L02_EEE_2211_Resistance_ak
L02_EEE_2211_Resistance_ak
L02_EEE_2211_Resistance_ak
Classification of Resistance
Low resistance (R<1Ω)
Medium resistance (1Ω<R<100kΩ)
High resistance (R>100kΩ)
2
RUET
Medium Resistance Measurement Bangladesh
3
b
Wheatstone bridge method
P Q
I1 I3
a G c
I2 I4
R
S
d
For balanced condition :
I1 P I 2 R
E
For the galvanometer current to be zero :
E
I1 I 3 P
P Q R S
E Q
and I 2 I 4
S R
RUET
Wheatstone bridge Bangladesh
5
RUET
Substitution Method Bangladesh
S
2
A
r
Switch 1
R
RUET
Substitution Method Bangladesh
I IR
A
IV At, RV , R Rm
but it is not possible because there
V RV V R will be exist few voltmeter current.
Rm (1 Rm / RV )
Now, R
1 ( Rm / RV ) 2
Fig. (b) Rm
If, RV Rm , R Rm (1 )
The measured value of the resistance : RV
Voltmeter reading V Rm R Rm Rm (1 Rm / RV )
Rm Re lative error, r
Ammeter reading I R R
V Rm2
V V RRV
RV R
R
RRV If, Rm R, r
RV
R RV
Rm RV Rm Hence, this connection is suitable for low resistance measurement
R
RV Rm 1 Rm / RV
9
RUET
Measurement of Low Resistance Bangladesh
Q
P
G
a C
R S
m n
d
r1 r2
r
E
r1 P
(1)
r2 Q
P R r1
( 2)
Q S r2
r1 P P
r1 r
r1 r2 P Q P Q
Q
and r2 r
P Q
I2
Q
P G
P d q
I3
a R m r n S C
II1 II1
Rb E
At balance condition
rI1
P R p I3
pqr
Q S q
P qr P p
R S Q q (iii )
Q pqr
P P p
R S (for ) (iv )
Q Q q
14
Bridge sensitivity:
The bridge sensitivity of a Wheatstone is define as the ratio
of deflection in galvanometer to per unit fractional change
in the unknown resistance.
Bridge sensitivity,
SB
R
R
Voltage sensitivity:
Voltage sensitivity is define as the ratio of deflection in
galvanometer and emf across the galvanometer, i.e
Voltage sensitivity,
SV
e
Determine the bridge sensitivity for a Wheatstone bridge having the equal arms:
b
Resistance R is changed to R+
ΔR to create unbalance
P Q
I1 I3
a G c
I2 I4
R
S
d
E
EP
Eab I1 P
P Q
E ( R R )
Ead I 2 ( R R )
R R S
Determine the bridge sensitivity for a Wheatstone bridge having the equal arms:
P Q
I1 I3
a G c
I2 I4
R
S
d
E
Voltage difference between points d and b is :
R ΔR P
e Ead Eab E
R ΔR S P R
But,
P R
P Q R S
ESR ESR
e
( R S ) R( R S ) ( R S ) 2
2
19
Determine the bridge sensitivity for a Wheatstone bridge having the equal arms:
For, P Q R S
Sv E
SB
4
Find the expression for current through the galvanometer for a small unbalance:
b
Resistance R is changed to R+
ΔR to create unbalance
P Q
I1 I3
a G c
I2 I4
R
S
d
E
EP
Eab I1 P
P Q
E ( R R )
Ead I 2 ( R R )
R R S
22
Find the expression for current through the galvanometer for a small unbalance:
P Q
I1 I3
a G c
I2 I4
R
S
d
E
The thevenin equivalent resistance of the bridge is,
PQ ( R R ) S
Ro
P Q R S R
R (since, R R and P Q R S )
24
Problem: A Kelvin bridge has the following
specification- standard resistance=100.03 Ω,
outer ratio arms 100.24 Ω and 200 Ω, inner ratio
arms 100.31 Ω and 200 Ω. Resistance of link
connecting the standard and unknown
resistance is 700 μΩ. Calculate the unknown
resistance.
>>
P qr P p
R S
Q pqr Q q
Methods for measurement of high
resistance:
V
V v
R C
o t
t
vc Ve RC
t
In vc In V In e RC
Insulation Resistance :
0.4343t
R
C log10 V
vc
28
Problem: A length of cable is tested for insulation
resistance by the loss of charge method. An electrostatic
voltmeter of infinite resistance is connected between the
cable conduct and earth forming there with a joint
capacitance of 600 pF. It is observed that after charging
the voltage falls from 250V to 92V in 1 minute.
Calculate the insulation resistance of the cable.
Insulation Resistance :
>>
0.4343t
R
C log V 10 v
5
10 M
14.5 Measurement of Earth Resistance:
……(1)
From (1,)
31
32
Varley loop test:
33
34
If l1 represents the length of the fault from the test end and l the length of each cable, then
X l
1
RX 2l
or
X
l1 2l
RX
35