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    The document discusses reinforced concrete, including its components, properties, and design methods. It describes how reinforced concrete combines the compressive strength of concrete with the tensile strength of steel. It also outlines various reinforced concrete members, materials, properties, design approaches, and failure modes.

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    PRS Reviewer

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    Rose Diana Decena
    7 views9 pages
    The document discusses reinforced concrete, including its components, properties, and design methods. It describes how reinforced concrete combines the compressive strength of concrete with the tensile strength of steel. It also outlines various reinforced concrete members, materials, properties, design approaches, and failure modes.

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    A reviewer for Principles of Reinforced Concrete

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    The document discusses reinforced concrete, including its components, properties, and design methods. It describes how reinforced concrete combines the compressive strength of concrete with the tensile strength of steel. It also outlines various reinforced concrete members, materials, properties, design approaches, and failure modes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views9 pages

    PRS Reviewer

    Uploaded by

    Rose Diana Decena
    The document discusses reinforced concrete, including its components, properties, and design methods. It describes how reinforced concrete combines the compressive strength of concrete with the tensile strength of steel. It also outlines various reinforced concrete members, materials, properties, design approaches, and failure modes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    INTRODUCTION

    REINFORCED CONCRETE

     a logical union of two materials:


    - Plain Concrete – possesses high compressive strength but little tensile strength.
    - Steel Reinforcement – possesses high tensile strength but little compressive
    strength.

    REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS

    1. Floor Slab
     main horizontal elements that transmit the gravity loads (dead loads and live loads)
    and lateral loads (wind and seismic) to the vertical framing supports of the structure.
     can be proportioned such that they act in one direction (one-way slabs) or proportioned
    so that they act in two perpendicular.
     they can be:
    a. Slabs on Beams
    b. Waffle Slabs
    c. Slabs without beams (Flat Plates) resting directly on columns
    d. Composite slabs on joists
    2. Beams
     structural elements that transmit the tributary loads from slabs to vertical supporting
    columns.
     normally cast monolithically with the slabs and are structurally reinforced on one face
    (the lower tension side), or both (top and bottom faces).
     when cast monolithically with the slab, they form a T-beam section (interior beams) or
    an L-beam section (exterior beam).
    3. Columns
     vertical elements that support the structural floor system.
     compression members subjected, in most cases, to both bending and axial load and
    are of major importance in the safety considerations of any structure.
    4. Walls
     vertical enclosures for the building frames.
     not usually or necessarily made of concrete but any material that esthetically fulfills the
    form and functional needs of the structural system.
     often necessary as foundation walls, stairwell walls, and shear walls that resist
    horizontal wind loads and earthquake-induced loads.
    5. Foundations
     transmit the weight of the superstructure to the supporting soil.
     could be in many forms:
    a. Isolated Footing
    b. Combined Footing
    c. Mat Foundations
    d. Strip or Wall Footing
    e. Piles (Driven or Bored)
    MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

    PLAIN CONCRETE

     made by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water and admixtures.

    STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

    1. Lightweight concrete
     with unit weight from about 1350kg/m^3 to 1850kg/m^3 produced from aggregates of
    expanded shale, clay, slate and slag.
    2. Normal weight concrete
     with unit weight from about 1800kg/m^3 to 2400kg/m^3 produced from the most
    commonly used aggregates – sand, gravel, crushed stone.
    3. Heavy weight concrete
     with unit weight from about 3200kg/m^3 to 5600kg/m^3 produced from materials such
    as barite, limonite, magnetite, ilmenite, hematite, iron and steel punching or shot.
     used for shielding against radiations in nuclear reactor containers and other structures.

    COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

     controlled by the proportioning of cement, course and fine aggregates, water and
    various admixtures.
     most important variable is water-cement (w/c) ratio.

    CONCRETE STRENGTH (f’c)

     uniaxial compressive strength measured by a compression test of a standard test


    cylinder (150mm diameter by 300mm high) on the 28th day as per ASTM C31/C39.
     lower-strength concrete has greater deformability (ductility) than higher-strength
    concrete (length of the portion of the curve after the maximum stress is reached at a
    strain between 0.002 and 0.0025).

    TENSILE STRENGTH

     about 10 to 15% of compressive strength.


     an important property that greatly affects the extent and size of cracking in structures.
     it is usually determined by:
    1. Split-cylinder test (ASTM C496)
    - a standard 150x300mm compression test cylinder is placed on its side and
    loaded in compression along a diameter.
    2. Tensile strength in flexure, Modulus of Rupture (ASTM C78/C293)
    - a plain concrete beam 150x150mmx750mm long is loaded in flexure at the third
    points of 600mm span until it fails due to cracking on tension face.

    MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, EC

     measurement of material’s elasticity.


     material’s resistance to non-permanent, or elastic deformation.
     modulus of elasticity of concrete varies with strength (unlike that of steel).

    CREEP

     time dependent deformations due to sustained loads.


     concrete is elastic only under loads of short duration, and inelastic due to additional
    deformation with time.

    SHRINKAGE

     volume change during hardening and curing of the concrete and is unrelated to load
    application.
     main cause of shrinkage is loss of water as the concrete dries and harden.

    STEEL REINFORCEMENT

     yield strength is about 15 times the compressive strength of common structural


    concrete and well over 100 times its tensile strength.
     may consist of:
    - Bars (plain or deformed bars) – commonly used in construction.
    - Welded Wire fabric – used in thin slabs and thin shells.
    - Wires – used for prestressed concrete.
     the “Grade” of steel is the minimum specified yield stress (point) expressed in MPa
    (ksi).
     modulus of elasticity of steel is constant for all types of steel.
     ACI code has adopted a value of Es = 200,000 MPa (29 000 000 psi).

    DESIGN METHODS

    WORKING STRESS DESIGN METHOD (1900 – 1960)

     a structural element is so designed that the stresses resulting from the action of service
    loads (also called working loads) and computed by the mechanics of elastic members
    do not exceed some predesignated allowable values.

    STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD (1960 – PRESENT, WITH FEW EXCEPTIONS)

     (formerly called ultimate strength method), the service loads are increase by factors to
    obtain the load at which failure is “imminent”.
     the load is called the factored load or factored service load.
     the structure or structural element is then proportioned such that the strength is
    reached when the factored load is acting.
     computation of this strength considers the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of concrete.
    SAFETY PROVISIONS

    1. Factors relating to overload


     overload may arise from changing the use for which the structure was design, from
    underestimation of the effects of loads by oversimplification in calculation procedures,
    and from effects of construction sequence and methods.
    2. Factors relating to understrength (that is, less strength than computed by acceptable
    calculating procedures)
     understrength may result from adverse variations in material strength, workmanship,
    dimensions, control, and degree of supervision.

    REINFORCED CONCRETE

     beams are nonhomogeneous.


     made of two entirely different materials – concrete and rebars.

    TYPE OF PROBLEMS
    1. Analysis (Investigation)
     given a cross section, concrete strength, reinforcement size and location, and yield
    strength, compute the resistance or strength.
     there should be one unique answer.
    2. Design
     given a factored design moment, normally designated as Mu, select a suitable cross
    section, including dimensions, concrete strength, reinforcement, and so on.
     there are many possible solutions.

    TWO METHOD OF DESIGN


    1. Working Stress Design Method
     first method used in design of steel and reinforced concrete structures
    - Working or Service Loads – ordinary daily loads that expected to be applied on
    specific structures (without any factors of increasing the loads or factor of safety).
    - Working or Allowable Stress – level of stresses that would be accepted by the
    “designer” or more accurately by the “code” in the specific number of the structure,
    that give some factor of safety against the failure or against unacceptable
    deformation or deflection.
     still important for the following reasons:
    - the method still being used in steel structures, prestress concrete, and some other
    applications.
    - necessary to calculate the serviceability of the concrete structures (cracks &
    deflection).
    2. Strength (Ultimate) Design Method
     assumptions:
    - strains in reinforcement and concrete are directly proportional to the distance from
    neutral axis. (variation of strains across the section is linear, and unknown values
    can be computed from the known values of strain through a linear relationship).
    - concrete sections are considered to have reached their flexural capacities when
    they develop 0.003 strain in the extreme compression fiber.
    - stress in reinforcement varies linearly with strain up to the specified yield strength.
    The stress remains constant beyond this point as strains continue increasing
    (strain hardening of steel is ignored).
    - tensile strength of concrete is neglected.
    - compressive stress distribution of concrete can be represented by the
    corresponding stress-strain relationship of concrete. This stress distribution may
    be simplified by a rectangular stress distribution.

    TWO TYPES OF FAILURE IN ULTIMATE STAGE


    1. Ductile Failure
     if the beam is reinforced with small amount of steel.
     the steel yields and concrete crushes after experiencing large deflections and lots of
    cracks.
    2. Brittle Failure
     if the beam is reinforced with a large amount of steel.
     this failure is sudden and occurs due to the crushing of concrete in the compression
    zone without yielding of steel and under relatively small deflections and cracks.
     not a preferred mode of failure because it does not give enough warning before final
    collapse.

    THREE TYPES OF FAILURE OF STRUCTURAL MEMBER


    1. Tension-Controlled Section
     steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete reaches its maximum strength.
     failure is due to the yielding of steel reaching a high strain equal to or greater than
    0.005.
     contains relatively small amount of steel.
    2. Balanced Section
     steel may reach its yield strength at the same time as concrete reaches its ultimate
    strength.
    3. Compression-Controlled Section
     concrete may fail before the yield of steel, due to the presence of high percentage of
    steel in the section.
     concrete strength and its maximum strain of 0.003 are reached, but the steel stress is
    less than the yield strength.
     strain in the steel is equal to or less than 0.002.
    FORMULAS
    Material’s Properties
    𝑓 = 0.80𝑓
    2𝑃
    𝑓 =
    𝜋𝑙𝑑
    𝑀𝐶 6𝑀 6𝑃𝑎
    𝑓 = = =
    𝐼 𝑏ℎ 𝑏ℎ

    𝑓 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ; 𝜆=1


    𝑓 = 𝑀𝑃𝑎
    .
    𝐸 = 0.043𝑤 𝑓

    𝐸 = 4700 𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ; 𝑤 = 𝑘𝑔/𝑚


    𝑓 = 𝑀𝑃𝑎
    1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿 1
    𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 =
    𝐷+𝐿 ∅

    Analysis
    𝜋
    𝐴 = (𝑑) (𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠)
    4
    𝑇=𝐶
    𝐴 𝑓 = 0.85𝑓 𝑎𝑏

    𝐴𝑓
    𝑎=
    0.85𝑓 𝑏
    ∅𝑏𝑎𝑟
    𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − ∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 −
    2
    𝑎
    𝑀 =𝐴 𝑓 𝑑− × 10
    2
    𝑑−𝑐
    𝜀 = 0.003
    𝑐
    𝑎
    𝑐=
    𝛽
    𝛽 = 0.85 − 0.007(𝑓 − 28)
    ∅ = 0.9 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜀 > 0.005
    𝑀 = ∅𝑀
    DESIGN
    When b and h is given:
    ∅𝑏𝑎𝑟
    𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − ∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 −
    2
    𝜙 = 0.9
    𝑀 𝑀
    𝑅 = =
    𝑏𝑑 𝜙𝑏𝑑
    𝑓
    𝑚=
    0.85𝑓

    1 2𝑚𝑅
    𝜌= 1− 1−
    𝑚 𝑓

    𝐴 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

    𝑓 1.4
    𝐴 , = 0.25 𝑏 𝑑 ≥ 𝑏 𝑑
    𝑓 𝑓

    𝐴 >𝐴 ,

    𝐴 (𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ∅ 𝑑𝑖𝑎. 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠) > 𝐴 ,

    𝐴𝑓
    𝑎=
    0.85𝑓 𝑏
    𝑎
    𝑐=
    𝛽
    𝛽 = 0.85 − 0.007(𝑓 − 28)
    𝑑−𝑐
    𝜀 = 0.003
    𝑐
    𝑏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟(2) − ∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠(2) − 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠(∅ 𝑑𝑖𝑎. 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠)
    𝑆 =
    3
    DESIGN
    When b and h is not given:
    𝑤 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿
    𝑤 𝑙
    𝑀 =𝑀 =
    8
    𝜙 = 0.9
    𝜌 = 0.4𝜌
    𝛽 = 0.85; 𝑓 = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
    𝑓 600
    𝜌 = 0.85 𝛽
    𝑓 600 + 𝑓

    𝑓
    𝑚=
    0.85𝑓
    𝜌𝑚
    𝑅 = 𝜌𝑓 1 −
    2
    𝑀
    𝑏𝑑 =
    𝜙𝑅
    𝑀 𝑀
    𝑅 = =
    𝑏𝑑 𝜙𝑏𝑑

    1 2𝑚𝑅
    𝜌= 1− 1−
    𝑚 𝑓

    𝐴 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

    𝑓 1.4
    𝐴 , = 0.25 𝑏 𝑑 ≥ 𝑏 𝑑
    𝑓 𝑓

    𝐴 >𝐴 ,

    𝐴 (𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ∅ 𝑑𝑖𝑎. 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠) > 𝐴 ,

    𝐴𝑓
    𝑎=
    0.85𝑓 𝑏
    𝑎
    𝑐=
    𝛽
    𝛽 = 0.85 − 0.007(𝑓 − 28)
    𝑠 𝑑
    𝑑 =𝑑+ +
    2 2
    𝑑 −𝑐
    𝜀 = 0.003
    𝑐
    𝑏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟(2) − ∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠(2) − 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠(∅ 𝑑𝑖𝑎. 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠)
    𝑆 =
    3
    𝑑
    ℎ=𝑑 + + ∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
    2

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