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    Class X Physics Activity

    Uploaded by

    Debayan Sadhukhan

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Class X Physics Activity

    Uploaded by

    Debayan Sadhukhan
    1 views12 pages

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    class X Physics activity

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    Class X Physics Activity

    Uploaded by

    Debayan Sadhukhan

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 12

    EXPERIMENT NO - 1 (A)

    Aim To determine the focal length of a concave mirror by


    obtaining the image of a distant object.
    Apparatus : A concave mirror, white screen or a white sheet of
    paper, a meter scale.

    Theory 1. A distant object which is many time the focal


    length of the mirror is regarded as an object at
    infinity.
    2. Rays coming from the object form a set of parallel
    rays.

    3. Parallel rays coming from the object after


    reflection meet in the focal plane of the mirror and
    forms a real, inverted and diminished image.
    Focal plane
    From distance pole

    M'

    Fig. 1(a). 1. Image ofa distance object formed in the focal plane of the
    concave mirror. F= PE

    Procedure :

    1. Hold the concave,mirror in your hand and select any object at a far
    distant outside the classroom. The object (say tree or house) at a
    far distance should be visible to our naked eyes.
    2. Then adjust the distance of your concave miror with the white
    screen or paper so that a clear image can be formed,
    3. Measure the distance between concave mirror and the white screen
    using meter scale.
    4. Repeat the experiment three times.
    Procedure:
    1. Hold the concave,mirror in your hand and select any object at a far
    distant outside the classroom. The object (say tree or house) at a
    far distance should be visible to our naked eyes.
    2. Then adjust the distance of your concave mirror with the white
    screen or paper so that a clear image can be formed,
    3. Measure the distance between concave mirror and the white screen
    using meter scale.
    4. Repeat the experiment three times.

    Observation: 1. fi=_cm 2. cm

    Average focal length (f) = ftfa+fs


    3
    cm

    Result :The focal length of the given concave mirror = Cm

    Precautions :
    1. The distant object should be clearly visible.
    2. A clear image of the object should be obtained on the white screen.
    3. While measuring the the distance between the mirror and the image,
    the meter scale should be kept horizontally and parallel to the
    horizontal ground.
    EXPERIMENT NO - I (B)

    AIM :To determine the focal length of a convex lens by


    obtaining the image of a distant object.
    Apparatus: A convex lens, white sheet/ cardboard, meter scale.
    Theory :1. An object is at many times the focal length f ofthe
    lens. It is regarded as an object at infinity.
    2. Rays coming from the object form a set of parallel rays
    3. Parallel beam of rays often refracted through convex
    lens,it converges at one point in the focal plane
    Rays from tree (at infinity)

    Convex Lens Focal plane

    Fig 1(b). 1. Rays from a distant object like the top ofa tree outside the
    school laboratory converge in the focal plane of the lens.

    Procedure:
    1. Hold the convex mirror in your hand and select any object at a far
    distant outside the classroom.

    2. The image of an object is obtained clearly on a white sheet/


    cardboard which is inverted.
    sheet/
    3. Measure the distance between the convex lens and the white
    cardboard using a meter scale.
    Observation : 1. f= cm 2. f= cm

    Average focal length ) =f,+f,+f;


    " Cm
    3

    Result: The focal length of the given convex lens cm

    Precautions:
    1. The object should be clearly visible.
    2. Lens should be held properly and firmly so that it faces parallel to
    the screen.

    3. While measuring the distance between the optical centre and the
    focal plane, the meter scale should be kept parallel to the
    principal axis.
    Table 2.1

    OBSERVATION TABLE

    SI. No Angle of Incidence Zi Angle of emergence Ze


    30°
    2 35°
    3 40°
    4 45°
    5 50°
    6 55°

    Result : From the above informations it is found that :

    1. Angle of incidence Z1 is equal to the angle of emergence Le.


    2. The incident ray (PQ) and the emergent ray (RS) are parallel to
    each other.
    3. The incident ray bends towards the normal as it travels from
    rarer medium (air) to denser medium (glass slab) and it bend
    away from the normal as it travels the glass to air.

    Precautions :
    1. Glass slab should be clean.
    2. The eye must be in line with the feet of the pins while fixing
    pins for emergent ray.
    3. The distance between the pins on the incident ray or the
    emergent ray should not be less than 10 cm.
    4. We must look at the feet of the pins from a minimum distance
    of 25 cm
    5. The angle of incidence should be taken between 30° to 70°.
    6. Measure the angles exactly, do not use approximation.
    EXPERIMENT NO -6

    Aim: To study the dependence of current (I) on the potential difference


    () across a resistor and to determine its resistance. Also plot a graph
    between V and I.

    Apparatus: A D.C. voltmeter of 1.5 V range, given resistor (i.e. a


    resistance wire, say constant wire of unknown resistance), an ammeter
    (1.5ampere range), a rheostat (of about 10 ohm), plug key, dry cell or
    an accumulator and connecting wires.

    Theory: According to Ohm's law, the potential difference V


    developed across the ends ofa conductor is directly proportional to the
    current I flowing through it. Symbolically,
    Vc I
    Or V= RI .....1)
    Where R is the constant of proportionality and is known as the
    resistance of the conductor. Relation (1)can also be put in the form,

    R= (2)
    When V ismeasured in volt, I in ampere then resistance R is expressed
    in Ohm(2).

    To study the dependence of current on potential difference (p.d.),


    different values of potential difference V are applied across the ends
    of the conductor. The corresponding values of current Iare recorded
    using an ammeter. The ratio of is determined in each case. It will
    be found that the ratio is found to be the same in each set of

    observation. The mean value of gives the resistance R of the


    conductor.
    The variations ofV vs I are represented by plotting V along X-axis and
    Ialong Y-axis. The graph will be found to be a straight line.
    Procedure:
    1. Dravw a neat circuit diagram on your notebook as shown in the
    Figure.

    +E K Rh

    R
    +

    Fig. 6.1Circuit diagram


    2. Arrange the apparatus on the working table in the laboratory and
    make the circuit connections as shown in the figure. Ammeter is
    connected in series with the given resistor and voltmeter is
    connected in parallel, i.e. across it. Record the zero errors in
    ammeter and voltmeter, if any.
    3. Insert the plug-key, K and adjust the rheostat (Rh) to pass a small
    current through the given resistor. Note the ammeter and voltmeter
    readings.
    4. Increase the current step-by step by adjusting the slider of the
    rheostat and take about 5 or6 sets of readings. Note carefully the
    ammeter and voltmeter readings in each set.
    5. Tabulate the observations as given in the table.
    6. Find ratio for each set of observations and record it in the
    observation table.
    Dry cell Resistance wire

    Rheostat (Rh)
    Plug key

    Connecting

    Ammeter Voltmeter

    Fig. 6.2 Arrangement diagram for the study of dependence of current


    ()on potentialdifference (V) for the given resistor.

    7. Draw a graph by plotting ammeter readings () along y-axis and the


    coresponding voltmeter readings (V) along x-axis as shown in the
    figure
    Observations and calculations
    Least count of the ammeter .amp
    Least count of the voltmeter =...... ...volt
    Range of the ammeter ....amp
    Zero error of the ammeter =..... ..amp
    Range of the voltmeter =
    volt
    Zero error of the voltmeter =
    ........Volt

    32
    Table 6.1
    Obs. Ammeter readings() Voltmeter readings (V)
    No Observed Corrected Observed Corrected
    (amp) (amp) (amp) (amp) (Ohm)
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.
    6.

    Mean R=........ ohms

    1(amp)

    V(volt)

    Fig. 6.3 V-Igraph is a straight line which means Vc I.


    Graph
    The plot of V and I is a straight line passing through the origin as
    shown in the figure. To determine the resistance R from the graph, read
    the current value, in amperes corresponding to a given voltmeter
    reading and take the ratio 2. Thus the resistance of the conductor AB
    is determined in ohms.

    Result:
    1) The straight line graph between I and V shows that the potential
    difference developed across ends of a conductor (or resistor) is
    directly proportional to the current flowing through the conductor.
    2) The resistance of the given resistor is ....
    Precautions:
    1. Drawa circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections and get
    it checked by the teacher.
    2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires by sand paper and then
    make neat, clean and tight connections.
    3. Get your circuit connections checked by the teacher before passing
    the current.
    4. Close the key only when you are taking readings.
    5. Take care that the cell is not short-circuited because by doing so,
    a heavy current is suddenly drawn from the cell due to which the
    plates of the cell may be damaged.
    6. Note the zero errors and the ranges of the ammeter and voltmeter.
    7. Positive terminals of ammeter and voltmeter should be connected
    to the positive pole of the cell and the higher potential terminal of
    the resistor AB respectively.
    8. A low resistance rheostat should be used in order to change the
    current smoothly.
    9. The voltmeter must be of high resistance.

    10. Excessive current should not be passed in the resistor otherwise


    due to large heating its temperature may increase. Due to increase
    in temperature the ratio VI may not remain constant.

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