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Effect of slip on Rotor Circuit Parameters

Rotor side frequency = 𝑠𝑓 Hz
Rotor induced per phase emf = 𝑠𝐸 Volts
Rotor per phase Reactance = 𝑠𝑋 𝛺

Ex. A 3 ph , 6 pole IM is connected to a 60 Hz supply. The voltage induced in the rotor bars is 4 V, when rotor
is at standstill. Calculate the voltage and frequency induced in the rotor bars at 300 rpm.
Sol.
Synchronous speed Ns=120x60/6=1200 rpm
Ns−N 1200−300
Slip s=
Ns = 1200 = 0.75

Corresponding to this slip rotor induced emf will be = 𝑠𝐸 = 0.75 X 4 = 3 Volts

rotor current frequency f’ = 𝑠𝑓 = 0.75 𝑋 60

= 45 𝐻𝑧

Slip and Rotor Torque

Since Rotor induced emf depends on….. 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒎𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵

𝑬𝟐 𝜶 𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝟐 𝜶 𝑬𝟐
𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑻 𝜶 𝒊𝟐
𝑻 𝜶 𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵
𝑻 = 𝑲 𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵
𝑁
𝑻 = 𝑲 𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵 𝑿
𝑁
𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵
𝑻 = 𝑲𝑁
𝑁
𝑻 = 𝑲𝑁 𝒔
𝑻 =𝑲 𝒔 𝑻 𝛼 𝒔
Thus, greater the slip greater will be the induced emf or rotor current and hence larger will be the torque
developed.

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Ex. A 3-phase, 10 HP squirrel cage induction motor is wound for 6 poles. When the motor is connected
to 230 V, 50 Hz supply, at full-load, it operates at 4% slip. Determine (i) full loud speed. (ii) full load
torque in Newton-metre. (iii) frequency of rotor current under this condition and (iv) speed of rotation
of the stator mmf.
Solution:
Synchronous speed, NS

Full load speed, N =

Output =

Or T

Rotor current frequency, 𝑓

Speed of rotation of stator

mmf =

Rotor emf
The revolving magnetic field set up in the stator by poly phase currents is common to both stator and
rotor winding. This field induces emfs. in both the windings. The stator induced emf per phase is given
by the relation:
𝐸 =𝟒 ⋅ 𝟒𝟒𝒌𝒘𝟏 𝑻𝟏 𝒇𝒇𝒎 …………………(eq 1)

The rotor induced emf/phase, 𝐸 = 𝟒 ⋅ 𝟒𝟒𝒌𝒘𝟐 𝑻𝟐 𝒇 𝒇𝒎

Since,
At stand still the frequency of rotor currents (f’) is Same as input frequency
𝒇 =𝒇 (𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒛 𝒇 = 𝒔𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒍)
Therefore, rotor induced emf/phase at stand still or start, 𝑬𝟐𝒔 = 𝟒 ⋅ 𝟒𝟒𝒌𝒘𝟐 𝑻𝟐 𝑓𝒇𝒎 …………………(eq 2)

Dividing eq 2 by eq 1 we get 𝑬𝟐𝒔 𝟒 ⋅ 𝟒𝟒𝒌𝒘𝟐 𝑻𝟐 𝑓𝒇𝒎 𝑻𝟐

= = =𝑲
𝑬𝟏 𝟒 ⋅ 𝟒𝟒𝒌𝒘𝟏 𝑻𝟏 𝑓𝒇𝒎 𝑻𝟏

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Rotor Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

Rotor Resistance (R2 ) Rotor Reactance ( X2 )
Rotor is a closed circuit hence due to Rotor reactance (X2)
Since rotor induced emf rotor conductors carry
winding is made current in themselves.
= 𝝎𝑳𝟐 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇 𝑳𝟐 = 𝟐𝝅𝒔𝒇𝑳𝟐
of copper or
And since every current carrying When the rotor is standstill i.e., at the start, when
aluminum that
conductor produces magnetic flux. slip, S=1
has a definite
resistance hence This flux is not perfectly (100%)
linked with stator conductors rather The value of rotor reactance at stand still (𝑿𝟐𝐬𝒕𝒏𝒅 )
rotor winding has
a definite rotor A small % of it terminates itself 𝑿𝟐𝐬𝒕𝒏𝒅 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳𝟐
resistance through the air gap. Which is known
as Leakage flux and produces a Thus, under normal running, rotor reactance,
leakage reactance ( L2)
𝑿𝟐 = 𝒔𝑿𝟐𝐬𝒕𝒏𝒅
Rotor Impedance ( Z2 )
Rotor impedance, = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝒋𝑿𝟐 = 𝑹𝟐 +𝒋𝒔𝑿𝟐𝐬𝒕𝒏𝒅

Depending upon rotor frequency a 𝒁𝟐 = 𝑹𝟐𝟐 + 𝒔𝑿𝟐𝐬𝒕𝒏𝒅 𝟐

reactance is developed

Rotor Current and Power Factor 𝑹𝟐 𝑰𝟐

The rotor circuit diagram of an induction motor is shown as
Under running condition; 𝑹𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑬𝟐 𝑿𝟐 = 𝒔𝑿𝟐𝐬𝒕𝒏𝒅
𝑹𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒆𝒎𝒇 𝑬𝟐 = 𝒔𝑬𝟐𝒔𝒕𝒏𝒅 = 𝒔𝑬𝟐𝒔𝒕𝒏𝒅

𝑹𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝐞 𝒁𝟐 = 𝑹𝟐𝟐 + 𝒔𝑿𝟐𝐬𝒕𝒏𝒅 𝟐 𝑹𝟐

𝑹𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 (𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝛟𝟐 ) =
𝒁𝟐
𝑬𝟐 𝒔𝑬𝟐𝒔𝒕𝒏𝒅 𝑬𝟐𝒔𝒕𝒏𝒅
𝑹𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑰𝟐 = = = Rotor equivalent circuit
𝒁𝟐
𝑹𝟐𝟐 + 𝒔𝑿𝟐𝐬𝒕𝒏𝒅 𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝑿𝟐𝐬𝒕𝒏𝒅
𝐬
𝑿𝟐 = 𝒔𝑿𝟐𝐬𝒕𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝟐
𝑯𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 and
𝒔
𝑰𝟐 can also be written as
𝑹𝟐 1−𝑠
𝑹𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑬𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝒔
𝐬 = 𝑹𝟐 + − 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹𝟐 + − 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟐
𝐬 𝐬 𝐬 𝐬 𝑠
= 𝒔𝑬𝟐𝒔𝒕𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝟐
𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒂 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝐬
𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

Rotor equivalent circuit

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𝑬𝟐
𝛟𝟐

𝑰𝟐

𝑏 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑹𝟐 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
1−𝑠
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑹 𝟐 is virtual resistance slip or load dependent representing load resistance 𝑹𝐋
𝑠
1−𝑠
The power consumed by this fictitious resistance is 𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟐 Will this power be consumed? YES No
𝑠
The equivalent electrical power is converted into mechanical power to pick the load.

And after subtracting the mechanical losses, we get the output power available at the shaft.

Ex. An 8 HP, 3-phase, 4-pole squirrel cage induction motor is connected to 400 V, 50 Hz supply. The motor is
operating at full-load with 5% slip. Calculate the following: (i) The speed of the revolving field relative to the
stator structure;(ii) The frequency of the rotor currents; (iii) The speed of the rotor mmf relative to the rotor
structure; (iv) The speed of the rotor mmf relative to the stator structure; (v) The speed of the rotor mmf
relative to the stator field distribution; (vi) Are the conditions right for the development of the net
unidirectional torque?
Solution:
Given , P = 4; f = 50 Hz; s = 0·05
(i) The speed of the revolving field relative to the stator structure
(ii) fr = sf = 0·05 × 50 = 2·5 Hz

(iii) The speed of rotor mmf relative to the rotor structure,

(iv) Rotor speed, N = 𝑁 (1 – s) = 1500 (1 – 0·05) = 1425 rpm

The speed of the rotor mmf relative to the stator structure = N + 𝑁 = 1425 + 75 = 1500 rpm

(vi) Yes, the given conditions fully satisfy for the development of net unidirectional torque.

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Ex. The resistance and stand-still reactance per phase of a 3-phase induction motor is 0.1 ohm and 0.4 ohm
respectively. If 100 V per phase is induced in the rotor circuit at start then calculate rotor current and rotor p.f.
(i) when rotor is stationary and (ii) when running with a slip of 5% .
Solution: Here, R = 0·1 𝛺 X
2 2stnd = 0·4 𝛺 E2s = 100 V

(i) When the rotor is stationary

Rotor current (𝐼 )=

Rotor power factors,

(ii) When rotor is running with a slip of 5% i.e., s = 0·05

Rotor current (𝐼 )=

Rotor power factors,

EX. The resistance and stand-still reactance per phase of a 3-phase star-connected rotor of a phase wound induction
motor is 1 ohm and 4 ohm respectively. If emf induced across the slip-rings is 80 V at start then calculate the current per
phase and power factor when (i) sliprings are short-circuited (ii) slip-rings are connected to a star-connected rheostat of 3
ohm per phase.
Solution:

= 34 ⋅ 64 V

(i) When slip-rings are short circuited:

Rotor power factors,

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(ii) When slip-rings are connected to a star-connected rheostat of 3 ohm per phase as shown

𝐸
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 =
𝑍

𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 cos 𝜙 =

Prob 1 A 3-phase, 6-pole induction motor is supplied from a 3-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz supply. If it is operating at
full-load with 0.04 slip, determine:
(i ) The speed of the revolving field relative to the stator structure.
(ii) The frequency of the rotor currents.
(iii) The speed of the rotor mmf relative to the rotor structure.
(iv) The speed of the rotor mmf relative to the stator structure.
(v) The speed of the rotor mmf relative to the stator field distribution.
(vi ) Are the conditions right for the development of the net unidirectional torque?

Prob.2 A 3-phase induction motor with star connected rotor has an induced emf per phase of 60 V with the slip
rings open circuited and normal voltage applied to stator. The resistance and standstill reactance of each rotor phase
are 0·6 ohm and 0·4 ohm respectively. Calculate the rotor current per phase:
(i) at stand still when the rotor circuit is connected through rheostat having a resistance of 5 ohm
and reactance 2 ohm per phase.
(ii) when running with slip rings short circuited with slip of 4%.

Prob. 3 A 3-phase induction motor, with star-connected rotor, has an induced emf per phase of 60 V with the sliprings
open circuited and normal voltage applied to stator. The resistance and standstill reactance of each rotor phase are 0·6
ohm and 0·4 ohm respectively. Calculate the rotor current per phase:
(a) at standstill when the rotor circuit is connected to a star-connected rheostat having a resistance of 5 ohm and
reactance 2 ohm per phase;
(b) when running with slip rings short-circuited at 4% slip.