ACPHowdoorganismsReproduce 18483 16301981691

PRASHANT KIRAD
35. Modes of Asexual Reproduction:

Binary fission: A type of asexual reproduction where the fully grown
parent cell splits into two halves, producing two new daughter cells. It is
common among organisms such as Bacteria, Amoeba, and Paramecium.
Budding: Most yeasts reproduce asexually through an asymmetric division
process called budding. It starts with a small protuberance on the parent
cell that grows to full size, forming a bud. The nucleus of the parent cell
splits, with one part migrating into the daughter cell.
Fragmentation: In multicellular organisms, fragmentation is a form of
asexual reproduction where an organism splits into fragments, each
developing into a mature, fully grown individual identical to the parent.
Spore formation: Found in non-flowering plants like fungi (e.g., Rhizopus)
and bacteria, spore formation is a method of asexual reproduction where
the parent plant produces hundreds of tiny spores that can grow into new
plants.
Vegetative propagation: A form of asexual reproduction in plants involving
only one plant. The offspring is genetically identical to the parent.
36. Female reproductive system
The female reproductive organs are:

1. vagina
2. womb (uterus)
3. fallopian tubes
4. ovaries
Vagina: The vagina is a muscular and elastic tube that connects the cervix to
the external body. It functions as the receptacle for the penis during sexual
intercourse and facilitates the delivery of sperm to the fallopian tubes and
PRASHANT KIRAD
uterus. Additionally, the vagina acts as the birth canal, expanding to

allow the delivery of the fetus during childbirth.
Uterus (Womb): The uterus, also known as the womb, is a muscular, inverted
pear-shaped organ in the female reproductive system. The walls of the uterus
consist of three layers: the inner glandular layer, the middle thick muscular
layer, and the outer thin layer. These layers are supported by ligaments
attached to the pelvic wall, and the uterus opens into the vagina through a
narrow cervix. The cervical canal, together with the vagina, forms the birth
canal.
Fallopian Tubes: Fallopian tubes are a pair of muscular, funnel-shaped
structures that extend from the superior corners of the uterus to the edges of
the ovaries. These tubes are surrounded by small projections called fimbriae,
which sweep over the ovaries to pick up the released ova and deliver them to
the infundibulum for transport to the uterus. Each fallopian tube is lined with
cilia, which help carry the ovum to the uterus.
Ovaries: The ovaries are the primary female sex organs that produce the
female gametes (ova) and various hormones. Located on both sides of the
lower abdomen, each ovary measures about 2 to 4 cm in length and is
connected to the uterus and pelvic wall through ligaments.
The ovary is surrounded by a thin covering of epithelium, encloses
the ovarian stroma, and is divided into two zones – the outer cortex and the
inner medulla. The cortex consists of various ovarian follicles in different
stages of development. The ovarian follicle is called the basic unit of the
female reproductive system. Each oviduct is divided into three anatomical
regions- ampulla, isthmus, and infundibulum.
37. A method or device used to prevent pregnancy is known as contraception.

Methods of contraception:
1. Natural methods:
Example - Coitus interrupts or withdrawal
2. Barriers:
Example: Condoms
3. Intra-uterine Devices (IUDs):
Examples: Non-medicated IUDs and copper-releasing IUDs
4. Oral Contraceptives:
Description: Oral administration of progestogens or progestogen–
estrogen combinations in small doses as tablets or pills.
5. Injectables: Females can use progestogens alone or in combination with
estrogen as injections.
PRASHANT KIRAD
6. Implants:
Description: Females can use progestogens alone or in combination with
estrogen as implants under the skin.
7. Surgical Methods:
Description:
Vasectomy: In males
Tubectomy: In females
38.(a) If the egg is fertilized, it creates a barrier to prevent any other sperm
from entering. At the moment of fertilization, the baby’s genetic makeup and
sex are determined. During fertilization, the haploid nuclei of the sperm and
ovum fuse to form a zygote. This zygote divides to form an embryo. It
continues dividing as it moves slowly through the fallopian tube to the uterus,
where it attaches to the uterine lining, a process called implantation.
(b) If the egg is not fertilized, the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium),
which is primarily maintained for the implantation of a fertilized egg,
degenerates and is discharged from the uterus as menstrual bleeding. This
process is called menstruation.
39. Steps Involved in the Formation of a Seed:

Pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther (male part) to the
stigma (female part) of a flower. This can occur through various agents
such as wind, water, or animals.
Fertilization: After the pollen grain reaches the stigma, it germinates, and a
pollen tube grows down through the style to the ovary. The male gamete
travels through the pollen tube and fuses with the female gamete (egg
cell) in the ovule, resulting in the formation of a zygote.
Zygote Development: The zygote undergoes multiple cell divisions and
develops into an embryo within the ovule. The embryo consists of the
embryonic root (radicle), embryonic shoot (plumule), and one or two seed
leaves (cotyledons).
Formation of Seed Coat: The outer layers of the ovule develop into a
protective seed coat (testa), which encloses the embryo and the
endosperm or cotyledons that provide nourishment to the developing
seed.
Maturation and Dispersal: The seed matures within the fruit, which
develops from the ovary. Once fully matured, the seed is dispersed from
the parent plant through various mechanisms like wind, water, animals, or
mechanical ejection, ready to germinate under favorable conditions.
PRASHANT KIRAD
40. Pollination:
Pollination is a pre-fertilization event or process.
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower is
called pollination.
Types of Pollination:
1. Self-pollination
2. Cross-pollination
41. (a) testis → vas deferens → urethra
42. A clone refers to an offspring produced through asexual reproduction.

Since clones inherit exact copies of the DNA from their parent, they exhibit
remarkable similarity to the parent.
43. In sexually reproducing organisms, gametes contain half the number of

chromosomes compared to the parent. During fertilization, the fusion of male
and female gametes restores the chromosome number, resulting in offspring
with the same number of chromosomes as the parent.
44. Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water but thrive in a sugar solution
because sugar provides the energy required for sustaining all life activities in
yeasts. In water, yeast cannot reproduce due to the lack of sufficient energy.
45. The four whorls of a flower are:

Calyx: Consists of sepals.
Corolla: Consists of petals.
Androecium: The male reproductive
part, which consists of stamens,
anthers, and filaments.
Gynoecium: The female reproductive
part, which consists of the ovary,
style, and stigma.
In flowers, the gamete-producing organs
are:
Anther (part of the androecium):
Pollen grains contain male gametes.
Ovary (part of the gynoecium): Ovules
contain the female gamete (egg).

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PRASHANT KIRAD

35. Modes of Asexual Reproduction:

36. Female reproductive system

The female reproductive organs are:

uterus. Additionally, the vagina acts as the birth canal, expanding to

37. A method or device used to prevent pregnancy is known as contraception.

39. Steps Involved in the Formation of a Seed:

41. (a) testis → vas deferens → urethra

42. A clone refers to an offspring produced through asexual reproduction.

43. In sexually reproducing organisms, gametes contain half the number of

45. The four whorls of a flower are:

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