3- Shear Stresses

3.1. Introduction:

normal stress s normal strain e

shear stress t shear strain g

F A 
L
g
g

F 
shear stress  t   tan g  g  shear strain
A L
 shear pairs: sign convention for shear pairs:
tyx
y txy txy = tyx txy txy
y y
x
txy x x
z tyx ( + ve sign) ( - ve sign)
txy txy

In the elastic region for structural materials the

shear stress- shear strain relation gets the form:
t
shear stress t
 = constant = G
shear strain g

G G is called the modulus of rigidity

g
3.2. Shear Stresses due to Transverse loading (direct shear):

dz z b y
z
W x
W
Mx z
z
W F2 dy t t F1
W Mx = W . z t y
h/2

Mx+dMx
Mx dMx = W . dz
dz dz
Taking the equilibrium of the element yield to the following
formula for the shear stress at any point along the section:
h/2
M. y F2 t t F1
F1  
y
I
.b.dy t y
h/2

h/2
M  dM . y .b.dy
F2  y
I
dz

t.dA + F1 - F2 = 0 y=h/2

y=0 h
h/2
W .dz. y
t .b.dz  y
I
.b.dy t max 
3W 3W

2 bh 2 A
b

6W  1 y2 
t   2 
bh 4 h 
 3.3. Shear Stresses due to Torsion of shafts:
1- Thin-walled Tube
2- Solid shaft
3- Hollow shaft

Assumptions for the torsion theory:

(1) The material is homogeneous, i.e. of uniform elastic properties throughout.

(2) The material is elastic, following Hooke's law with shear stress proportional
to shear strain.

(3) The stress does not exceed the elastic limit or limit of proportionality.

(4) Circular sections remain circular.

(5) Cross-sections remain plane. (This is certainly not the case with the torsion
of non-circular sections.

(6) Cross- sections rotate as if rigid, i.e. every diameter rotates through the
same angle.
 and

then

The shear stress “T” due to the twisting

at any point on the circular cross-
section can be given by the relation:

Twisting moment diagram (TMD):

T. r
t
J x x

(-ve sign) (+ve sign)

Strain Energy in Torsion (U):
1 1 T2 L
U  T 
2 2 GJ
Example (3.1):

D
Draw the twisting moment diagram and the angle of

2D
twist for the stepped solid shaft loaded with 2 twisting x
moments as shown. T 2T
Solution: L 3L

Twisting moment diagram (TMD): 0

-T

x x -3T
TMD
(-ve sign) (+ve sign)
3T

D
T

2D
T 3T
L 3L

1 2
Solid shaft Hollow shaft Thin-walled Tube

D0

Di
R>>t

g=RQ/L g=RQ/L g=RQ/L

T. r T. r T
t t t
J J 2 At
 
J
32
D 4
J
32
D4
0  Di4  J  2 R3 t
 Solid shaft Hollow shaft Thin-walled Tube

16 T 16 T D0 T
t max  t max  t max  t min 
 D3 
 D04  Di4  2 R 2 t

T. L

32 T L 
32 T L

 G D4 
 G D04  Di4  G.2 R 3 t
t max t max t max
D0

Di
R>>t
 Cont. Example (3.1):

D
Draw the twisting moment diagram and the angle of

2D
twist for the stepped solid shaft loaded with 2 twisting x
moments as shown. T 2T
Solution: L 3L

Twisting moment diagram (TMD): x x 0

32 T L -T
1  (-ve sign) (+ve sign)
 G D4 -3T
TMD
32 (3T ) (3L) 3T x

D
18 T L
2  T 
 G D4
 G (2D) 4

2D
50 T L

T  GD
4
18 T L 3T
2  L Twisting angle
 G D4 3L
along length
1 2
Analogy between Torsion and tension of solid circular shaft:

Torsion Tension
T J N A
N
t
T. r t max 
16 T s
J  D3 A
t max s
g max  e
G E
TL T NL N
 
GJ K  
EA K
1 1 T2 L 1 N2 L
U  T  1
U  N 
2 2 GJ 2 2 EA
 Example (3.2):
A shaft of length L, diameter d, and shear modulus
G is loaded with a uniformly distributed twisting
moment of T0 (Nm/m). Draw the twisting moment
diagram and the angle of twist for that shaft.

Solution:

x x
(-ve sign) (+ve sign)