MUCLecture 2022 122412490

LECTURE 5
Full-Wave Rectifier (FWR)

Analog Electronics
31.10.2022
By
Dr. Basim Al-Qargholi
Outline and Aim
After completing this lecture, you should be able to:
• Analyze the operation of a full-wave rectifier
• Describe how the diodes function in a rectifier
• Determine the average value of a full-wave rectified voltage
• Describe the Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
• Describe the effect of the Turns Ratio n on Full-Wave Output Voltage
• Determine the peak inverse voltage (PIV)
2
The Full-Wave Rectifier (FWR)
The result of full-wave rectification is a dc output voltage that pulsates every half-
cycle of the input, as shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9: Full-wave rectification
The average value for a full-wave rectified output voltage is twice that of the
half-wave rectified output voltage, expressed as follows:
2𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡)
𝑉𝐴𝑉𝐺 =
𝜋 3
The difference between half-wave and full-wave rectification is that:
Half-wave rectifier: Full-wave rectifier :
Allows only one-half of the current to the Allows unidirectional current to the
load during the entire input cycle. load during the entire input cycle.
Fig. 10: Output of a half-wave rectifier Fig. 11: Output of a full-wave rectifier
𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) 2𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡)
𝑉𝐴𝑉𝐺 = 𝑉𝐴𝑉𝐺 =
𝜋 𝜋
4
EXAMPLE 5:
Find the average value of the full-wave rectified output voltage in Fig. 12
Solution:
Fig. 12: Output of a half-wave rectifier
2𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) 2∗15
𝑉𝐴𝑉𝐺 = = = 9.55 𝑉
𝜋 3.14
5
1. Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
Fig. 13: Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
2. Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
Fig. 14: Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
6
• The center-tapped (CT) full-wave
rectifier uses two diodes connected to
the secondary of a center-tapped
transformer.
• The input signal is coupled through

the transformer to the secondary. Fig. 13: Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
• Half of the secondary voltage appears

between the center tap and each end of
the secondary winding, as shown in
Fig. 13.
7
For a positive half-cycle of the input voltage, the polarities of the secondary
voltages are shown in Fig 15.
a) Forward-biases the upper diode D1 b) Reverse-biases the lower diode D2.
The current path is through D1 and the load resistor RL, as indicated.
Fig. 15: During positive half-cycles, D1 is forward-biased and D2 is reverse-biased.

8
For a negative half-cycle of the input voltage, the polarities of the secondary
voltages are shown in Fig 15.
a) Forward-biases the lower diode D2 b) Reverse-biases the upper diode D1.
The current path is through D2 and the load resistor RL, as indicated.
Fig. 15: During negative half-cycles, D2 is forward-biased and D1 is reverse-biased.

9
Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
Effect of the Turns Ratio n on Full-Wave Output Voltage:
• The output voltage is determined by the turns ratio, n, of the transformer.
• The peak output voltage is one-half the peak secondary voltage.
𝑵𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒏=
𝑵𝒑𝒓𝒊
𝒏𝑽𝒑(𝒊𝒏)
V𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) =
𝟐
The primary voltage Vpri is the same as the input voltage Vin.
10
Example1: To obtain an output voltage V𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) with a peak value approximately
equal to the input peak 𝑽𝒑(𝒊𝒏) , what would be the turn ratio n of a transformer?
Solution:
𝟐
𝟐V𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕)
𝒏=
𝑽𝒑(𝒊𝒏)
Since, V𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) equal 𝑽𝒑(𝒊𝒏)

𝒏=𝟐
11
Example2: Specify the turns ratio of a transformer required for a center-tapped full-
wave rectifier if the input voltage is 220 Vrms and the required output is 12 V peak?
Solution:
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔(𝒊𝒏)
V𝒑(𝒊𝒏) =
𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕
𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝑽
V𝒑(𝒊𝒏) = = 311 V
𝟎.𝟕𝟎𝟕
𝟐V𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕)
𝒏=
𝑽𝒑(𝒊𝒏)
𝟐×𝟏𝟐
𝒏= = 0.0771
𝟑𝟏𝟏
12
Example3: For a center-tapped full-wave rectifier if the input voltage is 220 Vrms,
What is the peak output if the turns ratio is 0.15?
Solution:
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔(𝒊𝒏)
V𝒑(𝒊𝒏) =
𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕
𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝑽
V𝒑(𝒊𝒏) = = 311 V
𝟎.𝟕𝟎𝟕
𝟐
𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟑𝟏𝟏
V𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) = = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟑 𝑽
𝟐
13
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
Each diode in the FWR is alternately forward-biased and then reverse-biased.
The maximum reverse voltage VR that each diode must withstand is the peak
value of the total secondary voltage Vp(sec).

showing the Peak Inverse Voltage PIV 14
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
When the total secondary voltage has the polarity shown in Fig. 17,
𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐)
The anode of D1 is + Which is equal to the cathode voltage
2
𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐)
The anode of D2 is −
2
𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) −𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐)
𝑉𝐷2 = -
2 2
𝑉𝐷2 = 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐)
PIV = 𝑉𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐)
PIV = 2𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) Fig. 17: Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier

showing the Peak Inverse Voltage PIV 15
Example 4:
a) For ideal diodes, show the voltage waveforms across the secondary winding and
RL when a 120 Vrms sine wave is applied to the primary winding in Fig. 18.
b) What minimum PIV rating must the diodes have?
Solution:
𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠
a) V𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑖) = 0.707 = 169.7 𝑉
V𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 𝑛V𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑖)
V𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 2V𝑝(𝑝𝑟𝑖) = 2 × 169.7
= 339.4 𝑉 Fig. 18: Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
V𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) 339.4
V𝑝(𝑅𝐿) = = = 169.7 𝑉
2 2 16
Complement example 4:
𝑣 𝑣
+339.4 𝑉 +169.7 𝑉
𝑡 𝑡
−339.4 𝑉
Waveforms across the secondary winding Waveforms across the RL
b) 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = V𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 339.4 𝑉
17
Example 5:
a) For the diodes, show the voltage waveforms across the secondary winding and
RL when a 120 Vrms sine wave is applied to the primary winding in Fig. 18.
b) What minimum PIV rating must the diodes have?
18

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LECTURE 5

Full-Wave Rectifier (FWR)

Fig. 9: Full-wave rectification

Fig. 12: Output of a half-wave rectifier

Fig. 13: Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier

2. Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

Fig. 14: Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

• The input signal is coupled through

• Half of the secondary voltage appears

Fig. 15: During positive half-cycles, D1 is forward-biased and D2 is reverse-biased.

Fig. 15: During negative half-cycles, D2 is forward-biased and D1 is reverse-biased.

Since, V𝒑(𝒐𝒖𝒕) equal 𝑽𝒑(𝒊𝒏)

Fig. 17: Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier

PIV = 2𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) Fig. 17: Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier

Waveforms across the secondary winding Waveforms across the RL

b) 𝑃𝐼𝑉 = V𝑝(𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 339.4 𝑉

Fig. 18: Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier

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