CE 321

Principles in Reinforced/ Pre-

Stressed Concrete
Concrete
- a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or
aggregates
- high compressive strength but low tensile
strength
Reinforced Concrete
- a combination of concrete and steel
- concrete provides compressive strength
and steel reinforced provides sufficient
tensile strength
 Components of Reinforced Concrete
1. Cement
- a cementitious material is one which has
the adhesive and cohesive properties
necessary to bond the aggregates into a solid
mass of adequate strength and durability.
 Components of Reinforced Concrete
n

2. Aggregates
- occupy 70-75% of the volume of the
hardened mass. Natural aggregates are
classified as fine and coarse aggregates. The
more densely the aggregate can be packed,
the better the strength and weather resistance
of the concrete.
 Components of Reinforced Concrete
3. Water
- used in mixing concrete that shall be be
clean and from oils, acids, alkalis, salts,
organic materials, and other substances that
may be deleterious to concrete or
reinforcement.
Components of Reinforced Concrete
4. Reinforcing Steel Bars
- reinforcement used for concrete structures
maybe in the form of bars (plane or deformed)
or welded wire fabric. Ribbed projections on
deformed bars provide better bonding between
the concrete and steel.
Advantages of Concrete
1. Economical
- inexpensive production cost
- widely available compared to steel and
other materials
2. Ability to cast into shape
- can be poured into formworks to form
desired shapes and sizes at the construction
site
Advantages of Concrete
3. Strength
- has high compressive strength compared to
other material
4. Resistance to fire and water
- can withstand water without serious
deterioration
- can withstand an average intensity of fire and
cannot spread it further
Advantages of Concrete
5. Long Service Life
- very long service life due to the solidification
of cement paste.
6. Low or zero maintenance required
- do not require regular coating as protection
compared to steel or timber where it is
inevitable.
Disadvantages of Concrete
1. Strength
- it has deficient tensile strength compared to
steel.
2. Needs support
- during concreting there is the need for
formworks until it hardens which can be
expensive
Disadvantages of Concrete
3. Weight & volume
- long-span structure leads to heavy members
due to its weight and it can affect the bending
moment
4. Production control
- unlike production of steel, concrete is not as
carefully controlled such as proportioning and
curing
Disadvantages of Concrete
3. Weight & volume
- long-span structure leads to heavy members
due to its weight and it can affect the bending
moment
4. Production control
- unlike production of steel, concrete is not as
carefully controlled such as proportioning and
curing
Properties of Concrete
1. Unit weight
- ratio of weight of concrete to its unit volume.
- depends on percentage of reinforcement, type
of aggregate, and amount of void.
Properties of Concrete
2. Durability
- ability to resist deterioration and decay.
- desired low permeability in concrete can be
achieved by having adequate cement,
sufficient low water/cement ratio, ensuring
full compaction of concrete, and adequate
curing.
Properties of Concrete
3. Creep
- the property by which it continues to deform
over considerable lengths of time at constant
stress or load (strength under sustained load)
Properties of Concrete
4. Shrinkage
- diminishing in volume that occurs when it
dries and hardens due to moisture content
evaporation that if not controlled causes
deleterious cracks.
Properties of Concrete
5. Modulus of elasticity
- measure of stiffness or ratio of applied stress
to corresponding strain for tensile or
compressive stresses below the proportional
limit of the material.
- varies with the different concrete strength,
concrete age, type of loading, and proportions
of cement and aggregates.
Properties of Concrete
6. Modular Ratio
- ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel and
modulus of elasticity of concrete
- as the modulus of elasticity of concrete
changes with time, age at loading etc the
modular ratio also changes accordingly and
taking into account the effects of creep and
shrinkage
Properties of Concrete
7. Poisson’s ratio
- ratio of lateral strain and longitudinal strain
Properties of Concrete
8. Compressive strength
- ability to resist loads that tend to compress it.
- strength of the concrete varies considerably
for the different concrete mix.
Properties of Concrete
9. Tensile strength
- ability to resist the tensile force applied or the
ability of the concrete to withstand the pull force
applied on it without causing failure.
- flexural tensile strength of concrete can be
determine through modulus of rupture or cracking
strength.
Properties of Concrete
10. Fatigue Strength
- ability to withstand fluctuating load which causes
fatigue cracks
Structural Loads and Loading System
Structures are designed to sustain various
types of loads and possible combinations of
loads. Accurate estimation of the magnitudes
of these loads is a very important aspect of
the structural analysis process. Forces acting
on a structure cause stress, deformation, and
displacement in a structure which can result
in problems or failure
Classification of Structural Loads
1. Dead Loads
- structural loads of a constant magnitude
over time which include the self-weight of
structural members, such as walls, plasters,
ceilings, floors, beams, columns, and roofs.
Dead loads also include the loads of fixtures
that are permanently attached to the
structure.
Classification of Structural Loads
2. Live Loads
- moveable or temporarily attached to a
structure which includes the loads on a
building created by the storage of furniture
and equipment, occupancy
Classification of Structural Loads
3. Impact Loads
- sudden or rapid loads applied on a structure over
a short period compared with other structural loads.
They cause larger stresses in structural members than
those produced by gradually applied loads of the same
magnitude.
- examples of impact loads are loads from moving
vehicles, vibrating machinery, or dropped weights.
Classification of Structural Loads
4. Environmental Loads
a. Rain Load
- loads due to the accumulated mass of water on
a rooftop during a rainstorm or major precipitation
which is referred to as ponding,
- mostly occurs in flat roofs and roofs with
pitches of less than 0.25 in/feet.
Classification of Structural Loads
4. Environmental Loads
b. Wind Loads
- pressures on structures due to wind forces
which causes structural failures especially in
coastal regions. The speed and direction of wind
flow varies continuously, making it difficult to
predict the exact pressure applied by wind on
existing structures.
Classification of Structural Loads
4. Environmental Loads
c. Snow Loads
- in some geographic regions, the force exerted
by accumulated snow and ice on buildings’ roofs is
quite enormous which can lead to structural failure
if not considered in structural design
Classification of Structural Loads
4. Environmental Loads
d. Seismic Load
- ground motion caused by seismic forces which
is significant and often damages structures
particularly notable in regions near active geological
faults.
- most building codes and standards require that
structures be designed for seismic forces in such
areas where earthquakes are likely to occur.
Combination of Loads
Structures are designed to satisfy both strength and
serviceability requirements. The strength requirement
ensures the safety of life and property, while the
serviceability requirement guarantees the
comfortability of occupancy (people) and the
aesthetics of the structure.
To meet such requirements, structures are
designed for the critical load by combining all the
various loads that structures carry during its lifetime.
Design Codes and Specifications
Design and construction of buildings are regulated
by building codes to protect the public’s health and
safety nationwide.
The latest design specification for reinforced
concrete buildings in the Philippines is the National
Building Code of the Philippines by the Association of
Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP) as
adopted by ACI 318M-14 “Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete and
Commentary.
 NSCP 2015
Requirements
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Minimum Spacing of Reinforced (Section 425.2)
425.2.1 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer,
clear spacing shall be at least the greatest of 25mm, 𝑑𝑏 , and (4/3) 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔 .
425.2.2 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or
more horizontal layers, reinforcement in the upper layers shall be
placed directly above the reinforcement in the bottom layer with a clear
spacing between layers of at least 25mm.
425.2.3 For longitudinal reinforcement in columns, pedestals, struts,
and boundary elements in walls, clear spacing between bars shall be at
least the greatest of 40mm, 1.5 𝑑𝑏 , (4/3) 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔 .
Situation 1:
A rectangular beam is reinforced with one
layer of tension bars. The clear concrete cover
to the 10mm diameter stirrups is 40mm.
1. Compute the minimum beam width if the
beam is reinforced with one layer of four
20mm diameter bars and 16mm coarse
aggregates.
2. Compute the minimum beam width if the
beam is reinforced with one layer of four
25mm diameter bars and 20mm coarse
aggregates.
3. Compute the minimum beam width if the
beam is reinforced with one layer of five FIGURE 1

25mm diameter bars and 16mm coarse

aggregates.
Situation 1: A rectangular beam is
reinforced with one layer of tension Given: Concrete Cover = 40mm; Stirrups, Ø = 10mm
bars. The clear concrete cover to
the 10mm diameter stirrups is Main rebar Ø = 20mm; Aggregate Ø = 16mm
40mm.
Solution:
1. Compute the minimum beam
width if the beam is reinforced with 𝑥1 = 25𝑚𝑚
one layer of four 20mm diameter
bars and 16mm coarse aggregates. 𝑥2 = 𝑑𝑏 = 20𝑚𝑚
4 4
𝑥3 = 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔 = 16 = 21.34𝑚𝑚
3 3
Therefore, use 𝑥1 = 25𝑚𝑚 as clear spacing of rebar

𝑏𝑤 = 40 2 + 10 2 + 4 20 + 3 𝑥
𝑏𝑤 = 40 2 + 10 2 + 4 20 + 3 25
𝒃𝒘 ≥ 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎
Figure 2
Situation 1: A rectangular beam is
reinforced with one layer of tension
bars. The clear concrete cover to Given: Concrete Cover = 40mm; Stirrups, Ø = 10mm
the 10mm diameter stirrups is
40mm. Main rebar Ø = 25mm; Aggregate Ø = 20mm
2. Compute the minimum beam Answer:
width if the beam is reinforced with
one layer of four 25mm diameter 𝑥1 = 25𝑚𝑚
bars and 20mm coarse aggregates.
𝑥2 = 𝑑𝑏 = 25𝑚𝑚
4 4
𝑥3 = 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔 = 20 = 26.67𝑚𝑚
3 3
Therefore, use 𝑥2 = 26.67𝑚𝑚 as center-to-center spacing
of rebar

𝑏𝑤 = 40 2 + 10 2 + 4 25 + 3 𝑥
𝑏𝑤 = 40 2 + 10 2 + 4 25 + 3 26.67
Figure 3 𝒃𝒘 ≥ 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝒎𝒎
Situation 1: A rectangular beam is
reinforced with one layer of tension
bars. The clear concrete cover to Given: Concrete Cover = 40mm; Stirrups, Ø = 10mm
the 10mm diameter stirrups is
40mm. Main rebar Ø = 25mm; Aggregate Ø = 16mm
3. Compute the minimum beam Solution:
width if the beam is reinforced with
one layer of five 25mm diameter 𝑥1 = 25𝑚𝑚
bars and 16mm coarse aggregates.
𝑥2 = 𝑑𝑏 = 25𝑚𝑚
. 4 4
𝑥3 = 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔 = 16 = 21.34𝑚𝑚
3 3
Therefore, use 𝑥2 = 25𝑚𝑚 clear spacing of rebar

𝑏𝑤 = 40 2 + 10 2 + 5 25 + 4 𝑥
𝑏𝑤 = 40 2 + 10 2 + 5 25 + 4 25
𝒃𝒘 ≥ 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎
Figure 3
Situation 2:
A square column is reinforced
with 16 pcs. of 28mm bars
equally distributed on four sides.
The clear cover to 12mm ties is
50mm. The aggregate size is
20mm. Calculate the minimum
column dimension to comply
with the spacing requirements of
the code.
Situation 2: A square column is Given: Concrete Cover = 50mm; Ties Ø = 10mm;
reinforced with 16 pcs. of 28mm
bars equally distributed on four Main rebar Ø = 20mm; Aggregate Ø = 16mm
sides. The clear cover to 12mm ties
is 50mm. The aggregate size is Solution:
20mm. Calculate the minimum
column dimension to comply with 𝑥1 = 40𝑚𝑚
the spacing requirements of the
code.
𝑥2 = 1.5𝑑𝑏 = 42𝑚𝑚
4 4
. 𝑥3 = 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔 = 20 = 26.67𝑚𝑚
3 3
Therefore, use 𝑥1 = 42𝑚𝑚 as clear spacing

𝑏𝑤 = 50 2 + 12 2 + 5 28 + 4 𝑥
𝑏𝑤 = 50 2 + 12 2 + 5 28 + 4 42
𝒃𝒘 ≥ 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝒎𝒎
Figure 2
Non-Prestressed Reinforcement:
• 425.6.1.1 Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to as a
unit shall be limited to four in any one bundle.
• 425.6.1.2 Bundled bars shall be enclosed within transverse
reinforcement. Bundled bars in compression members shall be enclosed
by transverse reinforcement at least 12mm diameter in size.
• 425.6.1.3 Bars larger than 36mm diameter shall not be bundled in
beams.
• 425.6.1.4 Development length for individual bars within a bundle, in
tension or compression shall be that of the individual bar, increased
20% for a three-bar bundle, and 33% for a four-bar bundle.
• 425.6.1.6 A unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar with an
area equivalent to that of the bundle and a centroid coinciding with that
of the bundle. The diameter of the equivalent bar shall be used for 𝑑𝑏 , in
(a) through (e):
a. Spacing limitations based on 𝑑𝑏 ;
b. Cover requirements based on 𝑑𝑏 ;
c. Spacing and cover values in Section 425.4.2.2;
d. Confinement term in Section 425.4.2.3;
e. ψ𝑒 factor in Section 425.4.2.4
• 425.6.1.7 Lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap splice
length required for individual bars within the bundle, increased in
accordance with Section 425.6.1.5. Individual bar splices within a bundle
shall not overlap. Entire bundles shall not be lap spliced.
Ties and Spirals (Section 425.7)
Non-Prestressed Reinforcement:
425.7.2.1 Ties shall consist of a closed loop of deformed bar or
deformed wire with spacing in accordance with (a) and (b):
a. Clear spacing of at least 25mm or (4/3) 𝑑𝑏 ;
b. Center-to-center spacing shall not exceed the least of 16𝑑𝑏 of
the longitudinal bar, 48𝑑𝑏 of the tie bar, and the smallest
dimension of the member.

425.7.2.2 Diameter of tie bar or wire shall be at least (a) or (b):

a. 10mm dia., enclosing 32mm dia., or smaller longitudinal bars or
bundled longitudinal bars.
425.7.3 Spirals
425.7.3.1 Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous bar or wire with
clear spacing conforming to (a) and (b):
a. At least the greater of 25mm and (4/3) 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔
b. Not greater than 75mm.
425.7.3.2 For cast-in-place construction, spiral bar or wire diameter shall be
at least 10 mm.
425.7.3.3 Volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio shall satisfy Eq. 425.7.3.3.
𝐴𝑔 𝑓′𝑐
ρ𝑠 ≥ 0.45 −1
𝐴𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑦𝑡
425.7.3 Spirals
425.7.3.1 Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous bar or wire with
clear spacing conforming to (a) and (b):
a. At least the greater of 25mm and (4/3) 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔
b. Not greater than 75mm.
425.7.3.2 For cast-in-place construction, spiral bar or wire diameter shall be at
least 10 mm.
425.7.3.3 Volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio shall satisfy Eq. 425.7.3.3.
𝐴𝑔 𝑓′𝑐
ρ𝑠 ≥ 0.45 −1
𝐴𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Development of Reinforcement (Section 425.4)
• 425.4.1.1 Calculated tension or compression in reinforcement at
each section of a member shall be developed on each side of that
section by embedment length, hook, headed deformed bar,
mechanical device, or a combination thereof.
• 425.4.1.2 Hooks and heads shall not be used to develop bars in
compression.
• 425.4.1.3 Development lengths do not require a strength reduction
factor φ.
• 425.4.1.4 The values of 𝑓′𝑐 used to calculate development length
shall not exceed 8.3 MPa.
• 425.4.2 Development of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wires in
Tension
• 425.4.2.1 Development length 𝑙𝑑 for deformed bars and deformed wires
in tension shall be the greater of (a) and (b):
a.) Length calculated in accordance with Section 425.4.2.2 or 425.4.2.3
using the applicable modification factors of Section 425.4.2.4;
b.) 300 mm
• 425.4.2.2 For deformed bars or deformed wires, 𝑙𝑑 shall be calculated in
accordance with Table 425.4.2.2
Table 425.4.2.2 Development Length for Deformed Bars and Deformed Wires
in Tension
425.4.2.3 For deformed bars or deformed wires in tension, 𝑙𝑑 shall be
calculated by:

1 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑠
𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑𝑏
1.1 𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
𝑑𝑏

𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟 40 𝐴𝑡𝑟
in which the confinement term shall not exceed 2.5, and 𝐾𝑡𝑟 =
𝑑𝑏 𝑠𝑛
where “n” is the number of bars or wires being developed or lap spliced
along the plane of splitting. It shall be permitted to use 𝐾𝑢 = 0 as a design
simplification even if transverse reinforcement is present
425.4.2.4 For the calculation of 𝑙𝑑 , modification factors shall be in
accordance with Table 425.4.2.4
425.4.2.3 Development of Standard Hooks in Tension
425.4.3.1 Development length 𝑙𝑑 for deformed bars terminating in a
standard hook shall be greater of (a) through (c):
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑡
a. ( ) 𝑑𝑏 with 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑐 𝜓𝑡 given in Section 425.4.3.2
4.17𝜆 𝑓′𝑐

b. 8𝑑𝑏
c. 150mm
Table 425.4.2.4 Modification Factors for Development of Deformed Bars
and Deformed Wires in Tension
(𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜓𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 1.70)
Table 425.4.2.4 Modification Factors for Development of Deformed Bars
and Deformed Wires in Tension
(𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜓𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 1.70)
Table 425.4.2.4 Modification Factors for Development of Deformed Bars
and Deformed Wires in Tension
(𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜓𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 1.70)
425.4.3.2 For the calculation of , 𝑙𝑑ℎ , modification factors shall be in
accordance with Table 425.4.3.2. Factors 𝜓𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜓𝑡 shall be permitted to
be taken as 1.0. At discontinuous ends of members Section 425.4.3.3 shall
apply.
Table 425.4.3.2 Modification Factors for Development of
Hooked Bars in Tension
Table 425.4.3.2 Modification Factors for Development of
Hooked Bars in Tension
Table 425.4.3.2 Modification Factors for Development of
Hooked Bars in Tension
425.4.9 Development of Deformed Bars and Deformes Wires in Compression
425.4.9.1 Development length, 𝑙𝑑𝑐 for deformed bars and deformed wires in
compression shall be greater of (a) and (b)
a. Length calculated in accordance with Section 425.4.9.2
b. 200mm
425.4.9.2 𝑙𝑑𝑐 shall be the greater of (a) and (b), multiplied by the modification
factors od Section 425.4.9.3:
0.24 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡
a. ( ) 𝑑𝑏
4𝜆 𝑓′𝑐
b. 0.043 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝑑𝑏
425.4.9.3 For the calculation 𝑙𝑑𝑐 , modification factors shall be in accordance with
Table 425.4.9.3 except 𝜓𝑡 shall be permitted to be taken as 1.0
Table 425.4.9.3 Modification Factors for Deformed Bars and Wires in
Compression
Example: Refer to the cantilever beam shown.
Given: 𝐿 = 2𝑚 ; ℎ = 600𝑚𝑚 ; 𝑑𝑏 = 25𝑚𝑚 ; 𝑓𝑦 = 413𝑀𝑝𝑎 ; 𝑓′𝑐 = 41.3𝑀𝑝𝑎 ;
Apply factors for normal weight concrete with uncoated reinforcement.
Use 𝑐𝑏 = 50𝑚𝑚 & 𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0. The minimum development length is 300mm
for bars in tension and 200mm for bars in compression.
a. How much is the total required length mm of bar A?
b. How much is the total required length mm of bar A?
c. How much is the total required length mm of bar A if 20mm bars are
used?
Example:
1 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑠
1.) For Top Bar – Bar A 𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑𝑏
1.1 𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
• 𝜆 = 1.0 𝑑𝑏
• 𝜓𝑒 = 1.0 1 413 1.3(1)(1)
𝑙𝑑 = 25
• 𝜓𝑠 = 1.0 1.1 𝜆 41.3 50 + 0
25
• 𝜓𝑡 = 1.3 𝑙𝑑 = 949.4𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑎 = 949.4 + 2000 − 50
𝒍𝒂 = 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟗. 𝟒 𝒎𝒎
Example:
2.) For Bottom Bar – BARB 𝑙𝑑𝑐 shall be the greater of (a) and (b),
• 𝜆 = 1.0 multiplied by the modification factors od
• 𝜓𝑟 = 1.0 Section 425.4.9.3:
0.24 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟
a. ( ) 𝑑𝑏
4𝜆 𝑓′𝑐
b. 0.043 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟 𝑑𝑏

0.24 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟
a. ( ) 𝑑𝑏 = 386mm
4𝜆 𝑓′𝑐

b. 0.043 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟 𝑑𝑏 = 444𝑚𝑚

𝐿𝑏 = 444 + 2000 − 50 = 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟒𝐦𝐦

Example:
3.) For Top Bar – BAR A
• 𝜆 = 1.0
• 𝜓𝑒 = 1.0
1 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑠
• 𝜓𝑠 = 0.8 𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑𝑏
1.1 𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
• 𝜓𝑡 = 1.3 𝑑𝑏

𝑙𝑑 = 486𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑎 = 486 + 2000 − 50
𝒍𝒂 = 𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟔𝒎𝒎
Area Moment
N.A.
Stresses in Beams (Combined Stress)

Simply Supported Beam

LOAD

R𝐴𝐻

R𝐴𝑉 R 𝐵𝑉
 V
M
N.A. N.A.
N N

V M

Normal Stress Shear Stress Bending Stress

N.A. N.A. N.A.

fv fb

Positive Moment: Top Fiber is

compression and Bottom Fiber Tension
Flexural Analysis
of Beams
Stages due to flexure
Due to load, the beam goes through 3 distinct stages:
1. Uncracked Concrete Stage
- the beam can resist the load
- no significant deflection or occurrence of crack
- the load is less than the modulus of rupture
Stages due to flexure
Due to load, the beam goes through 3 distinct stages:
2. Cracked-Elastic Stresses Stage
- cracks will start to occur at the tension area
- tensile stress in the bottom of the beam becomes
equal to the modulus of rupture, the cracks starts
to develop
- reinforcement starts to resist the load
change appreciably from the straight line.
Stages due to flexure
Due to load, the beam goes through 3 distinct stages:
3. Ultimate Strength Stage
- collapse of beam
- compressive stress is greater than 0.5f’c, the
tensile move farther upward, as does the neutral
axis and the concrete compression stress begin to
change appreciably from the straight line
- cracks occur on both compression and tension
area
Moment Curvature Diagram of Reinforced Concrete
I. Deflections
Deflections
1. The Uncracked Stage
In an uncracked section, the gross moment of inertia
is used to calculate deflections which simply follows the
bending stress formula.
Deflections
2. The Cracked Moment of Inertia
cracks started to develop when the tensile stress in
the bottom of the ocean becomes equal to the modulus
of rupture. Along with this, the actual moment becomes
equal to the cracking moment, Mcr.
when the bending moment is sufficiently large to
cause tensile stress to be greater than the modulus of
rupture, it is assumed that all concrete on the tensile side
of the beam is cracked and must be neglected in the
flexure calculations.
Deflections
2. The Cracked Moment of Inertia
Modular ratio
- the ratio of steel modulus to concrete modulus
- used to convert area of steel with an equivalent
area of concrete.
Formula:
n=Es/Ec
Example:
1. Compute the bending stress of the beam in Mpa
shown in the figure by using transformed area method,
f’c=20.7MPa, n=9 , and M=94.90kN-m.
2. Determine the allowable resisting moment of the
beam, in kN-m, if the allowable stresses are f’c=9.30 Mpa
and fs=137.90 MPa
Deflections
2. The Cracked Moment of Inertia
Deflections
2. The Cracked Moment of Inertia
Where:
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑀𝑎 = unfactored max. moment at
which deflection is calculated
𝐼𝑔 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = moment inertia of cracked
section transformed to
concrete
𝑦𝑡 = distance from centroidal axis
of gross section, neglecting
reinforcement, to extreme fiber
in tension
Modulus of Elasticity

ENGR. M.P. ABACAHIN

Modulus of Rupture

ENGR. M.P. ABACAHIN

Lightweight Concrete

ENGR. M.P. ABACAHIN

Lightweight Concrete

ENGR. M.P. ABACAHIN

Example 1:
Given the following data of a singly-reinforced rectangular beam:
Beam dimension: 𝑏𝑥ℎ = 300𝑚𝑚 𝑥 600𝑚𝑚
Tension bars: 4 − 28mm diameter
Simple span: L = 6m
′
Concrete strength: 𝑓 𝑐 = 34.5𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Modular Ratio: n = 8
Effective cover to centroid of bars: cc = 65mm
a. Compute the cracking moment (kN.m) of the section.
b. Compute the value (𝑚𝑚4 ) of the transformed moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑐𝑟 .
c. Compute the maximum immediate deflection (mm) due to a uniform
service load of 23 kN/m.
Example 1:
a. Compute the cracking moment (kN.m) of the section.
𝑏ℎ3 (300)(600)3
𝐼𝑔 = = = 5400𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62λ ′
𝑓 𝑐 = 0.62 1 34.5 = 3.642𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 (3.642)(5400𝑥106 )
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = = 65.55 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑦𝑡 600/2

b.