Introduction to

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lecture 1
Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: [email protected])
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet

Handout 1
Current and Charge

2
3
4
(Positively charged) (Negatively charged)

5
-I < 0

kind of positive
particle

6
 =0
I
6A
I2 is same direction
open
as I
I1 is opposite of I2
circuit
-6A
7
8
 t2

t1

A current 4A flows through an automobile

headlight. How many electrons flow through the
headlight in a time 2 hours?

Answer: 1,8.1023 electrons

9
 If the capacity of a battery is 2800mAh, how long
3 can it supply 1.4A current?
Ans. 120 minutes.

10
 The current in a circuit element is plotted in figure
4 below. Determine the total charge that flows through
the circuit element between 300μs and 1000μs.

Ans. 486pC
11
Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: [email protected])
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet

Handout 2
Circuit Signals

12
 Voltage is what makes electric charges move.

Alessandro Volta (1745 – 1827)

(Italian physicist, and chemist)

The voltage, or potential

difference from point A to
point B is the amount of
energy in joules (as a
result of electric field)
required to move 1
coulomb of charge from
point A to point B. (1V = 1J/1C) IV characteristic equation 13
 EL1

EL2
EL3

What is the ground?

14
positive sign negative sign

V = VAB = VA - VB

V>0

(e.g. V < 0)
reverse the wires, VBA = VB – VA = -V= -VAB15
 -8V
0V 0-(-8)= 8V
-2V -2-(-8)=6V
3V -8+3=-5V
VAB = VA - VB
-VAB = -(-8) = 8V
 VB = VA - VAB
 VA = VAB + VB

16
 I
1

2 VA – VB = 20V 3 VB = VD = 0V
VA = VAB + VB = 20V
VCD = VAB = 20V
(since VC = VA, and VD = VB) VC = VA = 20V
17
V1= V2= VAB = 20V

18
Remarks:

VAB Ohm’s law

𝑹𝑨𝑩 𝑉𝐴𝐵
𝐼𝐴𝐵 =
(assume 𝑹𝑨𝑩 ≠ 𝟎) 𝑅𝐴𝐵
IAB

A I=0
+
20V 0 < V = VAB < 20V
-
B

19
 0 resistance

∞ resistance

I I
0A
+ 0V -
I
I
20
21
 Voltmeter
Digital multimeter
(instrument)

set to VS measures Vm
??? 0 (∞ res.)
Ammeter

Voltage source

??? 0 (𝟎 res.)
set to IS measures Im
22
 DC and AC signals
▪ DC stands for Direct Current, and AC stands
for Alternating Current.
▪ Current/voltage is direct if it always flows in the same
direction, whereas alternating current/voltage changes
direction.
DC and AC signals
 DC and AC signals

DC Current Source AC Current Source

 Definitions
▪ Peak value: the maximum
value attained by an
alternating quantity during
one cycle.
DC offset AC signal ▪ Peak-to-Peak value of an AC
5 signal is defined as the
7
3 difference between its
0 1 maximum peak and its
-7 0 minimum peak.
T T ▪ Period (T) is the time
required for one complete
cycle of vibration to pass a
given point.
7 5 ▪ Frequency (f) and Period are
in reciprocal relationships
14 4 and can be expressed
2 𝝎=𝝅 mathematically as f = 1/T
𝟐𝝅Τ𝝎
𝟏 ▪ Offset (or DC offset) is an
𝝎Τ 𝟐 𝝅 0.5 offsetting of a signal from
𝑻
zero. It is the mean
0 3 amplitude of the waveform.
Definition:
The average voltage (or
current) of a periodic
signals whether it is a sine 4 ms
wave, square wave or 0 𝟏
∙ 𝟐 ∙ 𝟏𝟎 +
𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 ∙ 𝟐 ∙ −𝟏𝟎
triangular waveform is 𝟒
=0
defined as: “the quotient
of the area under the 4 ms
waveform with respect to 𝟏𝟎 ∙ 𝟏 + 𝟐 ∙ 𝟐 + 𝟕. 𝟏
time”. In other words, the 𝟒
= 5,25A
averaging of all the
instantaneous values 0

along time axis with time 6 ms

being one full period, (T). 𝟏𝟎 ∙ 𝟑 + −𝟓 ∙ 𝟑
𝟔
𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 2,5A
𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 = 0
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝

𝑻
more energy
𝟏
𝑰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫 = න 𝑰 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻
𝟎

27
0A 0A
Definition:
The RMS value is
the effective value
of a varying voltage
or current. It is the
equivalent steady General expression:
DC (constant) value
𝑻
which gives the 𝟏
same effect. 𝑿𝐑𝐌𝐒 = න 𝒙𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻
𝟎
For example, a
lamp connected to
a 6V RMS AC
supply will shine
with the same
brightness when
connected to a
steady 6V DC 𝐴2
supply. 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑎 + 𝐴sin 𝜔𝑡 ⟹ 𝑋RMS = 𝑎2 +
2

6VRMS
~
same brightness

+
6VDC
- 28
 R R

2 same brightness 2
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝑃average = (same power consumption) 𝑃average =
𝑅 𝑅
29
RMS value

30
 𝑻
𝟏 𝟏𝟎 ∙ 𝟏 + 𝟐 ∙ 𝟐 + 𝟕 ∙ 𝟏
𝑰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫 = න 𝑰 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝑰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫 =
𝑻 𝟒
𝟎
= 𝟓, 𝟐𝟓 A
𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚
𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 =
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝

5,25 A

𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∙ 𝟏 + 𝟒 ∙ 𝟐 + 𝟒𝟗 ∙ 𝟏
𝑰𝐑𝐌𝐒 =
100 𝟒
𝑻
𝟏 49
𝑿𝐑𝐌𝐒 = න 𝒙𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟓𝟕
𝑻 = = 𝟔, 𝟐𝟔
𝟎 4 𝟒

6,26 A
31
 𝑻
𝟏
𝑰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫 = න 𝑰 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻
𝟎
0
𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚
𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 =
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝
𝟏𝟎 ∙ 𝟑 + −𝟓 ∙ 𝟑
2,5 A 𝑰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫 =
𝟔
= 𝟐, 𝟓 A

100
𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∙ 𝟑 + 𝟐𝟓 ∙ 𝟑
𝑻 𝑰𝐑𝐌𝐒 = = 𝟕, 𝟗𝟏
𝟏 𝟔
𝑿𝐑𝐌𝐒 = න 𝒙𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 25
𝑻
𝟎
0

7,91 A
32
Find the average (avg) and root mean square (RMS)
values of the following signals.
a. 𝑖 𝑡 = 3sin 𝜔𝑡 (A)
b. 𝑖 𝑡 = 2 + 3sin 𝜔𝑡 (A)
𝜋
c. 𝑖 𝑡 = 1 + 2sin 100𝜋𝑡 + 2cos 100𝜋𝑡 + (A)
6
𝜋
d. 𝑖 𝑡 = 1 + 2sin 100𝜋𝑡 + 2cos 200𝜋𝑡 + (A)
6
Ans.
3 𝜋
a.0 (A); (A) c. 1 (A); 3 (A) cos 𝑥 + = −sin 𝑥
2 2
𝜋
sin 𝑥 + = cos 𝑥
2
17
b.2 (A); (A) d. 1 (A); 5 (A) 𝐴sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑 = 𝐴∠𝜑
2

33
Find the average (avg) and root mean square (RMS)
values of the following signals.

Ans.
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2.5 (A)
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 4.3 (A)

Ans.
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 1.5 (A)
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 1.73 (A)

34
35
Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: [email protected])
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet

Handout 3
Power & Energy

36
 𝐼𝐵𝐴
𝐼𝐴𝐵

+ 𝑉𝐴𝐵 -
- 𝑉𝐵𝐴 +

37
YES
Remarks: in SRS
• Do not care about the
numerical values of V and I.
• Care about the polarity of
YES V and direction of I.

- 8v +
NO E4 YES
-5A 38
𝐈

39
40
+
- I <? 0 PSRS < 0: PSRS = VAB.I < 0
41
 (always!)

PSRS >? 0

VAB and 𝑰𝑨⟶𝑩 MUST have the same sign

Assume that
VAB = VA - VB
= -15V < 0
+ VAB -
𝑽𝑨𝑩 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩
I<0 Ohm’s law: 𝑰=
𝑹
=
𝑹
(R > 0) 42
 The power rating of component is the highest power input allowed to
flow through particular component.
Pm

power input

43
 (in SRS)

load

I2 load I4 load
V2
I3
V1 V3 V4
I1

(V1.I1)

15W 44
 𝑃𝐷
or 𝜂 =
𝑃𝐺

Lost 20% = 30W 45

 NO!!!

0V

0A
V = 10 sin t ; I = 7 sin t
𝟐𝝅
P = Vx I
P = VI = 70 sin t 2
𝑻=
𝝎
T 
1 1
=  = 
2
P
Vaver x Iaver = 0 ave P (t ) dt 70 sin tdt
T o 0

1   t sin 2t  70
Pave = 70 −  = = 35W
  2 4  0 2
 𝑇
P=VxI 1
𝑃aver = න 𝑃 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
0
3 6
t 1 3 6
= න −15𝑑𝑡 + න 0𝑑𝑡
6 0 3

-15
= −7.5𝑊

47
Remark: 48
 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡

𝑽𝒑 𝑰𝒑
×
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝑽𝒑 × 𝑰𝒑
𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫 = 𝑽𝒑 × 𝑰𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟕 = 𝟑𝟓𝑾
? 𝟐 𝟐
49
 The right solution is given by
P=VxI 𝑇
1
𝑃aver = න 𝑃 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3 6 𝑇
0
In this example NO!!! t
3 6
Because 1
= න −15𝑑𝑡 + න 0𝑑𝑡
V is not equal to I.R!!! 6 0 3
-15
= −𝟕. 𝟓𝑾

50
51
52
 𝑃
Hint: 𝜂 = 𝑃𝐷
𝐺

Hint: E = P.t

53
 2
𝑉RMS 1 𝑉𝑝2
Hint: 𝑃aver = =
𝑅 2 𝑅

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