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• Creep: The long-term deformation of concrete under

1. What is R.C.C.? Why do we reinforce concrete? R.C.C. stands for sustained load, which can lead to structural problems over
Reinforced Cement Concrete, a composite material in which time.
concrete's compressive strength is combined with steel • Different kinds of loads: Include dead loads (self-weight of
reinforcement's tensile strength. Concrete is strong in compression but the structure), live loads (occupants, furniture), wind loads,
weak in tension, and reinforcement (steel bars or mesh) compensates
and seismic loads, all of which must be considered in design.
for this weakness, making the structure more durable and flexible under
loads.

2. List the advantages of R.C.C. over other construction


materials.High strength: Combines the compressive strength of
concrete with the tensile strength of steel.Durability: Offers long-term
performance in various environmental conditions.Fire resistance:
Concrete can withstand high temperatures.Low maintenance:
Requires minimal upkeep compared to steel structures.Moldability:
Can take various shapes before hardening, allowing for flexibility in
design.

3. What are the requirements of good concrete?Workability: Should


be easily placed and compacted.Durability: Must withstand
weathering and chemical actions.Strength: Adequate compressive and
tensile strength as per design.Cohesion: Should hold together during
mixing, placing, and setting.Water-cement ratio: Optimum for
achieving required strength and durability.

A balanced section in reinforced concrete is where steel and concrete


reach their maximum stress simultaneously, ensuring both materials
are used efficiently and leading to controlled, optimal failure. In an
under-reinforced section, steel yields before the concrete crushes,
resulting in a ductile failure. This gives warning signs such as visible
deflection or cracking, making it a safer design choice. On the other
hand, an over-reinforced section contains more steel, causing the
concrete to fail (crush) first. This results in a sudden, brittle failure
without warning, making it less desirable for safety and structural
performance.

The Working Stress Method (WSM) is based on the elastic theory,


assuming a linear stress-strain relationship and keeping stresses within
safe limits under working loads. It uses a higher factor of safety, leading
to conservative designs that prioritize safety but are often less
economical. In contrast, the Limit State Method (LSM) considers both
serviceability and ultimate load conditions, allowing materials to reach
their full capacity. LSM balances safety, economy, and material
efficiency, making it more widely used today. While WSM is simpler,
LSM's complex calculations result in more realistic and cost-effective
designs under actual conditions.

The stress-strain curve for steel starts with a linear elastic region,
followed by a yield plateau where the material undergoes significant
deformation without an increase in stress. After this, strain hardening
occurs, increasing the stress until fracture. For concrete, the stress-
strain curve is initially linear, but as stress increases, the curve
becomes non-linear until it peaks at the ultimate strength, after which
failure occurs.

• Water-cement ratio: The ratio of water to cement affects the


strength and workability of concrete. A lower ratio increases
strength but reduces workability.
• Workability: The ease with which concrete can be mixed,
transported, and placed without segregation or loss of
homogeneity.
• Durability: The ability of concrete to withstand
environmental factors like weathering and chemical
exposure without significant deterioration.
• Sulphate attack: A chemical reaction between sulphate ions
and concrete components, leading to expansion and
cracking of the concrete.
• Compressive strength: The maximum load per unit area that
concrete can bear before failing in compression.
• Modulus of elasticity: A measure of a material's ability to
deform elastically when subjected to stress.

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