DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

B. SC. (HONOURS) PHYSICS

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE - DSC - 7:

MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS 111

Credit distributionof the

Course Title Credits course Eligibility Pre-requisite of the
& Code
Iæcture Tutorial Practical
Criteria course
Mathematical Shouldhave studied
PhysicsIll 4 Class 12th DSC - 1 and DSC -4
3 1
Pass of this program or its
DSC - 7 uivalent

LEARNINGOBJECI'IVES
emphasis of course is on applications in solving problems of interest to physicists. The
course will also expose students to fundamentalcomputationalphysics skills enabling them
to solve a wide range of physics problems.The skills developed during course will prepare
them not only for doing fundamentaland applied research but also for a wide variety of
careers.

LEARNINGOUTCOMES
After completingthis course, student will be able to,
Determinecontinuity, differentiabilityand analyticity of a complex function, find the
derivative of a function and understand the properties of elementary complex functions.
Work with multi-valued functions (logarithmic, complex power, inverse trigonometric
function) and determine branches of these functions.
Evaluate a contour integral using parameterization, fundamentaltheorem of calculus and
Cauchy's integral formula.
Find the Taylor series of a function and determine its radius of convergence.
Determine the Laurent series expansion of a function in different regions, find the
residues and use the residue theory to evaluate a contour integral and real integral.
Understand the properties of Fourier transforms and use these to solve boundary value
problems.
Solve linear partial differentialequations of second order with separationof variable
method.
In the laboratorycourse,the studentswill learn to,
• create, visualize and use complex numbers
• use Gauss quadrature methods to numerically integrate proper and improper definite
integrals
• Solve the boundary value problems numerically
Compute the fast Fourier transform of a given function
SYLLABUS OF DSC - 7

THEORY COMPONENT
Unit -1 (28 Hours)
Complex Analysis: The field of complex numbers. Graphical, Cartesian and polar
representation. Algebra in the complex plane. Triangle inequality. Roots of complex
numbers. Regions in the complex plane —idea of open sets, closed sets, connected sets,
boundedsets and domain,
(3 Hours)
The complex functions and mappings. Limits of complex functions. Extended complex plane
and limits involving the point at infinity. Continuity and differentiability of a complex
åmction,Cauchy-Riemannequationsin Cartesianand polar coordinates,sufficientconditions
for differentiability, harmonic functions. Amlytic functions, singular points. Elementary
åmctions. Multi-functions, branch cuts and branch points.
(10 Hours)
Integration in complex plane: contours and contour integrals, Cauchy-Goursat Theorem (No
proof) for simply and multiply connected domains. Cauchy's inequality. Cauchy's integral
formula. Taylor's and Laurent's theorems (statements only), types of singularities (removable
poles and essential), meromorphicfunctions,residues and Cauchy's residue theorem, Jordan
Lemma (statement only), evaluation of real integrals by contour integration (excluding
integrands with branch points)
(15 Hours)

Unit —Il (9 Hours)

Fourier Transform:Fourier Integral theorem (Statement only), Fourier Transform (FT) and
Inverse FT, existence of FT, FT of single pulse, finite sine train, trigonometric,exponential,
Gaussianfunctions,propertiesof FT, FT of Dirac delta function,sine and cosine function,
convolution theorem. Fourier Sine Transform (FST) and Fourier Cosine Transform (FCT)

Unit - 111 (8 Hours)

Partial Differential Equations: Solutions to partial differential equations (2 or 3 independent
variables) usmg separation of variables: Laplace's equation in problems of rectangular
geometry. Solution of wave equation for vibrational modes of a stretched string. Solution of
ID heat flow equation (Wave/Heat equation not to be derived)

References:
Essential Readings:
l) Mathematical methods for Scientists and Engineers, D.A. McQuarrie, Viva Book, 2003
2) Essential Mathematical Methods, K. F. Riley and M. P. Hobson, Cambridge Univ. Press,
2011
3) Mathematical Methods for Physicists, G. B. Artken, H.J. Weber, F. E. Harris, 7th Edition,
Elsevier,2013
4) Complex Variables and Applications, J. W. Brown and R. V. Churchill, 9th Edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill, 2021
5) ComplexVariables: Schaum's Outline, McGraw Hill Education, 2009
6) Fourier analysis: With Applications to Boundary Value Problems, Murray Spiegel,
McGrawHill Education,2017
7) Fourier series and boundary value problems, J. W. Brown and R. V. Churchill, 5th
 Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1993.
8) Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Physicists, 3rd edition, L. A. Pipes and L. R.
Harvill, Dover Publications.

Additional Readings:
l) Mathematical Physics with Applications, Problems and Solutions, V. Balakrishnan, Ane
Books, 2017
2) Complex Variables, A. S. Fokas and M. J. Ablowitz, 8thEdition, Cambridge Univ. Press,
2011
3) Fourier Transform and its Applications, third edition, Ronald New Bold Bracewell,
McGraw Hill, 2000
4) A Students Guide to Fourier Tmnsforms: With Applications in Physics and Engineering,
3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, 2015
5) Partial Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers, S. J. Farlow, Dover
Publications, 1993
6) Differential Equations —Theory, technique and practice, George F. Simmons and Steven
G. Krantz, Indian Edition McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd, 2014

PRACTICAL COMPONENT

(15 Weeks with 2 hours of laboratory session per week)

The aim of this lab is not just to teach computer programming and numerical analysis but to
emphasize its role in solving problems in Physics.
The course will consist ofpractical sessions and lectures on the related theoretical aspects
ofthe laboratory.
Assessment is to be done not only on the programming but also on the basis of
formulating the problem.
The list of recommended programs is suggestive only. More programs may be done in the
class with physics applications. Emphasis should be given to formulate a physics problem
as mathematical one and solve it by computational methods.
At least 6 programs must be attempted (taking at least one from each unit). The
implementation can be either in Python/ C-H-/ Scilab. Inbuilt libraries can be used
wherever applicable,

Unit I
Handling of Complex Numbers: Syntax for creating complex numbers in Python/C-H-/SciIab,
accessing real and imaginary parts, calculating the modulus and conjugate of a complex
number, complex number arithmetic, plotting of complex numbers as ordered pairs of real
numbers in a plane, conversion from Cartesian to polar representation.
Recommended List of Programs:
a) Determinethe nth roots of a complex number and represent it in Cartesian and polar
form.
b) Transformation of complex numbers as 2-1) vectors e.g. translation, scaling, rotation,
reflection.
c) Visualisation of mappings of some elementary complex functions w = f(z) from z-plane
to w-plane.

Unit 2
Gauss Quadrature Integration Methods: Gauss quadrature methods for integration: Gauss
Legendre, Gauss Lagaurre and Gauss Hermite methods.
Recommended List of Programs:
a) Solving a definite integral by Gauss Legendre quadrature method. Application —
representation of a function as a linear combination of Legendre polynomials.
b) Solving improper integrals over entire real axis or the positive real axis using Gauss
Lagaurre and Gauss Hermite quadrature method. Comparison of results with the ones
obtained by contour integration analytically.
c) Comparison of convergence of improper integral computed by Newton Cotes and Gauss
Quadrature Methods.

Unit 3
Fast Fourier Transform: Discrete Fourier transform, Any algorithm for fast Fourier transform.
a) Computation of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) using complex numbers.
b) Fast Fourier Transform of given function in tabulated or mathematical form e.g function
exp(-x2).

Unit 4
Numerical Solutions of Boundary Value Problems: Two-point boundary value problems,
types of boundary conditions —(Dirichlet, Neumann and Robin), importance of converting a
physics problem to dimensionless form before solving numerically. Finite difference method,
Shooting method with bisection/Secant/Newton method for solving non-linear equation and
using RK methods for solving IVP (The programs developed in the last semester may be used
here).
Algorithm for any one numerical method to solve Partial Differential Equations e.g. Finite
Difference method, relaxation methods, Crank-Nicolson method
Recommended List of Programs:
(a) The equilibrium temperature of a bar of length L with insulated horizontal sides and the
ends maintained at fixed temperatures.
(b) Solve for the steady state concentration profile y(x) in the reaction-diffusion problem
given by y"(x) —y(x) = 0 with y(0)
(c) Use any numerical method to solve Laplace equation/ Wave equation/ Heat equation.

References(for Laboratory Work):

l) Documentationat the Python home page (https://docs.python.org/3/
) and the tutorials
there (https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/
2) Documentation of NumPy and Matplotlib: https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/ and
https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/
3) Schaum' s Outline of Programming with C++, J. Hubbard, 2000, McGraw-Hill Education.
4) An Introduction to Computational Physics, T. Pang, Cambridge University Press, 2010
5) Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S. S. Sastry, 5th Edition, 2012, PHI Learning Pvt.
Ltd.
6) Numerical Recipes: The art of scientific computing, William H. Press, Saul A. Teukolsky
and William Vetterling, Cambridge University Press; 3rdEdition, 2007
7) Computational Problems for Physics, R. H. Landau and M. J. Påez, CRC Press, 2018
 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE - DSC - 8:
THERMALPHYSICS

Credit distribution of the

Course Title course Eligibility Pre-requisite
& Code
Credits Criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical
Thermal
Physics Class 12th
4 3 1 NIL
Pass
DSC-8

LEARNINGOBJECTIVES
This course deals with the relationshipbetween the macroscopicand microscopicproperties
of physical systems in equilibrium. It reviews the concepts of thermodynamicslearnt at
schoolfrom a more advancedperspectiveand how to developthem furtherto build new
concepts.The course gives an understandingabout the fundamentallaws of thermodynamics
and their applicationsto various systems and processes.It also includesa basic idea about the
kinetic theory of gases, transport phenomena involved in ideal gases, phase transitions and
behaviourof real gases. The studentswill be able to apply these concepts to severalproblems
on heat. The lab course deals with providing the knowledge of the concepts of
thermodynamicsstudied in the theory paper with the help of experiments and give the
students a hands-on experience on the construction and use of specific measurement
Instruments and experimental apparatuses used in the Thermal Physics lab, including
necessary precautions.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this course, studentswill be able to
• Comprehendthe basic concepts of thermodynamics,the first and the second law of
thermodynamics.
• Understand the concept of reversibility, irreversibility and entropy.
• Understand various thermodynamic potentials and their physical significance with respect
to different thermodynamic systems and processes.
• DeduceMaxwell's thermodynamicalrelationsand use them for solvingvariousproblems
in Thermodynamics.
Understandthe concept and behaviourof ideal and real gases.
Apply the basic concept of kinetic theory of gases in deriving Maxwell-Boltzmann
distributionlaw and its applications.
Understandmean free path and molecular collisions in viscosity,thermal conductivity,
diffusionand Brownianmotion.
While doing the practical,the studentswill have an opportunityto understandand hence
use the specific apparatus required to study various concepts of thermodynamics. Hence,
the studentwill be able to comprehendthe errorsthey can encounterwhile performingthe
experimentand how to estimatethem.
SYLLABUS OF DSC - 8

THEORY COMPONENT

Unit— I - Zeroth and First Law of Thermodynamics (6 Hours)

Fundamentalidea of thermodynamicequilibrium and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics,
concept of work and heat, First law of Thermodynamicsand its differential form, Internal
energy, applications of First law: General relation between Cp and Cv, work done durmg
various processes (all four) and related problems, adiabatic lapse rate, Compressibility and
Expansion Co-efficient for various processes.

Unit— Il - Second law of Thermodynamics (6 Hours)

Reversible and Irreversible processes, Carnot engine and Carnot's cycle, Refrigerator,
efficiency ofCarnot engine and refrigerator, Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin-Planck
and Clausius statements and their equivalence, Carnot's theorem, Applications of Second
Law of Thermodynamics in the light of Phase Change, Thermodynamic Scale of
Temperature and its equivalence to Perfect Gas Scale.

Unit —Ill —Entropy (6 Hours)

Concept of Entropy, Entropy changes in Reversible and Irreversible processes with examples,
Clausius Theorem, Clausius inequality, Second Law of Thermodynamics in terms of Entropy.
Temperature-Entropy diagrams for Carnot's cycle and related problems, Entropy of perfect
and real gases, conceptual problems related to Entropy during a Phase Change, Nernst Heat
Theorem: Unattainability of Absolute Zero and Third Law of Thermodynamics.

Unit— IV - Thermodynamic Potentials and Maxwell's Relations (12 Hours)

Basic concept of Thermodynamic Potentials, Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Helmholtz Free
Energy, Gibb's Free Energy, Magnetic work and basic idea about cooling due to adiabatic
demagnetization, Phase Transitions : First order and Second order Phase Transitions with
examples, Clausius Clapeyron Equation, Ehrenfest Equations, Derivation of Maxwell's
Thermodynamic Relations and their applications in Clausius Clapeyron Equation, value of Cp
—Cv, TdS equations, Energy equations, evaluation of Cp /Cv and Ratio of Adiabatic to
Isothermal elasticity,

Unit— V - Kinetic Theory of Gases and Molecular Collisions (8 Hours)

Constrained maximization using Lagrange multipliers, Maxwell-Boltzmann law of
distribution of velocities in an ideal gas and its experimentalverification with any one
method. Mean, Root Mean Square and Most Probable Speeds, Maxwell-Boltzmann equation
for distribution of Energy: Average Energy and Most Probable Energy, Mean Free Path,
Collision Probability, estimation of Mean Free Path, transport phenomena in ideal gases:
viscosity, thermal conductivity and diffusion with continuity equation

Unit— VI - Real Gases (7 Hours)

Behaviour of Real Gases: Deviations from the ideal gas equation, Andrew's experiments on
C02 Gas, Virial equation, Continuity of liquid and gaseous states, Boyle temperature, Van der
Waals equation of state for real gases (derivation not required), comparison with
experimental curves: P-V diagrams, value of critical constants, law of corresponding states,
free adiabatic expansion of a perfect gas, Joule Thomson Porous - Plug Experiment, Joule
Ihomson Coefficient for Ideal and Van der Waals Gases, Temperature of Inversion and Joule
Thomson cooling.
References:
Essential Readings:
l) Heat and Thermodynamics: M. W. Zemansky and R. Dittman, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1981
2) Thermal Physics: S. C. Garg, R. M. Bansal and C. K. Ghosh, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-
Hill.
3) Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics: Sears and Salinger,
Narosa, 1988
4) Concepts in Thermal Physics: Blundell and Blundell, 2nd Edition, Oxford University
Press, 2009
5) Thermal Physics, A. Kumar and S. P. Taneja, R. Chand Publications, 2014
6) A Text Book of Heat and Thermodynamics for Degree Students, J. B. Rajam, S. Chand,
1981

Additional Readings:
l) An Introduction to Thermal Physics: D. Schroeder, Oxford University Press (earlier
published by Pearsons), 2021
2) Thermal Physics: C. Kittel and H. Kroemer, 2ndEdition, W.H. Freeman, 1980
3) Heat, Thermodynamicsand Statistical Physics, Brij Lal, N. Subrahmanyamand P. S.
Hemne, S. Chand and Company
4) Thermal Physics: Concepts and practices, A. L. Wasserman, Cambridge University Press,
2012
5) Fundamentals of Thermal and Statistical Physics, Frederick Reif, McGraw-Hill, 1965

PRACTICAL COMPONENT

(15 Weeks with 2 hours of laboratory session per week)

At least six ex eriments to be done from the followin .

l) To determine Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, J, by Callender and Barne's constant flow

method.
2) To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of Cu by Searle's Apparatus.
3) To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee and
Charlton's disc method using steam or electrical heating.
4) To determine the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance by Platinum Resistance
Thermometer (PRT) using Carey Foster's Bridge.
5) To determine the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance using Platinum Resistance
Thermometer (PRT) by Callender-Griffith Bridge.
6) To study the variation of thermo-e.m.f. of a thermocouple with difference of temperature
of its two junctions using a null method.
7) To calibrate a thermocouple to measure temperature in a specified range by direct method
and/or by using Op Amp and to determine Neutral Temperature.
8) To determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of Copper (Cu) by Angstrom's
method,

References(for Laboratory Work):

I) Advanced Practical Physics for students: B. L. Flint and H, T. Worsnop, Asia Publishing
House, 1971

316

2) A Text Book of Practical Physics : Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, I I th Edition, Kitab
Mahal
3) Advanced level Practical Physics: Nelkon and Ogborn, 4th Edition, reprinted 1985,
Heinemann Educational Publishers
4) An Advanced Course in Practical Physics: D. Chattopadhyay and P. C. Rakshit, New
Central Book Agency, 1990
5) Practical Physics: G. L. Squires, Cambridge University Press, 1985
6) B. Sc Practical Physics: Harnam Singh, P. S. Hemne, revised edition 2011, S. Chand and
co.
7) B. Sc Practical Physics: C. L. Arora, 2001, S. Chand and Co.
8) B.Sc. Practical Physics: Geeta Sanon, R. Chand and Co.
 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE - DSC - 9
LIGHT AND MATTER

Credit distributionof the

Course Title Credits course EligibilityPre-requisit
& Code Criteria of the cours
Lecture Tutorial Practical
Light and
Matter Class 12th
4 2 2 NIL
Pass
DSC-9
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES
The objective of this course reviews the concepts of light and matter, their properties and
their dual nature. This course provides an in depth understandingof dual nature of light,
interference and diffraction with emphasis on practical applications of both. It prepares the
student for the modern physics and quantum mechanics courses.

LEARNINGOUTCOMES
On successfully completing the requirementof this course the student will have the skill and
knowledge to,
• Appreciate the dual nature of light which is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and the
dual nature of matter simultaneously.
Understand the phenomena of interference and diffraction exhibited by light and matter,
their nuances and details.
• Delve in to the depth of understandingwave optics with its various kinds of interference
and diffraction exhibited by light.
Demonstrate basic concepts of diffraction: Superposition of wavelets diffracted from
aperture, understand Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction.
Learn about the application of matter waves in latest technologicaldevelopmentsof
electron microscope e.g. SEM and TEM used widely for characterizationin several
fields of physics such as material science, nanotechnology etc.
In the laboratory course, students will gain hands-on experience of using various optical
instruments, measurement of resolving power and dispersive power, and making finer
measurements of wavelength of light using Newton's rings experiment. They will also
find wavelength of Laser sources by single and double slit experiment, wavelength and
angular spread of He-Ne Laser using plane diffraction grating.

SYLLABUS OF DSC - 9

THEORY COMPONENT

Unit—I -Duality of Light and matter (5 Hours)

Light an EM wave - Hertz's experiments; Particle characteristics by photoelectric effect and
Compton effect (concepts only) and wave characteristics by interference and diffraction.
Wave properties of particles: de Broglie hypothesis, wavelength of matter waves; particle

318
wave complementarity: Velocity of de Broglie wave and need of a wave packet; Group and
phase velocities and relation between them; equivalence of group and particle velocity,
dispersion of wave groups.

Unit —Il —Interference (10 Hours)

Division of amplitude and wave-front. Two-slit interference experiment with photons:
Young's double slit experiment. Lloyd's mirror. Phase change on reflection: Stokes'
treatment. Interference in Thin Films: parallel and wedge-shaped films. Fringes of equal
inclination (Haidinger Fringes); Fringes of equal thickness (Fizeau Fringe). Newton's Rings:
Measurement of wavelength and refractive index. Single photon interference. Two-slit
interference experiment with electrons.

Unit —Ill —Diffraction (15 Hours)

Fraunhofer diffraction: Single slit, double slit, diffraction grating, resolving power of grating.
Fresnel diffraction: Fresnel's assumptions, Fresnel's half-period zones for plane wave,
explanation of rectilinear propagation of light, theory of a zone plate: multiple foci of a zone
plate, Fresnel diffraction at straight edge, a slit and a wire by Fresnel half period zones.
Diffraction of photons (e.g. X-rays, gamma rays etc.) and particles by matter, experimental
study of matter waves: Davisson-Germer experiment; Electron microscope: applications
SEM, TEM.

References:
Essential Readings:
l) Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, McGraw-Hill, 2002
2) Modern Physics by R. A. Serway, C. J. Moses and C. A. Moyer, Thomson Brooks Cole,
2012
3) Modern Physics for Scientists and Engmeers by S. T. Thornton and A. Rex, 4th Edition,
Cengage Learning, 2013
4) Optics, Ajoy Ghatak, McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi, 7th Edition
5) Fundamentals of Optics, F. A. Jenkins and H. E. White, McGraw-Hill, 1981
6) Fundamental of Optics, A. Kumar, H. R. Gulati and D. R. Khanna, R. Chand
Publications, 2011
7) A Textbook of Optics N. Subrahmanyam,Brij Lal, M. N. Avadhanulu, S. Chand & Co
Ltd.
8) Introduction to Optics I - Interaction of Light with Matter, Ksenia Dolgaleva, Morgan and
Claypool, 2021
9) Physics for scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Jewett and Serway, Cengage
Learning, 2010
10) Modern Physics, G. Kaur and G. R. Pickrell, McGraw Hill, 2014
I l) Schaum's Outline of Beginning Physics Il: Waves, electromagnetism, Optics and Modern
Physics, Alvin Halpern, Erich Erlbach, McGraw Hill.
12)Theory and Problems of Modern Physics, Schaum's outline, R. Gautreau and W. Savin,
2ndEdition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.

Additional Readings:
l) Principles of Optics, Max Born and Emil Wolf, 7thEdition, Pergamon Press, 1999
2) Introduction to Optics, Pedrotti Frank L. Cambridge University Press.
3) Optics, Eugene Hecht, 4thEdition, Pearson Education, 2014
4) Six Ideas that Shaped Physics: Particle Behave like Waves, T. A. Moore, McGraw Hill,
2003

319
5) Thirty years that shook physics: the story of quantum theory, George Gamow, Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1966.
6) Quantum Mechanics: Iheory and Applications, (Extensively revised 6th Edition), Ajoy
Ghatakand S. Lokanathan,LaxmiPublications,2019
7) Optics, Karl Dieter Moller, Learning by computing with model examples, Springer, 2007
8) Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers, J. R. Taylor, C. D. Zafiratos, M. A. Dubson,
Viva Books Pvt Ltd,2017
9) Physics of Atom, Wehr, Richardsand Adair, Narosa, 2002

PRACTICAL COMPONENT

(15 Weeks with 4 hours of laboratory session per week)

Mandatoryactivity:
• Sessionson the reviewof experimentaldata analysis,sourcesof error and their estimation
in detail, writing of scientific laboratory reports including proper reporting of errors.
Applications of the specific experiments done in the lab.
• Familiarization with Schuster's focusing; determination of angle of prism.

At least 6 experiments from the following list.

l) Determination of refractive index of material of prism using mercury (Hg) light.

2) To determine the dispersive power and Cauchy constants of the material of a prism using
mercury source.
3) To determine wavelength of sodium light using Newton 's Rings.
4) To determinethe thickness of a thin paper by measuringthe width of the interference
fringes produced by a wedge-shaped Film.
5) To determine wavelength of (l) Na source and (2) spectral lines of Hg source using plane
diffraction grating.
6) To determine dispersive power of a plane diffraction grating using mercury lamp.
7) To determine resolving power of a plane diffraction grating using sodium lamp.
8) To determine the wavelength of laser source using diffraction of single slit.
9) To determine the wavelength of laser source using diffraction of double slit.
10)To determine wavelength and angular spread of He-Ne laser using plane diffraction
grating.

References (for Labm•atory Work):

I) AdvancedPracticalPhysics for students, B. L. Flint and H. T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia
PublishingHouse.
2) A Text Book of PracticalPhysics,I. Prakashand Ramakrishna,I IthEdition,2011, Kitab
Mahal.
3) Advanced level Physics Practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,
reprinted1985,HeinemannEducationalPublishers.
4) A Laboratory Manual of Physics for undergraduate classes, D. P. Khandelwal, 1985, Vani
Pub
5) B.Sc. Practical Physics, Geeta Sanon, R. Chand and Co.

320
 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE - DSE 1:
BIOPHYSICS

Credit distribution of the

Course Title Credits course Eligibility Pre-requisite
& Code Criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical
Biophysics
4 Class Xll
3 1 NIL
Pass
DSE-1
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES
This course familiarizes the students with the basic facts and ideas of biology from a
quantitative perspective. It shows them how ideas and methods of physics enrich our
understanding of biological systems at diverse length and time scales. The course also gives
them a flavour of the interface between biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics.

LEARNINGOUTCOMES
Aftercompletingthis course,studentswill
Know basic facts about biological systems, including single cells, multicellular organisms
and ecosystems from a quantitative perspective.
Gain familiarity with various biological processes at different length and time scales,
including molecular processes, organism level processes and evolution.
Be able to apply the principles of physics from areas such as mechanics, electricity and
magnetism, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and dynamical systems to understand
certain living processes.
Get exposure to complexity of life at i) the level of cell, ii) level of multi cellular
organism and iii) at macroscopic system —ecosystem and biosphere.
Gain a systems level perspective on organisms and appreciate how networks of
interactions of many components give rise to complex behaviour.
Perform mathematical and computational modelling of certain aspects of living systems.
Get exposure to models of evolution.
Be able to perform experiments demonstrating certain physical processes that occur in
living systems.

SYLLABUSOF DSE -1

THEORY COMPONENT

Unit —I (4 Hours)
Overview: Ihe boundary, interior and exterior environment of living cells. Processes:
exchange of matter and energy with environment,metabolism, maintenance, reproduction,
evolution. Self-replication as a distinct property of biological systems. Time scales and
spatial scales.

321
Unit - Il (12 Hours)
Molecules of life: Metabolites, proteins and nucleic acids. Their sizes, types and roles in
structures and processes. Transport, energy storage, membrane formation, catalysis,
replication, transcription, translation, signaling. Typical populations of molecules of various
types present in cells, their rates of production and turnover. Energy required to make a
bacterial cell. Simplified mathematical models of transcription and translation.

Unit - 111 (12 Hours)

Molecular motion in cells: Randomwalks and applicationsto biology: Diffusion;models of
macromolecules. Mechanical, entropic and chemical forces: Osmosis, cell assembly,
molecular motors, bacterial chemotaxis.

Unit - IV (12 Hours)

The complexity of life: At the level of a cell: Intracellularbiochemicalnetworks.Dynamics
of metabolic networks; the stoichiometricmatrix. The implausibility of life based on a
simplifiedprobability estimate, and the origin of life problem. At the level of a multicellular
organism: Numbers and types of cells in multicellular organisms. Cellular differentiation and
development. Brain structure: neurons and neural networks. At the level of an ecosystem and
the biosphere: Foodwebs. Feedback cycles and self-sustaining ecosystems. Allometric scaling
laws.

Unit - V (5 Hours)
Evolution: The mechanism of evolution: variation at the molecular level, selection at the
level ofthe organism. Models of evolution.

PRACTICAL COMPONENT

(15 Weeks with 2 hours of laboratory session per week)

List of experiments
I) Demonstration of diffusion, effect of medium, temperature, molecular weight and size on
the rate of diffusion.
2) Demonstration of osmosis in a living system.
3) Demonstration of the relationship between viscosity and density.
4) Demonstration of how microscopic particles travel in air through aerosols.
5) Graphic visualization and demonstrations of 3D structure of biomolecules using in-silico
visualization tools.
6) Estimation of serum protein using BSA as the standard. (Optional).

References:
Essential Readings:
l) Biological Physics: Energy, Information, Life; Philip Nelson (W. H. Freeman & Co, NY,
2004)
2) Cell Biology by the Numbers; Ron Milo and Rob Phillips (Garland Science, Taylor &
Francis Group, NY USA and Abingdon UK, 2016)
3) Physical Biology of the Cell (2ndEdition); Rob Phillips et al (Garland Science, Taylor &
Francis Group, NY USA and Abingdon UK, 2013)
4) Evolution; M. Ridley (Blackwell Publishers, 2009, 3rd Edition).

322
 DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSE - DSE 2:
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Credit distribution of the

Course Title course Eligibility Pre-requisite
Credits
& Code Criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical
NUMERICAL
ANALYSIS 4 Class 12th
2 2 NIL
Pass
DSE-2

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this course is to introduce the students to the field of numerical
analysis enabling them to solve a wide range of physics problems. The skills developed
during the course will prepare them not only for doing fundamental and applied research but
also for a wide variety ofcareers,

LEARNINGOUTCOMES
Aftercompletingthis course,studentwill be able to,
Analyse a physics problem, establish the mathematical model and determine the
appropriate numerical techniques to solve it,
• Derive numerical methods for various mathematical tasks such as solution of non-linear
algebraic and transcendental equations, system of linear equations, interpolation, least
square fitting, numerical differentiation,numerical integration, eigen value problems and
solution of initial value and boundary value problems.
Analyse and evaluate the accuracy of the numerical methods learned.
In the laboratory course, the students will learn to implement these numerical methods in
Python/C+F/SciIab and develop codes to solve various physics problems and analyze the
results.

SYLLABUSOF DSE - 2

THEORY COMPONENT

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Unit—I (3Hours)
Approximationand Errors in computing: Introductionto numericalcomputation,Taylor's
expansion and mean value theorem. Floating Point Computation,overflow and underflow.
Single and double precision arithmetic. Roundingand truncation error, absolute and relative
error, error propagation.

Unit-Il (8 Hours)
Linear Systems: Solution of linear systems by Gaussian elimination method, partial and
complete pivoting, LU decomposition,norms and errors, condition numbers, Gauss-Seidel
method, diagonally dominant matrix and convergenceof iteration methods. Solution of
Tridiagonal systems; Eigenvalue Problem: Power method, inverse power method.

Unit - 111 (5 Hours)

Interpolation: Lagrange and Newton's methods (divided difference) for polynomial
interpolation, theoretical error of interpolation. Inverse Interpolation. Optimal points for
interpolation and Chebyshev Polynomials. Minimax Theorem (Statement only)

Unit- IV (7 Hours)
Numerical Integration: Newton Cotes quadrature methods. Derivation of Trapezoidal and
Simpson (1/3 and 3/8) rules from Lagrange interpolating polynomial. Error and degree of
precision of a quadrature formula. Composite formulae for Trapezoidal and Simpson
methods.
Gauss Quadrature methods. Legendre, Lagaurre and Hermite quadrature methods.

Unit— V (7 Hours)
Initial and BoundaryValue Problems: Solutionof initial value problems by Euler, modified
Euler and Runge Kutta (RK) methods. Local and global errors, comparison of errors in the
Euler and RK methods
Finite difference and shooting method for solving two-point linear boundary value problems.

References:
Essential Readings:
l) Applied numerical analysis, Cutis F. Gerald and P. O. Wheatley, Pearson Education,
India, 2007
2) Advanced Engineer-mg Mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig, Wiley India, 2008
3) Introduction to Numerical Analysis, S. S. Sastry, 5thEdition, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, 2012
4) Elementary Numerical Analysis, K. E. Atkinson, 3rdEdition, Wiley India Edition, 2007
PRACTICAL COMPONENT

(15 Weeks with 4 hours of laboratory session per week)

The aim of this lab is not just to teach computer programming and numerical analysis but to
ernphasize its role in solving problems in Physics. Assessment is to be done not only on the
programmingbut also on the basis of formulatingthe problem. The list of recommended
programs is suggestive only. Students should be encouraged to do more physics applications.
Emphasis should be given to formulate a physics problem as mathematical one and solve by
computational methods. The students should be encouraged to develop and present an
independent project. At least 10 programs must be attempted (taking at least two from each
unit).The implementation can be either in Python/ C+/Scilab.

Unit 1 - Linear Systems

a) Solve a system of linear equations using Gauss Elimination method with pivoting
(application to electric networks).
b) Solve a system of linear equations using Gauss-Seidel method and study the convergence
(application to spring mass system).
c) Determine the inverse of a square matrix using Gauss-Jordan method.
d) Solve a tri-diagonal system of linear equations.
e) Study an example of ill-conditioned systematic
t) Find the LU equivalent of a matrix.
g) Determine the largest and smallest eigenvalues using Power and inverse power methods.
Consider a case where power method fails.

Unit 2 - Interpolation
a) Given a dataset (x, y) with equidistant x values, prepare the Newton's forward difference,
backward difference and divided difference tables.
b) Given a dataset (x, y) correspondingto a physics problem, use Lagrange and Newton's
forms of interpolating polynomials and compare. Determine the value of y at an
intermediate value of x not included in the data set. This may be done with equally spaced
and non-equally spaced x-values.
c) Given a tabulated data for an elementary function, approximate it by a polynomial and
compare with the true function.
d) Compare the interpolatingpolynomial for a given dataset (following a known form e.g.
exponential) with the approximation obtained by least square fitting.
e) Comparethe interpolatingpolynomialapproximatinga given fimctionin a given range
obtained with uniformly spaced points and by Chebyshev points.
f) Compare the Chebyshev and Maclaurin series expansions of an exponential or sinusoidal
function.

Unit 3 - Integration
a) Use integral definition of error function to compute and plot erf(x) in a given range. Use
Trapezoidal, Simpson and Gauss Legendre methods and compare the results for small and
large values of x.
b) Use the definition of ert(x) and numerically take the limit x going to infinity to get the
value of Gaussian integral using Simpson method. Compare the result with the value
obtained by Gauss Hermite and Gauss Lagaurre methods.
c) Verify the degree of precision of each quadrature rule.
d) Use Simpson methods to compute a double integral over a rectangular region.

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e) Approximate the value of a by evaluating the integral f — dxusing Simpson,Gauss
Hermite and Gauss Lagaurre methods.

Unit 4 - Initial Value Problems (IVP)

a) Compare the errors in Euler, RK2 and RK4 by solving a first order IVP with known
solution. Reduce the step size to a point where the round off errors takes over.
b) Solve a system of n first order differential equations by Euler and RK methods. Use it to
solve an nth order IVP. Solve a damped free and forced harmonic oscillator problem
using this.
c) Solve a physics problem like free fall with air drag or parachte problem using RK
method.
d) Solve a compound spring system (3 springs) by solving a system of differential equations
using Euler and RK for a given set of i Initial conditions.
e) Obtain the current flowing in a series LCR circuit with constant voltage for a given set of
initial conditions.

Unit 5 - Boundary value problems (BVP)

a) Solve a linear BVP using shooting and finite difference method and compare the results.
b) Solve a non-linear BVP using the finite difference and shooting method and compare the
results.
c) Determine the temperature distribution along a rod made of two dissimilar materials (of
different thermal conductivities) welded together when temperatures at two ends are
maintained at given temperatures.
d) Design a physics problem that can be modelled by a BVP and solve it by any method,

References for laboratory work:

I) Documentation at the Python home page (https://docs.python.org/3/) and the tutorials
there (https://docs.python.org/3/tutoriaI/ ).
2) Documentation of NumPy and Matplotlib: https://numpy.org/doc/stable/user/ and
https://matplotlib.org/stable/tutorials/
3) Computational Physics, Darren Walker, I st Edition, Scientific International Pvt. Ltd, 2015
4) An Introduction to Computational Physics, T. Pang, Cambridge University Press, 2010
5) Computational Problems for Physics, R. H. Landau and M. J. Påez, CRC Press, 2018