Phasor Diagram: Prof. T R Choudhury, NIT Rourkela

Phasor Diagram
 When 3 – phase supply is given to stator winding of a 3 – phase

induction motor, a rotating magnetic flux 𝜙 is produced. The per
phase applied voltage 𝑉1 and the mutual flux 𝜙 is shown in the fig.
 Rotating flux 𝜙 generates emfs 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 in stator and rotor windings
respectively. Per – phase emfs 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 lag flux 𝜙 by 90° as shown.
 EMF 𝐸2 sets up rotor current 𝐼2 lagging 𝐸2 by rotor power factor angle
𝑠𝑥
𝜃2 = tan−1 𝑟 2. Rotor current 𝐼2 produces rotor mmf 𝐹2 = 𝐼2 𝑁2′. The
2
rotor mmf reacts on stator and calls for a compensating load
component of stator current 𝐼2′ such that the load component of stator
mmf 𝐹1′ = rotor mmf 𝐹2 .
or, 𝐼2′ 𝑁1′ = 𝐼2 𝑁2′
𝑁2′ 𝑁 𝑘 Here, 𝑁1′ and 𝑁2′ are per phase effective number of stator and rotor
or, 𝐼2′ = 𝐼2 𝑁′ = 𝐼2 𝑁2 𝑘𝑤2
1 1 𝑤1 turns respectively. 𝑘𝑤1 & 𝑘𝑤2 are the rotor winding factors for stator
and rotor respectively.
Prof. T R Choudhury, NIT Rourkela 106
Phasor Diagram
 Load component of stator mmf 𝐹1′ = 𝐼2′ 𝑁1′ is shown opposing rotor mmf 𝐹2 = 𝐼2 𝑁2′ .
 Mutual flux 𝜙 is produced by the magnetizing current 𝐼𝑚 (neglecting hysteresis loss) taken from
the supply. Note that 𝜙 is in phase with 𝐼𝑚 under the assumption of no hysteresis loss.
Magnetizing current 𝐼𝑚 produces the resultant air – gap mmf 𝐹𝑟 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑁1′ and this further
produces resultant air – gap flux 𝜙.
 Resultant mutual flux 𝜙 is produced by the combined effect of stator mmf 𝐹1 = 𝐼1 𝑁1′ and rotor
mmf 𝐹2 = 𝐼2 𝑁2′.
ത𝑟 = 𝐹ത1 + 𝐹ത2 is sufficient to maintain mutual flux 𝜙.
 Therefore, resultant air – gap mmf, 𝐹
ҧ 𝑁1′ = 𝐼1ҧ 𝑁1′ + 𝐼2ҧ 𝑁2′
 Thus, 𝐼𝑚
′
ҧ = 𝐼1ҧ + 𝑁2′ 𝐼2ҧ
or, 𝐼𝑚 𝑁 1

Phasor Diagram (at standstill)
 The resultant air – gap flux is drawn horizontal. As usual, emfs 𝐸1 , 𝐸2
lag 𝜙 by 90°.
 At standstill, 𝐸2 = 𝐼2 (𝑟2 + 𝑗𝑥2 ) as shown in fig.
𝑥2
 Rotor current 𝐼2 lags 𝐸2 by rotor power factor angle, 𝜃2 = tan−1 .
𝑟2
 At standstill, friction and windage loss is zero. So, core loss

component of stator no – load current 𝐼0 , i.e. 𝐼𝐶 is in phase with 𝑉1′ or
−𝐸1 .
 The stator no – load current, 𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑚 + 𝐼𝐶 , and stator load current is
𝐼1 = 𝐼2′ + 𝐼0 .
 Current 𝐼2′ balances rotor current 𝐼2 so that 𝐼2′ 𝑁1′ = 𝐼2 𝑁2′ .
 Stator power factor, at the time of starting, is very poor in these

motors.
Phasor Diagram (at Normal Speed)
• At normal operating speed, slip s is small. The rotor voltage equation
now becomes, 𝑠𝐸2 = 𝐼2 𝑟2 + 𝑠𝑗𝑥2 = 𝐼2 𝑧2 .
𝑠𝑥
• Current 𝐼2 lags 𝑠𝐸2 by rotor power factor angle 𝜃2 = tan−1 𝑟 2.
2
• No load current, 𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑚 + 𝐼𝑓𝑐 , where 𝐼𝑓𝑐 is the friction, windage and
core loss component of stator current.
• Full load power factor at the stator terminals has considerably
improved from its poor power factor at starting.
• Under normal operating conditions, the stator mmf and rotor mmf
combine together to produce the resultant mmf,
𝐼0 𝑁1′ = 𝐼1 𝑁1′ + 𝐼2 𝑁2′
𝑁2′
or, 𝐼0 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼
𝑁1′ 2

Equivalent Circuit
 An induction motor has been shown equivalent to a transformer, naturally induction motor
equivalent circuit should be similar to the transformer equivalent circuit. The only difference is
on account of the fact that the secondary winding (i.e. rotor winding) of an induction motor
rotates and, therefore, involves the development of mechanical power. The derivation of
induction motor equivalent circuit proceeds in the same manner as in the case of a transformer.
 Stator Circuit model: Application of supply voltage V1 in the stator, a rotating magnetic flux 𝜙
is established. This flux generates counter emfs in all the 3 – phases of stator (or the primary)
winding. The stator terminal voltage has to overcome counter emf 𝑉ത1′ (= −𝐸ത1 ) and the stator
leakage impedance drop 𝐼1ҧ (𝑟1 + 𝑗𝑥1 ). Therefore, just like a transformer, the stator or primary
voltage is given by, 𝑉ത1 = 𝑉1′ + 𝐼1ҧ (𝑟1 + 𝑗𝑥1 ).
 Again, 𝐼1 consists of two components, one as 𝐼2′ in the load component and counteracts the
rotor mmf 𝐼2 𝑁2′ completely, and, another component is the excitation current 𝐼0 .
 Further, the no-load component 𝐼0 is split into two components, core loss component 𝐼𝐶 in
phase with 𝑉ത1′ , and magnetizing component 𝐼𝑚 lagging 𝑉ത1′ by 90°.

Equivalent Circuit Contd..
 No – load current 𝐼0 has to create resultant air - gap flux 𝜙 and to
supply the no load losses (= stator core loss + friction, windage
loss + small stator and rotor 𝐼 2 𝑅 loss), whereas function of 𝐼0 in a
transformer is to create 𝜙 and to provide only core loss.
ത1′ 𝐼𝐶 gives core loss (=
 In a 3 – phase induction motor, product of 𝑉
no – load loss – friction, windage loss – negligible stator and rotor
𝐼 2 𝑅 loss at no load).
• In the equivalent circuit, 𝐼𝐶 and 𝐼𝑚 are accounted for by a shunt branch, consisting of core loss
resistance 𝑅𝑐 (= 𝑉ത1′ Τ𝐼𝑐 ) in parallel with magnetizing reactance 𝑋𝑚 (= 𝑉ത1′ Τ𝐼𝑚 ). Once these values are
calculated, these are then treated as constant throughout.
• Parameters 𝑅𝑐 and 𝑋𝑚 are useful for determining the core loss and air – gap flux components
respectively.

𝑠 𝐸ത2
 Rotor Circuit Model: The per phase rotor current is determined as, 𝐼2ҧ = 𝑟 (i)
2 +𝑗𝑠𝑥2
𝐸ത2
 Dividing the denominator and numerator by s gives, 𝐼2ҧ = 𝑟2 (ii)
𝑠
+𝑗𝑥2
 Though the magnitude and phase of I2 obtained above remains same, but the eqn. (i) states the
slip frequency current, whereas eqn. (ii) states the line frequency current.
Actual rotor circuit Equivalent rotor circuit

𝐸2 ′
 Complete equivalent circuit: Rotor voltage when referred to stator = 𝑁 = 𝐸1
𝑁2′ 1
 Similarly, the rotor leakage impedance and rotor current 𝐼2 when referred to stator are,
𝑟2 𝑁1′ 𝑟2′ 𝑁2′
= + 𝑗𝑥2 = + 𝑗𝑥2′ and, 𝐼2 𝑁′ = 𝐼2′
𝑠 𝑁2′ 𝑠 1
Equivalent rotor
referred of stator
Prof. T R Choudhury, NIT Rourkela Exact induction motor equivalent circuit 113

Phasor Diagram: Prof. T R Choudhury, NIT Rourkela

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Phasor Diagram: Prof. T R Choudhury, NIT Rourkela

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Phasor Diagram: Prof. T R Choudhury, NIT Rourkela

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Phasor Diagram

 When 3 – phase supply is given to stator winding of a 3 – phase

Prof. T R Choudhury, NIT Rourkela 107

 At standstill, friction and windage loss is zero. So, core loss

 Stator power factor, at the time of starting, is very poor in these

Prof. T R Choudhury, NIT Rourkela 109

Prof. T R Choudhury, NIT Rourkela 110

Prof. T R Choudhury, NIT Rourkela 111

Actual rotor circuit Equivalent rotor circuit

Prof. T R Choudhury, NIT Rourkela 112

You might also like