat energy.
 Types of energy : Kinetic
Radiant Energy
Also known as electromagnetic energy, radiant energy is
a type of kinetic energy that travels in waves. Examples
include the energy from the sun, x-rays and radio wave.

Light Energy
Light energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
Light consists of photons, which are produced when an
object's atoms heat up. Light travels in waves and is
the only form of energy visible to the human eye.

Sound Energy
Sound energy is the movement of energy through substances.
It moves in waves and is produced when a force makes an
object or substance vibrate. There is usually much less energy
in sound than in other forms of energy.
 Types of energy : Potential
Gravitational Energy
It is the energy associated with gravity or gravitational force –
in other words, the energy held by an object when it is in a high
position compared to a lower position.

Chemical Energy
Stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules – it is the energy
that holds these particles together. Stored chemical energy is
found in food, biomass, petroleum, and natural gas.

Nuclear Energy
Stored in the nucleus of atoms. This energy is released when the
nuclei are combined (fusion) or split apart (fission). Nuclear power
plants split the nuclei of uranium atoms to produce electricity.

Elastic Energy
Stored in an elastic object - such as a coiled spring or a
stretched elastic band. Elastic objects store elastic energy
when a force causes them to be stretched or squashed.
 The Electromagnetic radiations
• All the forms of radiant energies are together called
electromagnetic radiations
• Examples: from shortest wavelength to the longest:
gamma-rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared,
microwaves, and radio waves.
• Most are invisible.
• Visible electromagnetic radiation is called light that
has wavelength from 400 to 800 nm.
 Electromagnetic spectrum
The range of frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic
radiation is called the electromagnetic spectrum

Frequencies decreasing

Wavelengths increasing
 The Wave Nature of Light
•Any electromagnetic radiation can be described in terms
of waves.
•Thus light also has the nature of waves
•A wave can be characterized by its wavelength, amplitude
and frequency.
 Wavelength
The wavelength, denoted by the Greek letter λ (lambda), is the
distance between any two adjacent identical points of a wave. Thus,
the wavelength is the distance between two adjacent peaks or
troughs of a wave.

Peak

Trough
 Frequency
• The frequency of a wave is the number of wavelengths of that
wave that pass a fixed point in one unit of time (usually one
second). It is denoted by the Greek letter ν (nu, pronounced
“new”). The unit of frequency is /s, or s-1, also called the hertz
(Hz).
 Relation between wavelength and frequency
Both waves are traveling at the same
speed. The top wave has a wavelength
twice that of the bottom wave. The
bottom wave has twice the frequency of
the top wave.

The speed of light waves,

c = νλ
c is a constant and it is 3.00X108 m/s.

In 1sec, two complete wavelengths of the top wave move left to right from the
origin. It has a frequency of 2/s, or 2 Hz. In the same time, four complete
wavelengths of the bottom wave move left to right from the origin. It has a
frequency of 4/s, or 4 Hz.
 Energy of electromagnetic radiation

Albert Einstein (1879-1955) proposed that light consists of

quanta (now called photons).
• Photons of any electromagnetic radiation has the energy E
proportional to the frequency of the radiation:

E = hν = hc/λ
Where, Planck's constant, h = 6.62607015 × 10-34 m2 kg / s. This
equation named after German physicist Max Planck, who
formulated it in 1900.
Electromagnetic energy/radiant energy calculations

Exercise: Calculate the energy and frequency of a radar signal that has a
wavelength of 4.00 cm.
Given:
E = hν = hc/λ

h = 6.62607004 × 10-34 m2 kg / s
c = 3x108 m/s

In which spectral region the radiation can be detected?

Visible light wavelength and corresponding colors
In which spectral region the radiation can be detected?
Examples of various types of energies