(To be written with pen on the right side (ruled side) of lab manual

EXPERIMENT NO. 1(a) & 1(b)

To determine the focal length of concave mirror and convex lens

MATERIALS:

Concave mirror, convex lens, mirror/lens stand, screen and a scale

THEORY:

When parallel rays of light from the object fall on a mirror/lens, after
reflection/refraction, they converge at a point on the principal axis called Principal
Focus. The linear distance between mirror/lens and image on the screen is Focal
length.

PROCEDURE:

1.Place the mirror/lens on the stand.

2.Let the mirror/lens face any distant object.

3.Adjust the position of the screen till you get a sharp image on it.

4.Measure the distance between the screen and mirror/lens.

5.Repeat the experiment for two other distant objects.

RESULT:

The average focal length of the concave mirror is ________cm.

Place the mirror/lens near an open window through which sufficient light enters.

The object should be well-illuminated and the screen should be placed in a dark room.

There should be no obstacle in the path of rays of light.

If the object is sun itself, its light should not be focused on any part of your body,
paper or any other inflammable material.
(Tabular column to be written with pencil on the left side (unruled side) of the
lab manual)

S NO OBJECT DISTANCE BETWEEN

S NO OBJECT DISTANCE BETWEEN

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH GLASS SLAB

AIM:

To trace the path of light rays through the glass slab and measure angles of incidence,
emergence and refraction and verify that i=e, i>r.

MATERIALS:

Drawing board, glass slab, white sheet of paper, alpins, protractor and a scale.

THEORY:

When rays of light travel from optically rarer to optically denser medium, the light rays
move towards the normal and from denser to rarer medium, they move away from the
normal.

PROCEDURE:

1.Fix the paper on the drawing board, place the glass slab on the paper and mark its
boundary.

2.Draw a perpendicular to one of the longer sides of the glass slab and draw a line
(Incident ray) oblique to the perpendicular at an angle of say 30o.

3.Fix two pins p1 & p2 on the incident ray with a minimum distance of separation of
around 5cm-7cm.

4.Looking at the images of the pins from the other longer side of the glass slab fix two
more pins p3 & p4 in such a way that all the four pins are lying in a straight line when
looked through the glass slab.

5.Remove the pins p3 & p4, encircle the pin marks and join them by a line to the side
of the slab (Emergent ray).

6.Join the point of incidence and point of emergence by a line (Refracted ray).

INFERENCE:

Within the limits of experimental errors, it is verified that i=e, i>r.

PRECAUTIONS:
Glass slab should be perfectly rectangular.

Angle of incidence should not be more than 60o and less than 30o.

View the images of the pins at some distance away from the glass slab so that when
you fix pins p3 & p4, all the four are lying in a straight line when looked through the
glass slab.

(Tabular column to be written with pencil on the left side (unruled side) of the
lab manual)

S NO i r e
1
2
(To be written with pen on the right side (ruled side) of lab manual

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH EQUILATERAL GLASS PRISM

AIM:

To trace the path of light rays through the glass prism and measure angles of
incidence, emergence, deviation and verify that i + e = A + D

MATERIALS:

Drawing board, glass prism, white sheet of paper, alpins, protractor and a scale.

THEORY:

Prism bends the light rays towards the base. i + e = A + D

PROCEDURE:

1.Fix the paper on the drawing board, place the glass prism on the paper and mark its
boundary.

2.Draw a perpendicular to one of the rectangular sides of the glass prism and draw a
line (Incident ray) oblique to the perpendicular at an angle of say 30o.

3.Fix two pins p1 & p2 on the incident ray with a minimum distance of separation of
around 5cm-7cm.

4.Looking at the images of the pins from the other rectangular side of the glass prism
fix two more pins p3 & p4 in such a way that all the four pins are lying in a straight
line when looked through the glass prism.

5.Remove the pins p3 & p4, encircle the pin marks and join them by a line to the side
of the slab (Emergent ray).

6.Extend the emergent ray till it meets undeviated incident ray making an angle of
deviation.

INFERENCE:

Within the limits of experimental errors, it is verified that i + e = A + D.

PRECAUTIONS:

Angle of incidence should not be more than 60o and less than 30o.
View the images of the pins at some distance away from the glass prism so that when
you fix pins p3 & p4, all the four are lying in a straight line when looked through the
glass prism.

(Tabular column to be written with pencil on the left side (unruled side) of the
lab manual)

S NO i e A D
1
(To be written with pen on the right side (ruled side) of lab manual

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW
AIM:

To study the dependence of current through a conductor on potential difference at

MATERIALS:

Battery Eliminator, Resistor of unknown resistance, Rheostat, Voltmeter (0-5V,

THEORY:

Ohm’s law states that at constant temperature, the current through a conductor is
directly proportional to potential difference. (R=V/I at constant temperature).

PROCEDURE:

1.Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make the circuit by
connecting the components.

2. Check for the zero error of ammeter and voltmeter and make the necessary zero
corrections.

3.Ensure that the negative and positive terminals of ammeter and voltmeter are
connected correctly.

4.Check the circuit before starting the experiment.

5.Adjust the glider of rheostat and note down the readings of the ammeter and
voltmeter.

6.Repeat the experiment for two more values of V and I.

7.Remove the key each time after you note down the value.

RESULT:

The average value of resistance is ________ Ω.

PRECAUTIONS:

Check for the errors of the apparatus before starting the experiment
Ammeter should be connected in series to the battery and voltmeter parallel across the
resistor.

Connections should be done tightly.

(Tabular column to be written with pencil on the left side (unruled side) of the
lab manual)

S NO V (Volt) I R=V/I
(Ampere) (Ohm)
1
2
3
(To be written with pen on the right side (ruled side) of lab manual

EXPERIMENT NO. 5(a) & (b)

To determine the effective resistance when resistors are connected i) in series ii)
parallel.

MATERIALS:

Battery Eliminator, two resistors of known resistance, Rheostat, Voltmeter (0-5V,

THEORY:

Effective resistance for series connection is more than the individual resistance.

Effective resistance for parallel is less than the individual resistance.

PROCEDURE:

1.Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper.

2.Set up the circuit by connecting the electrical components first in series and then
parallel.

3.Ensure that positive and negative ends of ammeter and voltmeter are connected
correctly.

4.Have the circuit checked by the teacher before starting the experiment.

5.Complete the circuit by plugging in the key and note down the readings of ammeter
and voltmeter.

6.Repeat the experiment for two more values of V and I.

7.Remove the key each time after you note down the value.

RESULT:

Effective resistance for series is ________ Ω.

Effective resistance for parallel is ________ Ω.

PRECAUTIONS:

Check for the errors of the apparatus before starting the experiment
Ammeter should be connected in series to the battery and voltmeter parallel across the
resistor.

Connections should be done tightly.

(Tabular column to be written with pencil on the left side (unruled side) of the
lab manual)

SERIES:

S NO V (Volt) I R=V/I
(Ampere) (Ohm)
1
2
3

PARALLEL:

S NO V (Volt) I R=V/I
(Ampere) (Ohm)
1
2
3