Chemistry Unit Study Sheet

WHMIS Symbols

Matter
Matter has many forms     Matter is anything that has mass and volume. Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object. Volume is a measure of how big and object is or how much space a fluid takes up. Matter can be a solid, liquid of gas or a combination of these states.

Changes of State Solid to Liquid: Melting Liquid to Gas: Evapouration Liquid to Solid: Freezing

Gas to Liquid: Condensation Solid to Gas: Sublimation Gas to Solid: Sublimation/ Depostion  Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid: melting point  Temperature at which a liquid freezes: freezing point  Temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas: melting point

Particle Theory of Matter        All matter is composed of very tiny objects called particles All particles have spaces between them. ( The space differs for each state of matter) Particles present in matter are always in motion. Particles in a substance attract to each other Solid: Strong Force, Vibrating Liquid: Weaker Force, Rotation Gas: Very Weak Force, Translation

Classifying Matter Matter

Mixtures

Pure Substances

Homogeneus Solution

Heterogeneous

Element

Compound

Suspension

Mechanical Mixture

Property: is a characteristic that desctibes a substance. Pure Substance: Made up of only kind of matter and has a unique set of properties, such as colour, hardness, boiling point, and melting point. Element: a substance that cannot be broken down into any simper substance by chemical means. Compounds: is a pure substance that is made from two or more elements that are combined together chemically. Mixtures: is a combination of pure substances. However, the substances in a mixture do not combine chemically as happens when a compound forms. Mechanical Mixture: the different substances that make up the mixture are visible. (Hetero-) Suspension: a cloudy mixture in which tiny particles of one substance are held within another. (Hetero-) Solution: The different substances that make it up are not individually visible. (Homo-) lol  Saturated solution:  Unsaturated solution: Physical and Chemical Properties w/ Physical and Chemical Changes. Physical Properties of Water: Cohesion: a property in which it sticks to itself. Adhesion: a property in which it sticks to other substance. Physical Property: decribes a characteristic of a substance that can be observered or measured.

Properties of Matter Physical and Chemical Physical Properites: A description of a substance of a characteristic including it s colour, mass, boling point, melting point, shape, density, ductility, luster, clarity, viscosity, texture, malleability, etc. Physical Changes: In a physical change, there is only either a change in state (e.g melting of ice) or form e.g ripping paper. The substance involved remains the same. No new substance is produced! Mote dissolving and magnetizig are physical because it can be reversed. Chemical Properties How a substance reacts ot fails to react with other substances to produce new substance(s). Chemical Changes In a chemical change the original substance(s) is (are) changed into a new substance (s) that has different properties this is called a chemical reaction. I f a chemical change occures a new substance is ALWAYS produced.  How to tell if a chemical change occurs o Colour change o Formation of a new solid (precipitate) o Formation of a new gas (bubbles) o Production of light ot heat. o Release or absorbtion of heat (e.g ice packs)

Periodic Table  Mendeleev built the periodic table in the late 1800s based on increasing atomic mass.
He called it the periodic table because he found that patterns existed but he didn t know why. Since there were some periodic intervals, Mandeleev was able to find/predict the existence of elements that were not yet found.  In 1919, Mandeleev s periodic table was reorganized because it was discovered that periodicity was based on the atomic structure of elements.  Each element has its own atomic number, which is related to its atomic structure. o Groups: (columns) Each group has its own similar properties and atomic structure groups are also called chemical families. o Periods: (row) Each period also tells us something about atomic structure, but is made up of elements form different groups with different properties. Groups in the periodic table

Group 1 Alkali Metals  Shiny, silver metals (e.g H, Li, Na, K)  Very reactive when exposed to air and water (most reactive of the metals) Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals     Shiny, Silver metals (e.g Be, Mg, Ca) found in the Earth s crust Reactive (not as reactive as Alkali metals) Good conductors of geat and electricity Transition metals

Group 17 Halogens      Non-metals, moxt reactive of non-metals Reactivity has to do w/ atomic structure E.g F, Cl, Br, I Halogen means salt former (e.g NaCl) Reacts w/ Alkale and Alkaline Earth metals.

Group 18 Noble Gases     All non-metal, gases at room temperature E.g He, Ne, Kr, Xe, Rn. Inert (i.e, don t react w/ other elements) Because meast elements were discovered as a result of chemical reactions, noble gases were discovered later on.

*** Hydrogen  Really a group of its own  Not a metal, but has a similar atomic structure to alkali metals First 20 elements Hydrogen: H Helium : He Lithium: Li Berylium: Be Boron : B Carbon:C Nitrogen: N

Oxygen: O Fluorine: F Neon:Ne Sodium: Na Magnesium: Mg Aliminum: Al Silicon: Si Phosperous: P Sulfur: S Chlorine: Cl Argon: Ar Potassium: K Calcium: Ca

Atoms
Inside the Atom  Are small particles that make up elements  Each element has its own kind of atom  Atoms are mostly empty space and contain 3 types of particles: proton, electron, and neutrons. Particle Proton Neutron Electron Symbol P N E Location In nucleus In nucleus Orbiting around nucleus Change +1 0 no charge  1 Mass (a.m.u) 1 1 0 (1/2000 i.e v. small)

Atoms are neutral this means that the number of positive charges neutral atom. We have an equal to the number of negatibe charges. Therefore in each neutral atom, we have and equal number of protons and electrons. Atomic Number  The number of protons in an atom

 Each element has its own atoms number which you can find on the periodic table.  *Periodic table does not tell the number of neutrons Atomic mass  Does not always equal the mass number for all elements  In some cases radiactive versions of some atoms exist (called isotopes)  Each isotope has a different mass which is averaged to find an atomic mass for each element Notes: To figure out the # of neutrons we will sometimes need to round the atomic mass to the nearest whole # Isotope: In an isotope the atom of an element may have different # of neutrons. Properties of Ionic Compounds Note: Ionic compounds= metal+non-metals  Chrystalline  Ions are arranged in a crystal lattice in a way to maximixe the attractive forces and minimize the repulsive forces between the ions  Solids at room temperature  High melting points and boiling poinys  Hard  Brittle  Soluble in water  As solids are non-conductors but conduct will when melted or dissolved in water  Note: Molecular Compounds=non-metal+non-metal        Tend to form small groups of atoms called molecules. Can exist as solids; but are liquids or gases at room temp. Usually evapourate easily (i.e mothballs and perfume are both covalent compounds) Low melting points and boiling points. Low solubility in water (and other polar solvents) Soluble in non-polar solvent such as chlofoform or ether. Do not conduct electricity as either a solid, liquid or solution.