Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 4 views

    Print Out PDF

    Uploaded by

    munengewalker

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Print Out PDF

    Uploaded by

    munengewalker
    4 views3 pages

    Original Title

    print_out_pdf (3)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    4 views3 pages

    Print Out PDF

    Uploaded by

    munengewalker

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    31 Oct 2024, 20:25

    Coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzymes in


    catalyzing biochemical reactions.

    *Types of Coenzymes:*

    1. NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)


    2. NADP+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
    3. FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)
    4. CoA (Coenzyme A)
    5. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
    6. Tetrahydrofolate (THF)
    7. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

    *Functions of Coenzymes:*

    1. Electron transfer
    2. Hydrogen transfer
    3. Group transfer (e.g., methyl, acyl)
    4. Oxidation-reduction reactions
    5. Energy coupling

    *Examples of Coenzyme-Dependent Reactions:*

    1. Glycolysis (NAD+, ATP)


    2. Citric acid cycle (NAD+, FAD)
    3. Fatty acid oxidation (CoA, FAD)
    4. Amino acid metabolism (THF, Vitamin B12)
    4. Amino acid metabolism (THF, Vitamin B12)
    5. DNA synthesis (THF, ATP)

    *Sources of Coenzymes:*

    1. Diet (vitamins, minerals)


    2. Biosynthesis (endogenous production)
    3. Salvage pathways (recycling)

    *Deficiencies and Diseases:*

    1. Vitamin B12 deficiency (anemia, neurological disorders)


    2. Folate deficiency (birth defects, anemia)
    3. NAD+ deficiency (neurodegenerative diseases)
    4. CoA deficiency (metabolic disorders)

    *Research Applications:*

    1. Enzyme engineering
    2. Metabolic engineering
    3. Cancer research
    4. Neurodegenerative disease research

    *Key Terms:*

    1. Cofactor
    2. Prosthetic group
    3. Apoenzyme
    4. Holoenzyme
    4. Holoenzyme
    5. Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)

    Would you like information on specific coenzymes, enzyme-


    coenzyme interactions, or related diseases?

    You might also like