Structural 

Analysis Formulas:
BENDING: SIGN CONVENTION:
z 
M I  M y I xy  y   M y I xx  M x I xy  x (2.4)
x yy

I xx I yy  I xy2
TORSION:
d
Circular section:   T 
T
(3.1)  (3.2)
J dz GJ
Thin‐walled q T d T 1 Note: use of convention that 
Closed section:  
t 2tAm
(3.3)  2 

dz 4 AmG Lm t
ds (3.4)
+ moments create + stress in 
+ quadrant!
3T d 3T (3.6)
Thin plate:  max  (3.5) 
st 2 dz Gst 3
SHEAR:
Vy I yy  Vx I xy s
Vx I xx  Vy I xy s
Open section: qs  
I xx I yy  I xy2  tyds 
0
I xx I yy  I xy2  txds
0
(4.6)

Vy I yy  Vx I xy s
Vx I xx  Vy I xy s
Closed section: q  q  q  
s b s0
I xx I yy  I xy2  tyds 
0
I xx I yy  I xy2  txds  q
0
s0
(4.7)

SECTION PROPERTIES:
Shear centre: Equate moment due to resultant force with moment due to internal shear flow
(general)

Shear centre: In addition to above, require: qs 0  

(closed section)  ds Gt Parallel Axis Theorem:
Moments of Inertia: I xx   y dA 2
I yy   x dA
2
I   xydAxy I iiA  I iiB  Ac 2j
A A A (2.9)
I ijA  I ijB  Aci c j
i = x,y, or z

ta 3 sin 2 
I xx  (2.6)
12
ta 3 cos 2  (2.7)
I yy 
12
ta sin  cos 
3
I xy  (2.8) n n n
12 I xx   yi2 Bi (6.1) I yy   xi2 Bi (6.2) I xy   xi yi Bi (6.3)
i 1 i 1 i 1
IDEALIZED STRUCTURES:
Skin contribution to boom
b
tskinb   2  (6.5)
B1  2 
B1
6  1 
1
t=0
t b  
B2  skin  2  1  (6.6)
Zero thickness skins & point area booms
6  2  2 B2
Normal stress:  z 
M I  M y I xy  y   M y I xx  M x I xy  x (2.4)
x yy

I xx I yy  I xy2
Vy I yy  Vx I xy  n  Vx I xx  Vy I xy  n 
2  r  2  r 
Shear: qs  qb  qs 0   B y  B x  qs 0 (6.5)
I xx I yy  I xy  r 1  I xx I yy  I xy  r 1 

Torsion: q T
  (3.3)
t 2tAm

BUCKLING:
 2 EI xx d 2v
Euler buckling: Pcr  (7.1) with the use of: M x   EI xx 2 (7.2)
L2e dz
 2E  t 
2

Buckling of thin plates:  cr  C   (7.3)
12 1   2   b 
1 n

Crippling stress:  cc 
   A i
cc i  cci  C
 
 2E  t 
2


2  
(7.4) where: (7.5)
A i y   y 12 1     b  
  cc  Le  2 
Johnson parabola:  cr   cc 1   (7.6)
 4 2 E 
 skin
 cc skin
C 2 E
Effective sheet width: 2 we  t
12 1   2 
(7.7)
 cc  stiffener  cr skin

VIRTUAL WORK:
Virtual work by an external force system: we  W  v , y  P v , z  M  v  T v  w( z )  v , y dz 
L
(8.1)

N ANv S S M M TT
Internal virtual work: wi  
L
EA
dz    A v dz   A v dz   A v dz M A v
L
GA L
EI L
GJ
(8.2)

P
U   Pdy and: C   ydP (8.3)
y
Strain energy and complementary energy:
0 0 load

δP
k Fi n
Principle of the stationary value 
of the complementary energy:
C    i dFi    r Pr (8.4)
i 1 0 r 1

Ci
Castigliano’s second theorem: i  (8.5)
Pi δL
deflection

SHEAR OF MULTICELL BEAMS: