Classification of Matter

The
Classification of
Matter
Atoms, Elements,
Molecules and
Compounds
Matter Flowchart
MATTER
yes Can it be physically no

separated?
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE
yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no

uniform? decomposed?
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture Compound Element
-Solutions and -Suspension
Alloys and Colloid
MIXTURES
A mixture is something that CAN be broken
down into simpler materials using
physical methods.
MIXTURES
There are 2 main types of mixtures:
a) Homogeneous- The parts are distributed

evenly.
Examples: Salt water; syrup; air; brass.
MIXTURES
Homogeneous mixtures of liquids are called
solutions.
Homogeneous mixtures of metallic atoms

are called alloys.
What is a solution?
• A mixture of two or more substances that is
identical throughout
• Almost anything can be a solution
– Solids dissolved in liquids
– Gases dissolved in liquids (ex. Carbonated
water)
– Liquids in liquids; gases in gases; solids in
solids
• If you mix things up and they stay in an even
distribution, it is a solution
Solutions
• solution - a mixture that
appears to be a single
substance
• contains particles from 2 or

more substances
• described as homogeneous
solutions because they
have the same appearance
and properties throughout
the mixture
b) Heterogeneous- The parts are distributed
unevenly.
Examples: Spaghetti and Meatballs;
Water + Oil mixture.
Special types of mixtures
• Alloys: are basically a mixture of two or more
metals.
– Example: brass (copper and zinc)
• Colloid: a mixture with small undissolved
particles that do not settle out, but the particles
are large enough to scatter a light beam
– Example: jelly, milk
• Suspension: a mixture in which particles are
large enough to be seen and easily separated
by settling or filtration
– Example: mixing pepper and water;
paint; muddy water
ALLOY
SUSPENSION
COLLOID
Methods of Mixture Separation
1) Mechanical Separation (often by hand)
takes advantage of physical properties
such as color and shape.
Example: Recycling Plastic, Paper, Metal

2) Magnetic Separation takes advantage of
the physical property of magnetism.
Example:
Separating Metals in
a Scrap Yard
3) Filtration takes
advantage of
the physical
property of the
state of
matter. A
screen lets the
liquid particles
through, but
traps the solid
particles. Example: Filtering Coffee
A filter can
also be used
to separate
solid
particles of
different
sizes.
(ex. a window
screen, an air
filter, a sand
sieve)
4) Decanting:
To pour off a
liquid, leaving
another liquid
or solid behind.
Takes
advantage of
differences in
density.
Example: To decant a liquid from a precipitate

or water from rice.
5 ) Distillation:
The
separation of
a mixture of
liquids based
on the
physical
property of
boiling
point.
Example: the distillation of alcohol or oil
A distillation tower or “still”
6) Evaporation:
Vaporizing a
liquid and
leaving the
dissolved
solid(s)
behind.
Used to
separate salt
solutions.
Example: Obtaining sea salt from sea water

Density Separation:
More dense components

sink to the bottom and
less dense components
float.
7) Centrifuge:
Circular
motion helps
denser
components
sink to the
bottom faster.
Examples: The separation of blood or DNA from blood

8) Paper
chromatography:
Uses the property of
molecular attraction to
separate a mixture.
Different molecules
have different
attractions for the paper
(the stationary phase)
vs. the solvent (the
mobile phase)
Example: the separation of

plant pigments and dyes
Fractional
Crystallization:
Dissolved
substances
crystallize out of a
solution once their
solubility limit is
reached as
the solution cools.
Examples: Growing Rock Candy or the Crystallization of a

Magma
PURE SUBSTANCE
Something that can not be
broken down into simpler matter
using physical methods.
There are two types
1.Elements
2.Compounds.
ELEMENTS
 Are the simplest kind of pure substance.
 There are ~ 118 elements, each made of a different type of atom (periodic table).
 Each element has a name and symbol.
Not all elements are equally
common.
Most elements can
exist as a single
atom (Fe, Cu):
Diatomic Gases
Hydrogen H2
But some elements Nitrogen N2
(mostly gases) Oxygen O2
usually exist as Fluorine F2
diatomic molecules Chlorine Cl2
(groups of 2 atoms). Bromine Br2
Iodine I
Concept Check
How many of the following are considered
elements (as opposed to compounds)?
He, F2, HCl, S8
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
e) 4
COMPOUNDS
 Are pure substances that are composed of

multiple types of elements (2 or more),
chemically bonded to one another.
 Compounds can not be broken down by

physical methods (they can be broken down
by chemical reactions).
COMPOUNDS
 Have definite compositions, with element ratios

indicated by
subscripts (H2O).
 We call this building block

the “water molecule”.
COMPOUNDS
 The properties of compounds are

very different from the properties of
the elements that make them up!
Na + Cl  NaCl
What are each
of these?
Atom,
Element,
Molecule,
or
Compound
Four different molecules:
• Which are compounds?
Warmup 11/21/11 (R)
Types of Particles: Atoms or Molecules or Both?
Types of Matter: Elements or Compounds or Mixture?
Chemical Symbols Represent
Elements Chemical
Symbols are
either one or two
letters.
If one letter, it is
always
capitalized.
If two letters, the
first is
capitalized, the
A chemical symbol implies one second is lower
atom of that element. case.
Chemical Formulas show how many
atoms of each element are in one molecule
of an element or compound:
Chemical # of # of atoms # of Carbon
Formula elements total atoms
O2 1 2 0
H2O 2 3 0
C3H8O 3 12 3
C6H12O4Cl 4 23 6
• All pure substances can be represented by a
Single Chemical Formula:
H2O
If it’s really a pure substance, you should only need to
write ONE chemical formula to describe it’s composition.
How many atoms of each
How many atoms of each element are
element are present in one
present in one molecule of:
molecule of:
(NH4)2SO3
N……………. 2
H…………… 8
S……………. 1
O…………… 3
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The

yes Can it be physically no

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no

a) Homogeneous- The parts are distributed

Homogeneous mixtures of metallic atoms

• contains particles from 2 or

Example: Recycling Plastic, Paper, Metal

Example: To decant a liquid from a precipitate

Example: Obtaining sea salt from sea water

More dense components

Examples: The separation of blood or DNA from blood

Example: the separation of

Examples: Growing Rock Candy or the Crystallization of a

 Are the simplest kind of pure substance.

 Are pure substances that are composed of

 Compounds can not be broken down by

 Have definite compositions, with element ratios

 We call this building block

 The properties of compounds are

Single Chemical Formula:

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