Power System

Analysis

Engr. Asif Gulraiz

Assistant Professor – Electrical Engineering
Email : [email protected]
 POWER SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION

BOOK:
1. “ Power System Analysis” By J.J. Gringer & W. D. Stevenson
2. “Power System Analysis” by Glover Sharma
Course Outline:
1. The Admittance Model and Network Calculations
2. The Impedance Model and Network Calculations
3. Symmetrical Faults
4. Symmetrical Components and Sequence Networks
5. Unsymmetrical Faults
6. Power Flow Calculations

Required Prerequisite Knowledge:

7. LCA
8. ENA
9. EPS
10. Per Unit System
11. Expert in using calculator for converting polar to rectangular and
vice versa and in Matrix operation
 BASIC CONCEPTS
The waveform of voltage at the buses of a power system can be assumed to be purely sinusoidal and of
constant frequency.

If a voltage and a current are expressed as functions of time, such as

v = 141 .4 cos( wt + 30° ) and i = 7 .07 coswt

Their maximum values are obviously Vmax = 141.4 V and Imax = 7.07 A respectively.

The term magnitude refers to root-mean-square (or rms) values, which equal the maximum values
divided by . Thus, for the above expressions for v and I

IVI = 100 V and = 5 A

These are the values read b y the ordinary types of voltmeters and ammeters. Another name of RMS value is
effective value
The average power expended in a resistor by a current of magnitude is R.
BASIC CONCEPTS
• To express these quantities as phasors , we employ Euler's identity =
cosθ + j sinθ, which gives
• cos θ = Re{} = Re{cos θ + j sin θ}, where Re means the real part of.
BASIC CONCEPTS
• Single subscript notation

• Double subscript notation

1.1 “BASIC CONCEPTS”
VOLTAGE, CURRENT, AND POWER
Electricity has two fundamental components, the current, or amount of
electrical flow, and the voltage, or electrical pressure pushing the electric flow.
Together, voltage and current determine the amount of power − the rate at
which useful work or light can be produced:
Power = voltage × current
Let us examine the two sinusoids
The starting point of v2 occurs first in time. Therefore, we say that v2 leads v 1
by φ .

PSA 1 (2019) 8
Polyphase / Three-phase Sources
Polyphase (in practice,
three-phase) voltage
sources are important for
transmission over the grid,
and for large industrial
loads.

These three sources are 120° out

of phase with each other.
Example: Voltage Calculations

Vab  Van Vnb

 Van Vbn
This is an example of three-
phase source with a neutral.  173.2 30 o

Three-Phase Y-Y Connection
A balanced three phase source has

Van  Vbn  Vcn

and

Van Vbn Vcn  0



 11
Phase Sequences
The abc (positive) and cba (negative) sequences:
Line-to-Line Voltages
The line voltages have amplitude VL  3Vp


Y-Y Power

14
The Delta Connection
A delta-connected load is also commonly used (note the absence of the
neutral wire).
Line and Phase Currents for a Delta Load
An example phasor
diagram for an
inductive phase
impedance.

Note that

IL  3Ip

16
Instantaneous Power
The instantaneous power is
p(t)=v(t)i(t).

17
PSA 1 (2017) 18
 Power from Sinusoidal Source

If in the same RL circuit, the source is Vmcos(ωt), then

and so the power will be

Double
Constant Frequency
Term Term

19
Average Power
The average power over an arbitrary interval from t1 to t2 is

When the power is periodic with period T, the average power is calculated
over any one period:

20
Average Power: Sinusoidal Steady State
If v(t)=Vmcos(ωt+θ) and i(t)=Imcos(ωt+ϕ), then

1
P  Vm I m cos(   )
2



21
Average Power for Elements
• The average power absorbed by a resistor R is
2
1V m
PR 
2 R

• The average power absorbed by a purely reactive element(s) is zero,

since the current and voltage are 90 degrees out of phase:


PX  0
22
Practice Problem:

Find the average power absorbed by each element.

Answer: PL=0 W PC=0 W, PR=25 W

Pleft=-50 W Pright=25 W

23
PHASORS

PSA 1 (2017) 24
 Example 1.1 : Calculate i(t), if V (t )  2 100cos( t  30)
v(t) = √2 100 cos(ωt+30), f  60Hz
f=60 Hz R  4 X  L  3
Z  42  32  5   36.9
V 10030
I  
Z 536.9
 20  6.9 Amps
i(t)  20 2 cos( t  6.9)
Assignment 1b
If v(t)=141.4 sin(ωt + 30o) V , i(t)= 11.31 cos(ωt-30o) A ; find :
a) the max. and rms values of v & i.
b) Phasor expression in polar and rectangular form (use
voltage as reference).
c) Is the circuit inductive or capacitive.
ASSIGNMENT 1c :

PSA 1 (2017) 25
are in parallel
 Complex Power

Define the complex power S as

* j(  )
SV I eff eff  Veff I eff e  P  jQ

 the real part of S is P, the average power

 the imaginary part of S is Q, the reactive power,
which represents the flow of energy back and forth
from the source (utility company) to the inductors
 and capacitors of the load (customer)

26
Complex Power
Splitting the current phasor Ieff into in-phase and out-of-phase
components is another way of visualizing the complex power.

27
Complex Power
Complex powers to loads add:
* * * *
S  VI  V(I1  I2 )  V(I  I )  S1  S2
1 2



28
COMPLEX POWER

We define a quantity called the complex power, designated S, of which P and Q are
components. By definition

Example :
A load Z draws 12 kVA at a power factor of 0.856 lagging from a 120-V rms sinusoidal source.
Calculate:
(a) the average and reactive powers delivered to the load,
(b) the peak current,
(c) the load impedance.

PSA 1 (2017) 29
 DIRECTION OF POWER FLOW
The relation among P, Q, and bus voltage V, with
respect to signs of P and Q is important when flow of
power in a system is considered. The question involves
the direction of flow of power, that is, wheather power
is being generated or absorbed when the voltage and
current are specified.

PSA 1 (2017) 30
 1.2

: II2IXL= 10.352 x 5 = 536 Vars

E1 is a Motor, supplying reactive power
E2 is a generator, supplying both active and reactive power
Z absorbs total reactive power. PSA 1 (2017) 31
PSA 1 (2017) 32
THE SINGLE-LINE OR ONE-LINE DIAGRAM

PSA 1 (2017) 33
 Busbars

Loads

Transmission
Lines

Generators

PSA 1 (2017) 34
OVERVIEW OF POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS