L02_EEE_2211_Resistance_ak

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Heaven’s Light is Our Guide

Measurement & Instrumentation


EEE 2211
Book (A. K. Sawhney)

Chapter Name: Measurement of Resistance

Syllabus: Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance


Measurement
RUET
Resistance Measurement Bangladesh

Classification of Resistance
 Low resistance (R<1Ω)
 Medium resistance (1Ω<R<100kΩ)
 High resistance (R>100kΩ)

2
RUET
Medium Resistance Measurement Bangladesh

Methods for measurement of medium resistance:


 Wheatstone bridge method
 Substitution method
 Ammeter-Voltmeter method
 Ohmmeter method

3
b
Wheatstone bridge method
P Q
I1 I3
a G c
I2 I4
R
S
d
For balanced condition :
I1 P  I 2 R
E
For the galvanometer current to be zero :
E
I1  I 3  P
P Q  R S
E Q
and I 2 I 4 
S R
RUET
Wheatstone bridge Bangladesh

Limitations of Wheatstone bridge:

 The actual value of the resistances P, Q and S are


different from the mark value.
 Insufficient sensitivity of the galvanometer.
 Contact resistances of the arms comes errors.
 Resistance changes due to the heat produce by the
losses.I 2 R

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RUET
Substitution Method Bangladesh

S
2
A
r
Switch 1
R
RUET
Substitution Method Bangladesh

Key factors: Performance of the Substitution method is hardly


depend on the following factors:

 Capacity of the battery emf.


 Accuracy of the standard resistance S.
 The resistance of the circuit excluding R and S (should be
zero).
 Sensitivity of the instrument.
RUET
Ammeter Voltmeter Method Bangladesh

Va The measured value of the resistance :


I Voltmeter reading V
A Rm 
Ammeter reading I
Ra V  VR
 a
VR R I
V V
IR  IR
 a Ra  R ( Ra ammeter resistance)
I

Actual resistance, R Rm  Ra


Fig. (a)

Measured value - Actual value Rm  R Ra  R  R


Relative error,  r   
Actual value R R
R
 a
R
 r will be smaller, when R  Ra
Hence, this connection is suitable for high resistance measurement
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RUET
Ammeter Voltmeter Method Bangladesh

I IR
A
IV At, RV , R Rm
but it is not possible because there
V RV V R will be exist few voltmeter current.
Rm (1  Rm / RV )
Now, R 
1  ( Rm / RV ) 2

Fig. (b) Rm
If, RV  Rm , R Rm (1  )
The measured value of the resistance : RV
Voltmeter reading V Rm  R Rm  Rm (1  Rm / RV )
Rm  Re lative error,  r  
Ammeter reading I R R
V Rm2
 
V V RRV

RV R
R
RRV If, Rm R,  r 
 RV
R  RV
Rm RV Rm Hence, this connection is suitable for low resistance measurement
 R 
RV  Rm 1  Rm / RV
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RUET
Measurement of Low Resistance Bangladesh

• Kelvin Double bridge method


• Ammeter voltmeter method
• Potentiomer method
• Shunt ohmmeter method
RUET
Kelvin Double Bridge Method Bangladesh

Q
P
G
a C
R S
m n
d
r1 r2
r

E
r1 P
     (1)
r2 Q

P R  r1
     ( 2)
Q S  r2

r1 P P
  r1  r
r1  r2 P Q P Q
Q
and  r2  r
P Q

Now from equation (2)


P
R S
Q
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Modified Kelvin Double Bridge
Db

I2
Q
P G

P d q

I3
a R m r n S C

II1 II1
Rb E
At balance condition
rI1
P R p I3 
  pqr
Q S q

Vab Vamd Again, Vbc Vdnc


 PI 2 RI1  pI 3 qrI1
QI 2 SI1     (ii )
rI1 pqr
RI1  p
pqr
RQ pQrI1
QI 2  I1      (i )
P P( p  q  r )

P qr  P p
R S  Q  q        (iii )
Q pqr  
P P p
 R  S (for  )       (iv )
Q Q q

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Bridge sensitivity:
The bridge sensitivity of a Wheatstone is define as the ratio
of deflection in galvanometer to per unit fractional change
in the unknown resistance.
Bridge sensitivity,

SB 
R
R
Voltage sensitivity:
Voltage sensitivity is define as the ratio of deflection in
galvanometer and emf across the galvanometer, i.e

Voltage sensitivity,

SV 
e
Determine the bridge sensitivity for a Wheatstone bridge having the equal arms:

b
Resistance R is changed to R+
ΔR to create unbalance
P Q
I1 I3
a G c
I2 I4
R
S
d

E
EP
Eab  I1 P 
P Q
E ( R  R )
Ead I 2 ( R  R ) 
R  R  S
Determine the bridge sensitivity for a Wheatstone bridge having the equal arms:

P Q
I1 I3
a G c
I2 I4
R
S
d

E
Voltage difference between points d and b is :
 R  ΔR P 
e Ead  Eab E   
 R  ΔR  S P  R 

But,
P R

P Q R  S

ESR ESR
e 
( R  S )  R( R  S ) ( R  S ) 2
2

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Determine the bridge sensitivity for a Wheatstone bridge having the equal arms:

Defection of the galvanometer is


ESR
 SV e S v
(R  S )2
Bridge sensitivity,
 S v ESR Sv E
SB   
R (R  S ) 2
P Q
R  2
Q P

For, P Q R S
Sv E
SB 
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Find the expression for current through the galvanometer for a small unbalance:

b
Resistance R is changed to R+
ΔR to create unbalance
P Q
I1 I3
a G c
I2 I4
R
S
d

E
EP
Eab  I1 P 
P Q
E ( R  R )
Ead I 2 ( R  R ) 
R  R  S

Voltage difference between points d and b is :


 R  ΔR P 
Eo Ead  Eab E   
 R  ΔR  S P  R 
 R  ΔR R  P R
E    (since,  )
 R  ΔR  S R  S  PR RS
R
E (for equal arms, P Q R S )
4R  2R
ER
 , as R  R
4R

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Find the expression for current through the galvanometer for a small unbalance:

P Q
I1 I3
a G c
I2 I4
R
S
d

E
The thevenin equivalent resistance of the bridge is,
PQ ( R  R ) S
Ro  
P  Q R  S  R
R (since, R  R and P Q R S )

The current through the galvamometer,


Eo
Ig 
Ro  G
ER

4 R( R  G )

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Problem: A Kelvin bridge has the following
specification- standard resistance=100.03 Ω,
outer ratio arms 100.24 Ω and 200 Ω, inner ratio
arms 100.31 Ω and 200 Ω. Resistance of link
connecting the standard and unknown
resistance is 700 μΩ. Calculate the unknown
resistance.
>>
P qr  P p
R S   
Q pqr Q q
Methods for measurement of high
resistance:

• Loss of charge method


• Direct deflection method
• Megaohm bridge method
• Meggar
Loss of charge method

V
V v
R C
o t
t

vc Ve RC

t

 In vc In V  In e RC

Insulation Resistance :
0.4343t
R
C log10 V
vc

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Problem: A length of cable is tested for insulation
resistance by the loss of charge method. An electrostatic
voltmeter of infinite resistance is connected between the
cable conduct and earth forming there with a joint
capacitance of 600 pF. It is observed that after charging
the voltage falls from 250V to 92V in 1 minute.
Calculate the insulation resistance of the cable.
Insulation Resistance :
>>
0.4343t
R
C log V 10 v
5
10 M
14.5 Measurement of Earth Resistance:

14.5.1 Methods of Measuring Earth Resistance

A. Fall of Potential Method

14.6 Localization of Cable faults:


Murray loop test:

……(1)

From (1,)

r is the resistance of each cable under no fau

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32
Varley loop test:

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34
If l1 represents the length of the fault from the test end and l the length of each cable, then

X l
 1
RX 2l

or
X
l1  2l
RX

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