How Do Organisms Reproduce
How Do Organisms Reproduce
How Do Organisms Reproduce
Class :- X
Subject :- Science
Name of Teacher :- Mrs Saidiya Iffat (PGT Bio)
School :- KV CHARBATIA
1) Reproduction :-
Reproduction is the process by which living organisms
produce new individuals of the same species.
Reproduction is necessary for the survival and increase
in the population of a species. If organisms do not
reproduce, their population decreases and species will
become extinct.
bud
bud
iii) Regeneration :-
In this method a part of the body if the organism if cut or
broken can develop into a new individual. Eg :- Hydra,
Planaria, Star fish etc.
iv) Fragmentation :-
In this method the body of a simple multicellular
organism breaks up into smaller pieces on maturation and
each fragment develops into new individuals.
Eg :- Spirogyra.
v) Spore formation :-
In this method structures called sporangia produce tiny
cells called spores. When the spores come in contact with a
moist surface, it develops into new individuals.
Eg :- Rhizopus , Mucor, Penicillium etc.
vi) Vegetative propagation :-
In this method new plants are produced from the vegetative parts of
the plant like root, stem or leaf. Eg:- from roots – dhalia, sweet potato,
from stem – potato, ginger, from leaf – bryophyllum, begonia.
Plants produced by vegetative propagation produce flowers and
fruits earlier than those produced from seeds. It also helps in the
propagation of plants which do not produce seeds like rose, jasmine
banana etc.
Vegetative propagation can also be done artificially by cutting,
layering, grafting etc.
5) Sexual reproduction in flowering plants :-
a) Reproductive parts of a flower :-
The stamen and pistil are the reproductive parts of the
flower. Stamen is the male reproductive part. It produces
pollen grains in the anther which contains the male germ
cell (male gamete). Pistil is the female reproductive part. It
produces ovules in the ovary which contain the female
germ cell (female gamete).
b) Pollination :-
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
of a flower is called pollination. It takes place by wind, water
or insects. If the pollen grains are transferred from the
anther to the stigma of the same flower it is self pollination
and if it is transferred from the anther of one flower to the
stigma of another flower it is cross pollination. Pollination
takes place by insects, wind, water etc.
Cross
pollination
Self
c) Fertilisation :-
After the pollen grain is
transferred to the stigma it
produces a pollen tube which
passes through the style and
enters the ovary and ovule. In
the ovule the male germ cell
(male gamete) fuses with the
female germ cell (female
gamete) to form a zygote. This
process is called fertilisation.
After fertilisation the zygote
divides several times and forms
the embryo which then develops
into the seed and the ovary
develops into the fruit.
6) Reproduction in human beings :-
a) Male reproductive system :-
The male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes which
produces the male reproductive cells called sperms and the hormone
testosteron. It is contained in sac like structures called scrotum. From
each testis arises a tube called vas deferens. It joins into the urethra.
The urethra is enclosed in a muscular organ called penis. It has an
opening called genital pore. The seminal vesicles and prostate glands
produce fluids which provide nutrition and help in the movement of the
sperms.
b) Female reproductive system :-
The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries which
produces the female reproductive cells called ova or eggs and the
hormone oestrogen. Above the ovaries are tubes called oviducts or
fallopian tubes. The two oviducts unite into a bag like structure called
uterus. The uterus has opening called vagina.