CE6452 - SOLID MECHANICS Formula Sheet

Materials
 E
Young’s modulus E  , Shear modulus G  where ν is Poisson’s ratio
 2(1   )
Thermal expansion: L = Lo 1 + T

Viscoelastic Materials

Stress at time t (t) in a viscoelastic material under constant strain

t = ce- Et/ , where c is stress at time t = 0, and

E
is a constant (known as the time constant).
η

Bending and Torsion

F   FLo
Axial loading:   ,  , E , 
A Lo  EA
Lateral strain:  lateral    axial
M E 
Beam bending:  
I R y
Second moment of area: I   y 2 dA
A

bd 3
Rectangle about N.A.: I
12
 r4
Circle about diameter: I
4

Parallel Axis Theorem: I x '  I x  Aa 2

 G T
Shear and torsion:   where τ is the shear stress produced by a torque T
r L J
τ = Gγ, where γ is the shear strain
 R4
Polar second moment of area: Solid circular shaft: J
2

Hollow circular shaft: J 
2
R 4
o  Ri4 
Shafts
Power in shaft = torque  angular velocity (rad/sec) = 2πnT/60 where n is the revolutions per second

Strength of solid shafts

Strength of hollow shafts

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Mr.Kousik Kumaar.R, AP/AERO Page 1
Columns and struts
 2 EI
Euler’s formula for the buckling of slender axially loaded pin-ended columns: Fc 
L2
Equivalent Length, Le
One end is fixed and
Both the ends hinged, One end is fixed and Both the ends fixed,
other is hinged, Le =
Le = L other is free, Le = 2L Le = L/2
L/√2

Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

pr pr
Cylindrical: hoop stress 1  , longitudinal stress  2 
t 2t
pr
Spherical: 1   2 
2t

Biaxial Stress (Plane Stress)

x 
 x   y    x   y  cos 2  
xy sin 2
2 2

y 
 x   y    x   y  cos 2  
xy sin 2
2 2

 x y   
 x   y  sin 2  
xy cos 2
2

Principal Stresses
2
x + y  x  y 
1,2 =    +  xy 2
2  2 
2 xy
tan 2 p =
x - y

 x  y 
2
1   2 
 max,min =      xy 2 = 
 2  2
( x -  y )
tan 2s = , s   p  45
2  xy

Mohr’s Circle For Stress

1
 
Centre   x   y ,0 
2 
1
 1 2 2

Radius =   x   y 
   2 
xy 
 2 

Prepared by,
Mr.Kousik Kumaar.R, AP/AERO Page 2
Biaxial Strain
( x +  y ) ( x -  y )  xy
 x' = + cos 2 + sin 2
2 2 2
( x +  y ) ( x -  y )  xy
 y' = - cos 2 - sin 2
2 2 2
 x' y' ( x -  y )  xy
= - sin 2 + cos 2
2 2 2
2 2
x + y  x  y    xy 
1,2 =    +  
2  2   2 
 xy
Tan 2p =
x - y

 max,min =  ( x -  y ) 2 +  xy 2 =  (1 -  2 )

Stress/Strain Transformation

x  y y  x
x = - , y = -
E E E E
E E
x = ( x +  y ) , y = ( y +  x )
(1   2 ) (1   2 )
E
 = G =
2(1 + )
1  2 2 1
1 = - , 2 = -
E E E E
E E
1 = (1 +  2 ) , 2 = ( 2 + 1 )
(1   2 ) (1   2 )

Von Mises Equivalent Stress

 e  12   22  1 2

Prepared by,
Mr.Kousik Kumaar.R, AP/AERO Page 3
Fundamental Mechanics of Materials Equations
Basic definitions Six rules for constructing shear-force
𝜎 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎
Average normal stress in an axial member
𝜀 𝑒𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑛 and bending-moment diagrams
F 𝜏 𝑡𝑎𝑢
avg ⫽ Rule 1: ⌬V ⫽ P0
A 𝛾 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 x2
Average direct shear stress 𝜈 𝑛𝑢 Rule 2: ⌬V ⫽ V2 ⫺ V1 ⫽ ∫x w( x ) dx
𝛿 𝛥 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑎
1
V dV
avg ⫽ 𝛼 𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎 Rule 3: ⫽ w( x )
AV dx
Average bearing stress 𝜑 𝑝ℎ𝑖 x2

F
𝜔 𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑔𝑎 Rule 4: ⌬ M ⫽ M 2 ⫺ M1 ⫽ ∫x V dx
b ⫽ 𝜃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑡𝑎 1
Ab dM
Rule 5: ⫽V
Average normal strain in an axial member dx
 𝛥𝑑 𝛥𝑤 𝛥𝑡 Rule 6: ⌬M ⫽ ⫺M 0
␧avg ⫽ 𝜀𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟
L 𝑑 𝑤 𝑡
𝛾 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 90° Flexure
Average normal strain caused by temperature change Flexure formula
␧T ⫽ ⌬ T x ⫽ ⫺
My
or max ⫽
Mc M I
⫽ where S⫽
Hooke’s Law (one-dimensional) I I S c
 ⫽ E ␧ and  ⫽ G  Unsymmetric bending of arbitrary cross sections
Poisson’s ratio ⎡ I z z ⫺ I yz y ⎤ ⎡⫺ I y ⫹ I yz z ⎤ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠
␧lat x ⫽ ⎢ ⎥ My ⫹ ⎢ y ⎥M
𝐸𝐵
␯ ⫽ ⫺␧ ⎢⎣ I y I z ⫺ I yz ⎥⎦
2 ⎢⎣ I y I z ⫺ I y2z ⎥⎦ z
𝑛=
long 𝐸𝐴
Relationship between E, G, and ν Unsymmetric bending of symmetric cross sections −𝑀𝑦
𝜎𝐴 = 𝑇
E M y z Mz y My I z 𝐼
G⫽ x ⫽ ⫺ tan  ⫽ −𝑛𝑀𝑦
2(1 ⫹  ) Iy Iz Mz I y 𝜎𝐵 =
Definition of allowable stress 𝐼𝑇
Horizontal shear stress associated with bending
 
allow ⫽ failure or  allow ⫽ failure H ⫽
VQ
FS FS 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄 = ∑𝑦�𝑖 𝐴𝑖
It
Factor of safety
Shear flow formula
 
FS ⫽ failure or FS ⫽  failure q⫽
VQ
actual actual
I
Shear flow, fastener spacing, and fastener shear relationship
Axial deformation 𝑉𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑄 𝑛𝑉𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟
Deformation in axial members qs ⱕ n f Vf ⫽ n f  f A f or 𝑞= =
𝐼 𝑠
FL FL For circular cross sections,
⫽ or  ⫽ ∑ i i 1 3
AE i Ai Ei Q⫽ d (solid sections)
Force-temperature-deformation relationship 12
2 1
⫽
FL Q ⫽ [ R3 ⫺ r 3 ] ⫽ [ D 3 ⫺ d 3 ] (hollow sections)
⫹ ⌬TL 3 12
AE

Beam deflections
Torsion Elastic curve relations between w, V, M, θ, and v for
Maximum torsion shear stress in a circular shaft constant EI
Tc
 max ⫽ Deflection ⫽ v
J
where the polar moment of inertia J is defined as dv
Slope ⫽ ⫽
  dx
J ⫽ [ R4 ⫺ r 4 ] ⫽ [ D 4 ⫺ d 4 ] Moment M ⫽ EI 2
d 2v
2 32
𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 dx
Angle of twist in a circular shaft dM d 3v
𝑟2 𝑇1 = 𝑟1 𝑇2 Shear V ⫽ ⫽ EI 3
TL TL
⫽ or ⫽ ∑ i i 𝑟1 𝜔1 = 𝑟2 𝜔2 dx dx
JG i Ji Gi dV d4v
Load w ⫽ ⫽ EI 4
Power transmission in a shaft dx dx
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = 𝑁𝑚/𝑠
P ⫽ T

ℎ𝑝 = 6600 𝑖𝑛 ∙ 𝑙𝑏/𝑠
Fundamental Mechanics of Materials Equations
Plane stress transformations Generalized Hooke’s Law
Normal and shear stresses on an arbitrary plane Normal stress/normal strain relationships
␴n ⫽ ␴x cos 2 ␪ ⫹ ␴y sin 2 ␪ ⫹ 2 ␶ xy sin ␪ cos ␪ 1
␧x ⫽ [ ␴x ⫺ ␯ (␴y ⫹ ␴z )]
␶ nt ⫽ ⫺(␴ x ⫺ ␴y )sin ␪ cos ␪ ⫹ ␶ xy ( cos 2 ␪ ⫺ sin 2 ␪) E
1
or ␧y ⫽ [ ␴y ⫺ ␯ (␴x ⫹ ␴z )]
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 E
𝜎𝑛 = + cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 1
2 2 ␧z ⫽ [ ␴z ⫺ ␯ (␴x ⫹ ␴y )]
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 E
𝜎𝑡 = − cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2 Shear stress/shear strain relationships
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑛𝑡 = − sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃 1 1 1
2 ␥xy ⫽ ␶ xy ␥ yz ⫽ ␶ yz ␥zx ⫽ ␶ zx
G G G
Principal stress magnitudes
where
␴x ⫹ ␴y ⎛ ␴x ⫺ ␴y ⎞⎟
2
␴ p1, p 2 ⫽ ⫾ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⫹ ␶ xy
2
G⫽
E
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2(1 ⫹ ␯ )
Orientation of principal planes
Normal stress/normal strain relationships for plane stress
␶ xy
tan 2␪p ⫽ 1
␧x ⫽ ( ␴x ⫺ ␯␴y )
(␴x ⫺ ␴y ) 2 E E
␴x ⫽ (␧x ⫹ ␯␧y )
Maximum in-plane shear stress magnitude 1 1 ⫺ ␯2
␧y ⫽ ( ␴y ⫺ ␯␴x ) or
E E
⎛ ␴x ⫺ ␴y ⎞⎟
2
␴p1 ⫺ ␴p 2 ␴y ⫽ (␧y ⫹ ␯␧x )
␶ max ⫽ ⫾ ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⫹ ␶ xy
2 or ␶ max ⫽ ␯ 1 ⫺ ␯2
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2 ␧z ⫽ ⫺ (␴x ⫹ ␴y )
E
␴x ⫹ ␴y
␴avg ⫽ Shear stress/shear strain relationships for plane stress
2 1
Absolute maximum shear stress magnitude ␥xy ⫽ ␶ xy or ␶ xy ⫽ G␥ xy
G
␴ ⫺ ␴min
␶abs max ⫽ max
2 Pressure vessels
Normal, stress invariance Axial stress in spherical pressure vessel
␴x ⫹ ␴y ⫽ ␴n ⫹ ␴t ⫽ ␴ p1 ⫹ ␴p 2
pr pd
␴a ⫽ ⫽
Plane strain transformations 2t 4t
𝜎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙−𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 0
Normal and shear strain in arbitrary directions Longitudinal and hoop stresses in cylindrical 𝜎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙−𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = −𝑝
␧n ⫽ ␧x cos 2 ␪ ⫹ ␧y sin 2 ␪ ⫹ ␥xy sin ␪ cos ␪ pressure vessels
pr pd pr pd
␥nt ⫽ ⫺2( ␧x ⫺ ␧y )sin ␪ cos ␪ ⫹ ␥xy (cos 2 ␪ ⫺ sin 2 ␪) ␴long ⫽ ⫽ ␴hoop ⫽ ⫽
2t 4t t 2t
or
𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜀𝑛 = + cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 Failure theories
(𝜀 + 𝜀𝑦 )

2 2 2
𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦 Mises equivalent stress for plane stress
𝜀𝑡 = − cos 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃
2
1−𝜈 𝑥

2 2
𝛾𝑛𝑡 𝜀𝑥 − 𝜀𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦 1/ 2
␴M ⫽ [ ␴2p1 ⫺ ␴ p1 ␴p 2 ⫹ ␴ 2p 2 ] ⫽ [ ␴x2 ⫺ ␴x ␴y ⫹ ␴y2 ⫹ 3 ␶ xy
2 ] 1/2
2
=− sin 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃
−𝜈

2 2 2
Principal strain magnitudes
𝜀𝑧 =

Column buckling
␧x ⫹ ␧y ⎛ ␧x ⫺ ␧y ⎞⎟2 ⎛ ␥xy ⎞⎟2 Euler buckling load
␧p1, p 2 ⫽ ⫾ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟ ⫹ ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ␲ 2 EI
Pcr ⫽
Orientation of principal strains ( KL )2
␥xy
tan 2␪p ⫽ Euler buckling stress
␧x ⫺ ␧y
␲2 E
Maximum in-plane shear strain ␴cr ⫽
( KL r )2
␥max ⎛ ␧x ⫺ ␧y ⎞⎟2 ⎛ ␥xy ⎞⎟2 Radius of gyration
⎜⎜ ⎜ ␥max ⫽ ␧p1 ⫺ ␧p 2
⫽⫾ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎟⎠ ⫹ ⎜⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎟⎠
or
2 I
␧x ⫹ ␧y r2 ⫽
␧avg ⫽ A
2
Normal strain invariance
␧x ⫹ ␧y ⫽ ␧n ⫹ ␧t ⫽ ␧p1 ⫹ ␧p 2
 Σxi Ai Σyi Ai
x = y =
ΣAi ΣAi

I = Σ ( I c + d 2 A)
Table A.1 Properties of Plane Figures
1. Rectangle 6. Circle
y′ y y
−
x A = bh
h bh3 πd 2
y = Ix = r
A = πr 2 =
2 12 4
x
h x b hb3 C πr 4 πd 4
C x = Iy = Ix = Iy = =
−
y 2 12 4 64
bh3 hb3
x′ Ix′ = I y′ =
3 3 d
b

2. Right Triangle 7. Hollow Circle

y
y′ y
bh
−
x A=
2 π 2
h bh3 R A = π ( R2 − r 2 ) = (D − d 2 )
y = Ix = r 4
3 36 x
π
h b hb3
C I x = I y = ( R4 − r 4 )
x x = Iy = 4
C −
3 36 π
y
bh3 hb3 = (D4 − d 4 )
x′ Ix′ = I y′ = d
64
12 12
b D

3. Triangle 8. Parabola
y′ y′ y
bh
a A= −
y 2 x
h 2
y =
h
Ix =
bh3 y′ = x′
3 36 b2
−
x (a + b) bh 2 x 2bh
x = Iy = (a − ab + b 2 ) h C − A=
h 3 36 y 3
x bh3 x′
− Ix′ = 3b 3h
C y
12 b x = y =
x′ 8 5
b Zero slope

4. Trapezoid 9. Parabolic Spandrel

a
y′ y
(a + b)h − h 2
A= x
y′ = x′
2 b2
h
y = (
1 2a + b
3 a+b
h ) Zero
slope
−
y
x
h
A=
bh
3
x C
C − h3 x′
3b 3h
y Ix = (a 2 + 4 ab + b 2 ) x = y =
36 (a + b) b 4 10
b

5. Semicircle 10. General Spandrel

y′ y
πr 2 −
y, y′ A= x h n
2 y′ =
x′
bn

C
y =
4r
3π
Ix = ( π8 − 98π )r 4 Zero
slope
− x
h
A=
n
bh
+1
r x C y
− πr 4 x′ n +1 n +1
y I x ′ = I y′ = x = b y = h
x′ 8 n+2 4n + 2
b

696
 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
Beam Slope Deflection Elastic Curve
1 2 3
Px
PL 2
PL 3 v=− (3L2 − 4 x 2 )
θ1 = −θ 2 = − vmax = − 48 EI
16 EI 48 EI for 0 ≤ x ≤ L
2
4 Pb( L2 − b 2 ) 5 6
θ1 = − Pa 2b 2 Pbx 2 2
6 LEI v=− v=− (L − b − x2 )
3LEI 6 LEI
Pa ( L2 − a 2 )
θ2 = + at x = a for 0 ≤ x ≤ a
6 LEI
7 ML 8 ML2 9
θ1 = − vmax = −
3EI 9 3 EI Mx
v=− (2 L2 − 3Lx + x 2 )
ML ⎛ 3⎞ 6 LEI
θ2 = + at x = L ⎜⎜1 − ⎟
3 ⎟⎠
6 EI ⎝
10 11 12

wL3 5wL4 wx
θ1 = −θ 2 = − vmax =− v=− ( L3 − 2 Lx 2 + x3 )
24 EI 384 EI 24 EI

13 14 wx
v=− ( Lx3 − 4aLx 2 + 2a 2 x 2 + 4a 2 L2
wa 2 24 LEI
θ1 = − (2 L − a ) 2 wa 3
24 LEI v=− (4 L2 − 7 aL + 3a 2 ) −4a 3 L + a 4 ) for 0 ≤ x ≤ a
24 LEI
wa 2 wa 2
θ2 = + (2 L − a )
2 2 at x = a v = − (2 x3 − 6 Lx 2 + a 2 x + 4 L2 x − a 2 L)
24 LEI
24 LEI
15 for a ≤ x ≤ L
16 3 17 18
7 w0 L
θ1 = − w0 L4
360 EI vmax = −0.00652 w0 x
EI v=− (7 L4 − 10 L2 x 2 + 3 x 4 )
w0 L3 360 LEI
θ2 = + at x = 0.5193L
45 EI
 CANTILEVER BEAMS
Beam Slope Deflection Elastic Curve
19 20 21

PL2 PL3 Px 2
θ max =− vmax =− v=− (3L − x )
2 EI 3EI 6 EI

22 23 24
Px 2
v=− (3L − 2 x ) for 0 ≤ x ≤ L
PL 2
5 PL3
12 EI 2
θ max = − vmax = −
8 EI 48 EI PL2
v=− (6 x − L ) for L ≤ x ≤ L
48 EI 2
25 26 27

ML ML2 Mx 2
θ max = − vmax =− v=−
EI 2 EI 2 EI

28 29 30

wL3 wL4 wx 2
θ max =− vmax =− v=− (6 L2 − 4 Lx + x 2 )
6 EI 8 EI 24 EI

31 32 33

w0 L3 w0 L4 w0 x 2
θ max =− vmax =− v=− (10 L3 − 10 L2 x + 5 Lx 2 − x 3 )
24 EI 30 EI 120 LEI